Handbook of the anatomy and diseases of the eye and ear for students and practitioners

Front matter

BOSTON

Medical Library 8 The Fenway

HAND-BOOK

Preface

Although tKe book herewith presented does not contain a large number of pages, it does exhibit, as the authors believe, the present state of Ophthalmology and Otology in sufficient proportions, even if abbreviated, to make an exact and reliable guide as to the principles of treatment of the diseases of the eye and ear, and to the anatomy of these organs. In the judgment of the writers, the undergraduate and the post-graduate both need manuals in their study of the Eye and Ear, but they need them in such a succinct form that in a very short space of time they can corroborate and amplify what they see in clinics, and thus fasten it in their minds for ready use. As a guide, then, to these two classes of students, who are in the midst of seeing patients in the dispensaries and the clinics, and also as a reference work to the busy practitioner, we hope this little hand-book will be found very useful. The authors have taken great pains to see that not only the well-established views of the nature and treatment of Ophthalmic and Aural disease have been presented, but also those that are on trial, while such as have been abandoned receive scanty or no attention. A very full and complete index has been added to facilitate quick reference.

New York, August, 1904.

(iii)

Contents

PxVET I.

Anatomy and Diseases of the Eye.

CHAPTER I. Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye

PAGE

Physiology of the Eye 1

Orbits 2

Optic Nerves 4

Eyeball 6

Sclerotic Coat 7

Cornea 9

Uveal Tract 11

Choroid 11

Ciliary Body 12

Ciliary Processes 14

Arteries of the Ciliary Body 14

Iris 15

Retina 17

Crystalline Lens 21

Zonule of Zinn 22

Vitreous Body 23

Aqueous Humor 24

Muscles of the Eyeball 24

Blood-vessels of the Eye 27

Lymphatics of the Eye 29

Nerves of the Eye 30

Appendages of the Eye 31

Eyebrows 31

Eyelids 32

Conjunctiva 33

Eyelashes 34

Lacrymal Apparatus 36

VI CONTENTS.

CHAPTER II. Examination of the Eye

PAGE

How to Examine an Eye 40

How to Examine the Conjunctiva 41

Oblique Illumination 43

Intra-ocular Tension 43

Acuteness of Vision 44

Range of Accommodation 45

Determining the Refraction 47

Ophthalmometer 47

Trial Glasses 48

Field of Vision 50

Color-perception 52

Fixation 52

Double Vision 53

Prisms 54

Testing the Power of the Muscles 55

Binocular Vision 58

Ophthalmoscope 59

Therapeutics of the Eye 64

Aseptic Precautions 64

Protective Bandage 65

Eye-shades 65

Protective Spectacles 65

Hermetical Bandage 65

Local Bloodletting 66

Cold Applications 66

Hot Applications 67

Mydriatics 67

Atropin 67

Duboisin 69

Cocain 69

Euphthalmin * . . 69

Myotics 69

Eserin 69

Pilocarpin 70

Irritants and Caustics 71

Powdered Calomel 71

Ointment of Mercury 71

Solution of Tannic Acid 71

Solution of Protargol 71

CONTENTS. Vll

Irritants and Caustics (Continued). page

Solution of Argentamin 71

Solution of Argonin 71

Solution of Silver Nitrate 71

Solution of Argyrol 72

Crystals of Copper 72

Crystals of Alum 72

Lotions of Zinc 72

Lotions of Alum 72

Lotions of Copper 72

Local Anesthetics 72

Cocain 72

Holocain 73

Eucain 73

Jequirity 73

Exclusion from Light 73

Surgery of the Eye 74

Paracentesis of the Cornea 74

Saemisch's Operation 74

Trephining the Cornea 75

Iridectomy 75

Iridotomy 75

Corelysis 76

Cataract Operations 76

Linear Extraction 77

Simple Extraction 77

Graefe's Modified Extraction 78

Liebreich's Extraction 79

Needling Operation 80

Tenotomy for Strabismus 81

Advancement Operations 82

Bowman's Operation 84

Canthoplasty 85

Entropion, Operations for 86

Enucleation . . 88

CHAPTER III. Diseases of the Eye

Orbit 92

Emphysema 93

Vlll CONTENTS.

Orbit (Continued). PAGE

Hemorrhages 93

Abscess 93

Periostitis 94

Caries 95

Aneurism 95

Exophthalmic Goiter 96

Conjunctiva 96

Ecchymosis 97

Emphysema 98

Catarrhal 98

Purulent 100

Gonorrheal 101

In Newborn 101

Diphtheritic 102

Croupous 103

Granular 104

Pterygium 107

Xerophthalmia 108

Symblepharon 109

Ankyloblepharon 109

Tumors of the Conjunctiva 109

Cornea 110

Herpes Ill

Burns 112

Keratitis 112

Vascular 113

Interstitial 115

Suppurative 116

Ulcerative 117

Abscess 118

Pannus 119

Opacities 120

Tattooing 122

Staphyloma 122

Conical 124

Hydrophthalmia 125

CONTENTS. IX

Cornea {Continued). PAGE

Fistula 125

Sclera 126

Episcleritis 126

Staphyloma 126

Wounds 126

Iris 127

Iritis, Simple 127

Syphilitic 128

Rheumatic 128

Gonorrheal 129

Tuberculous 130

Mydriasis 131

Myosis 131

Hippus 132

Iridodonesis 132

Cysts 132

Malignant Growths 132

Congenital Defects 133

Choroid 133

Rupture 133

Choroiditis 133

Disseminated 134

Suppurative 134

Serous 135

Sclerotico-posterior 136

Tuberculosis 137

Deposits of Bone in 137

Coloboma 137

Ciliary Body 138

Cyclitis 138

Retina 139

Hyperemia 139

Hyperesthesia 139

Anesthesia 140

Retinitis 140

Apoplectic 141

Albuminuric 141

Pigmentosa 142

Detachment 145

Crystalline Lens 145

X CONTENTS.

Crystalline Lens (Continued). PAGE

Cataract 145

Traumatic 146

Capsular 147

Senile 147

Secondary 150

Dislocation of Lens 150

Vitreous Humor 151

Hemorrhages 152

Opacities 152

Hyalitis 153

Cysticercus 154

Persistent Hyaloid Artery 151

Anterior Chamber 151

Hypopyon 151

Hypemia 151

Optic Nerve 155

Optic Neuritis 155

Atrophy 155

Opaque Nerve-fibers 156

Amaurosis 157

Amblyopia 157

Acute 159

Chronic 160

Secondary 160

Sympathetic Ophthalmia 162

Ocular Muscles 167

Strabismus 167

Convergent 169

Divergent 169

Paralytic 170

Nystagmus . . . 173

Insufficiency of Internal Recti 173

Eyelids 175

Blepharitis 175

Hordeolum 176

Chalazion 177

Deformities 178

Trichiasis 178

Distichiasis 178

Entropion 178

Ectropion 178

CONTENTS. XI

Eyelids {Continued). PAGE

Ptosis 179

Paralysis of the Orbicular Muscle 180

Blepharospasm 180

Nictitation 181

Ecchymosis 181

Epicanthus 181

Coloboma 181

Ephidrosis 182

Chromidrosis , 182

Xanthelasma 182

Lacrymal Apparatus 182

Lacrymal Catarrh 182

Dacryocystitis 183

Blennorrhea of Sac 184

Eistula of Sac 184

Diseases of Lacrymal Gland 184

CHAPTER IV. Anomalies of Reffcaction and Accommodation

Refraction 186

Accommodation 186

Emmetropia 186

Ametropia 186

Asthenopia 187

Myopia 187

Hypermetropia 189

Astigmatism 191

Presbyopia 193

Anisometropia 194

Aphakia 194

Paralysis of Accommodation 194

Spasm of Accommodation 195

Retinoscopy 195

Simulated Blindness 196

Photopsia 197

Micropsia 197

Macropsia 197

Metamorphopsia 197

Color-blindness 198

CHAPTER V. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

PAGE

Sense of Hearing 199

External Ear 200

Auricle 200

Muscles : 201

Middle Ear 204

Drumhead 204

Cavity of Tympanum 207

Bones 209

Mastoid Cells 212

Eustachian Tube 213

Internal Ear 215

Sony Cavities 215

Vestibule 215

Semicircular Canals 217

Cochlea 217

Membranous Labyrinth 220

Utricle 220

Canals 221

Saccule 222

Terminal Auditory Apparatus 224

Auditory Nerve 226

Internal Auditory Canal 228

CHAPTER VI. Examination and Diagnosis of Aural Disease

Tests of Hearing 229

Eustachian Catheter 233

Politzer's Method 233

Valsalva's Method 235

(xii)

CONTENTS. Xlll

CHAPTER VII. Methods of Treating Diseases of the Ear

PAGE

Irrigation 237

Leeching 238

Blisters 238

Poultices 238

Paracentesis of Drum Membrane 239

Excision of Ossicles 242

Aids to Hearing 2 42

CHAPTER VIII. Diseases of the Ear

Auricle 245

Eczema 245

Erysipelas 245

Malformations 247

Chondritis 247

Abscess 248

External Auditory Canal 248

Hardened Wax 249

Diffuse Inflammation 250

Furuncle 251

Eczema 252

Fungi 252

Polypi 253

Ulcers 254

Exostoses 254

Cysts „ „ 254

Middle Ear 254

Myringiti i 255

Fractures 256

Catarrh, Acute 256

XIV CONTENTS.

Middle Ear, Catarrh {Continued). pagb

Subacute 258

Chronic 259

Chronic Proliferous Inflammation 264

Suppuration, Acute 265

Chronic 266

Consequences of Chronic Suppuration 269

Malignant Growths 270

Cysts 270

Tubercular Nodules 270

Exostoses , 270

Diseases of the Mastoid 271

Periostitis 271

Wilde's Incision 272

Abscess 272

Operations on Mastoid 272

Schwartze's Operation 272

Trephining Operation 275

Cerebral Abscess 276

Stacke's Operation 277

CHAPTER IX. Iniernae Ear

Nervous Deafness 282

Deaf-mutism 284

Ear-cough = 284

Cophosis 285

Hyperacusis 285

Double Hearing 285

Presbykousis 285

Otalgia 286

Index 287

PART I.

ANATOMY AND DISEASES OE THE EYE.

ANATOMY AND DISEASE OF THE EYE.