Handbook of mediaeval geography and history

Front matter

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Preface

BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR,

The characteristics of this volume are the same as those of the first : precision, condensation, and luminous arrangement. It is precisely what it pretends to be — a manual, a sure and conscientious guide for the student through the crooks and tangles of mediaeval history. Many things of course are omitted ; many rather indicated than developed ; — but all the great principles of this extensive period are carefully laid down, and the most important facts skilfully grouped around them. There is no period of history for which it is more difficult to prepare a work like this, and none for which it is so much needed. The leading facts are well established, but they are scattered over an immense space ; the principles are ascertained, but their development was slow, unequal, and interrupted. There is a general breaking up of a great body, and a parcelling of it out among small tribes, concerning whom we have only a few general data, and are left to analogy and conjecture for the details. Then come successive attempts at organization, each more or less independent, and all very imperfect. At last, modern Europe begins slowly to emerge from the chaos, but still under forms which the most diligent historian cannot always comprehend. To reduce such

IV PREFACE.

materials to a clear and definite form is a task of no small difficulty, and in which even partial success deserves great praise. It is not too much to say, that it has never been so well done within a compass so easily mastered, as in the little volume which is now offered to the public.

In the English edition there were no references. It would have been easy to supply this want by a long list of the sources of mdiseval history, which the student into whose hands this volume will fall would never have taken the trouble to read. I have preferred giving a reference for each section to works which are accessible to all, and where more copious indications will be found by those who wish to push their inquiries, further. For greater convenience it is printed collectively in the Appendix.

Geo. W. Greene.

Brown University, March 5, 1850.

Introduction

I. Germany before the Migrations.

§ 1. Geography of Germany in the First Century after Christ ......

Soil and products

Tribes .....

2. Religion, manners, and customs, in the First Century

of the Christian era ....

Political constitution, war .

3. History of the Germans to the period of the migrations The German tribes ....

The Cimhri and Teutones .

Germany in the time of Julius Csesar .

Conquests of Drusus and Tiberius The two first unions of German tribes . The empire of the Marcomanni and confederacy of the cherusci .....

War between the two confederacies .

The Batavian war of liberation

The Marcomannic War

More extensive confederacies in the West and East .....

II. The Migrations.

§ 4. Destruction of the Gothic empire by the Huns

5. General immigration of the Barbarians into the coun

tries of the West ....

6. Dissolution of the Hunnish empire

7. Dissolution of the Western Roman empire

THE MIDDLE AGES.

First Period — from the dissolution of the Western Empire to the accession of the Carlovingians and Abbasides.

A. The West.

$ 8. Empires in Italy . . . . .13

I. The Italian empire established by German

mercenaries under Odoacer . . 13

II. Empire of the Ostrogoths in Italy . 13

III. Byzantine dominion in Italy . . 14

IV. Empire of the Langobardi . . 15

1 2

3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5

11 12

1 CONTENTS.

§9. Empire of the Vandals in Africa . .

Extent of the empire ...

History .....

10. Empire of the Suevi in Spain

11. Empire of the Visigoths

Extent of the empire .

History .....

12. Empire of the Burgundians in Gaul

13. Empire of the Franks under the Merovingians *

The Frankish empire under the administration of the majores domus ....

14. Religion, manners, and customs of the West, particu-

larly of the Frankish empire

1. Eeligion .....

a. The introduction of Christianity

b. The monastic life ....

c. Relation of the* Church to the State a. Origin and development of the German States

b. The feudal system

c. Legislation ....

3. Manners and customs .

4. Scientific knowledge

5. Art

PAGE 16

16 16 17 17 17 17 19 19

B. The East.

ty 15. The Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) empire . \ 28

I. Period of the rise of the empire, from the year

395 to the death of Justinian in 565 . . 29 II. Period of the decline of the empire, from 565 to the

accession of the Macedonian emperor in 867 31 Political constitution, arts, and sciences.

1. The constitution . . . .33

2. Language and literature ... 33

4. Commerce and manufactures . . 34

16. The Arabians-

Geography of Arabia .... 35 History of the Arabians,

1. From Mohammed to the dynasty of the Om«

maijades . . . . .36

2. The Ommaijad caliphs ... 37 Religion arts and sciences.

1. Creed of the Arabians . . .39

3. Arts and sciences . . . .40

4. Trade and manufactures ... 40

17. The modern Persian empire —

Boundaries . . . . . .41

CONTENTS.

C. The North-east of Europe.

§ 18. The Sclavonians 19. Other nations in the East of Europe-

1. The Avares .

2. The Bulgarians .

3. The Chazares

VII PAGE

43 43 44

Second Period — from the accession of the Carlovingians and abbasides to the first crusade.

A. The West.

§ 20. The Frankish empire under the Carlovingians . 44

1. Pepin the Short .... 44

2. Charlemagne . . . . .45 The wars of Charlemagne ... 45

a. Conquest of Lombardy . . . .45

b. Wars with the Saxons ... 45

3. War in Spain . . . . .46

4. War with the Avares . . / 47

5. War against the Danes and Wilzes . . 47 Restoration of the Western Roman empire . 47 Charlemagne's administration.

a. Ecclesiastical and educational establishments . 48

b. Legislation ..... 49

c. The Constitution . . . . .49 ' Lewis the Pious . . . . . 51

Pedigree of the Frankish kings . . .52

Successors of Lewis the Pious ... 53

Lewis the German . . . . .53

Charles the Bald .... 53

Portions of the Frankish empire . . .54

1. The Western empire ... . 54

3 and 4. Burgundy cis and transjuranic . 54

Domestic History . . . . 54

21. The East Frankish empire under the two last Carlo-

vingians—

2. Lewis the Child . . . . 56

22. Empire of the East Franks under Conrad I. of Fran-

conia.

23. The German empire under Kings of the house of

Saxonv —

1. Henry I. (the Fowler) . . . .57

2. Otho I. (the Great) ... 58

5. Henry II. (the Saint) . . . . 60

Vlll

CONTENTS.

§ 24. The German empire under the Franconian emperors —

1. Conrad II. ...

2. Henry III

3. Henry IV

War with the Saxons ....

Contests between Gregory VII. and the princes of Germany ....

Rebellion of the sons of Henry IV. against their father .....

4. Henry V. ....

Changes in the Constitution during the Saxon and

Franconian period — The Monarchy ....

The Dukes ....

25. Italy—

A. The kingdom of Italy .

B. Venice . . . ;

C. Papal Italy, or States of the Church .

D. Lower Italy

E. The Islands ....

26. France under the last Carlovingians —

2. Charles III

3. Robert . •

4. Rudolph ....

5. Lewis IV. (the Stranger) .

7. Lewis V. (Faineant)

27. France under the four first Capets —

1. Hugh Capet ....

2. Robert ....

4. Philip I

28. England under the "West Saxon Kings —

Alfred the Great ....

29. Supremacy of the Danes in England —

Canute .....

Harold .....

Hardicanute ....

30. Restoration and extinction of the Anglo-Saxon dy

nasty — Edward III. (the Confessor) Harold II. ....

31. Scotland . . .

B. The East.

() 34. The Byzantine empire under the Macedonian emperors 35. The Arabians under the Abbasides .

C. The North-east of Europe. ^ 36. Scandinavia ....

1. Norway and Iceland

CONTENTS.

IX

40. Religion, Arts, Sciences, &c, during the Second

Period — The Church . . . .

Arts and Sciences ....

Trade and manufacturing industry

PAGE

80 80 81 82 82

83 84

Third Period — Age of the Crusades.

The first crusade ....

The second crusade

The third crusade ....

The (so-named) fourth crusade The crusade of Frederick II.

The sixth crusade The seventh crusade Results of the crusades.

A. Political consequences —

1. To the hierarchy .

2. To the sovereigns of Europe .

3. To the nobility . .

4. To the burgher order

5. To the peasant order

B. Consequences to Trade and Manufactures

1. To maritime enterprise

2. To the overland trade

3. To manufacturing industry .

C. To the sciences

A. The West.

§ 42. The German empire under Lothar the Saxon — Pedigree of the Guelphs and Hohenstaufen

43. The German empire under the Hohenstaufen —

1. Conrad III. .

2. Frederick I. (Barbarossa)

First Italian campaign Second Italian campaign Third visit to Italy Fourth Italian campaign Fifth Italian campaign Sixth visit to Italy

3. Henry VI. .

4. Philip of Swabia \ Otho IV. $

5. Frederick II.

6. Conrad IV.

44. The interregnum in Germany

90 91

92 92

92 93 93 94 95

95 95 95 96

103 104 105

X' CONTENTS.

PAGE § 45. The kingdom of the Two Sicilies —

a. Under the Normans .... 105

b. Under the Hohenstaufen . . . 105

c. Under the house of Anjou ... . 106

5. Louis VI. (the Fat) . . .106

7. Philip II 107

8. Louis VIII 108

9. Louis IX 108 a. Under Norman Kings.

Pedigree ..... 109

1. William the Conqueror . . . 109

2. William II. (Rufus) . . .109 b. Under the four first Kings of the house of Anjou

or Plantagenet —

1. Henry II 110

2. Richard Coeur de Lion . . . 110

4. Henry III Ill

Christian . . . . . .112

49. Portugal 112

B. The East.

§ 50. The Byzantine empire —

1. Under the Comneni and Dukas . . 113

2. Under the house of Angelus . . 114

3. The Latin empire .... 114 § 51. The Arabians ..... 114

52. The Seldschuks . . . . .115

C. The North-east of Europe.

Poland under the Piasts .... 117

Hungary under the Arpads . . . 118

Religion, Arts, Manufactures, &c, during the Third

Period —

CONTENTS. XI

PAGE

3. Legislation and legal practice . . . 122 b. Architecture .... 124

c. Sculpture and Painting . . 124

7. Manufactures .... 126

Fourth Period — from the termination of the Crusades to the discovery of America.

Geographical view of Germany between the years 1300 and 1500.

1. The seven electorates . . . 126

2. The duchies . . . 127

3. The principalities .... 127

4. The Margravate of Baden . 127

5. The Langravates of Alsace, Hesse, and Thu-

6. The Burgravate of Niirnberg . . 127

7. Several Counties .... 127

8. The Archbishoprics . ' . 127

9. Bishoprics . . . . .127 10. Free imperial cities . . . 127

1. Kings of different houses —

1. EudolfofHabsburg . . -. .127

2. Adolphus of Nassau . . . 128

3. Albert I. (of Austria) . . .128

4. Henry VII. (of Luxemburg) . . 129

5. Louis IV. (the Bavarian) . . .129

2. Kings of the house of Luxemburg —

1. Charles IV ■ 130

2. "Wenzel, or Wenceslaus . . . 132

3. Wenzel and Rupert . . .132

4. Sigismund . . . . .133 The Council of Constance . . . 133

Martyrdom of John Huss and Jerome of Prague 134 The Hussite War . . . .134

8. Kings of the house of Austria —

1. Sigismund .... 135

2. Frederick III. . . . .135 61. The States of Italy.

A. In Upper Italy —

B. In Central Italy —

2. States of the Church . . .137

CONTENTS.

C. In Lower Italy —

1. Naples 138

2. Sicily 138

A. Under the last Capets —

10. Philip III 138

11. Philip IV (le Bel) . . , 138 Louis X., Philip V., and Charles IV. . 139

A. Under Kings of the house of Valois . 139

1. Philip VI 140

2. John (the Good) .... 140

3. Charles V. (the Wise) . . .140

4. Charles VI. . . . 141

5. Charles VII 141

6. Louis XI 142

7. Charles VIII. . . . .143

A. Kings of the house of Plantagenet —

6. Edward II 144

7. Edward III 144

B. Three Kinss of the house of Lancaster —

Pedie-ree of the houses of Lancaster and York

C. Three Kings of the house of York —

1. Edward IV 147

3. Richard III 148

64. The Pyrensean Peninsula —

The Christian kingdoms . . . 148

B. The East.

ty 65. The Byzantine empire under the Palasologi . . 148

C. The North-east of Europe —

1. Under the Piasts . . . • . 151

2. Under the descendants of Jagello . . 151

71. Prussia under the Teutonic order . . .152

73. Religion, Arts, Sciences, &c, during the Fourth

Period —

3. The Sciences . . . . .155

5. Trade, Navigation, and Manufactures . . 157

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GEOGRAPHY AND HISTOEY.