A guide to botany, or, A familiar illustration of the principles of the Linnaean classification

Front matter

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Preface

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aotlKICAi

The following Treatise, which first appeared in the Encyclopaedia Edinensis, now publishing under the superintendance of the Author, was fortunate in meeting with the approbation of several excellent practical BotanistSj who thought that, in a separate form, it might be a useful appendage to the stock of Botanical literature, and might prove a valuable help to those whose time or avocations preclude them from the perusal of larger works..

In the selection of examples for the illustration of the classification, the preference has been given to such native plants as are most common and most accessible, and to such exotics as are the most usual ornaments of the garden, the greenhouse, or parlour ; some are introduced as remarkvia PKEFACE.

able vegetable productions ; a few are noticed on account of their importance as commercial commodities ; and, to extend the interest in this delightful study beyond mere nomenclature, short details of the natural history of particular plants, in which peculiarities of structure or habits appear, are added.

In acquiring a knowledge of Botany with the help of this Treatise, the Author recommends to the student to familiarize himself with the descriptions and references to the figures in the introductory part, and at the same time not to neglect ■what assistance he can command from practical botanists, in procuring the names of such plants as are described in the following pages. Attention to the latter hint will greatly facilitate his labours.

Those who wish to extend their knowledge of the structure and functions of fdants, may consult with advantage, Senehier, Physiologie Vegetales Mirbel on the same subject ; Smith’s Introduction

■ ./PREFACE. XJC

to Botany ; Willdenow’s Introduction j and, fop the classification and description of plants, Will™ denow’s Species Plantarum, Brown’s Prodromus Plant „ Nov. Holland, and the Appendix to Flin« der’s Voyage, by the same excellent botanist ; and for British plants, Smith’s Flora Britannica , Withering’s Botanical Arrangement, and Lightfoot’s Flora Scotica.

Edinburgh, Mayt 181 fk.

r. - ! M A T V* o i.

CONTENT S.

Introduction, . . 1

Principles of the Linnaean Classification, 3

Parts of Fructification, ib.

Calyx, Corolla, Nectary, Stamens, Pistils, Pericarp or Seed-vessel, ........ 4 — 7

Classes, 8

Orders, _ . If

Genera and Species, 14

Method of investigating the Class, &c 16— -18

Inflorescence, ib.

Leaves, 21

Roots, . ib.

Illustration of the Classes, ..... ... 24

Preparation of a Herbarium,. _ 187

Structure and functions of Vegetables, 190

Cuticle, Cellular integument. Pith, Vessels

of Plants, Seeds, 1 93— -1 97

Germination, Roots, Stems, Buds, Leaves,

Sleep of Plants, Heat, Duration,- - 199—207

CAMERA ILLUSTRATED IN THE FOLLOWING TREA- TISE^ ARRANGED UNDER THEIR CLASSES.

Pages.

L—Monandria.

Amomuin, Ginger , 24

Canna, Indian Reed, 25

galicornia, Glasswort, 26

Hippuris, Mares-tail, i-b.

Callitriche, Water Starwort, 27 Blitum, Strawberry Blite, ib*

IL Diandr-ia.

Jasminum, Jasmine, 28

JLigustrum, Privet, 29-

gyringa 9 Lilac, ib*

Fraxinus, Ash-Tree,, SO

Circsea, Enchanter's Nightshade, ib.

Veronica, Speedwell, ib*

Verbena, Vervain, SI

Rosmarinus, Rosemary, 82

Salvia, Clary, ib*

Anthoxanthum, Sweet-scented Grass, S3

Piper, Pepper, 33

III. Tjuandria*

Valeriana, Valerian,, 34

Crocus, Crocus, 3 5

Iris, Iris s i b 0

Schcenus, Bog-rush, 36

Cyperus, Gaiingale, 37

Scirpus, Club-rush, 39

Eriophorum, Cotton Grass, ib*

Nardus, Mat Grass, 39

Phleum* Cat V tail Grass, ib«

Alopecurus, Fox-tail Grass, ib 0

Agrostis, Bent Grass, 40

Poa, Meadow Grass, IK

Stipa, Feather Grass, 41

Avena, Oat, ib*

Arundo* Reed, ib 0

Saccharum, Sugar-cane, ib«

Montia, Water duckweed, 43

xiv

IV* — Tetrandria.

Dipsacus, Teasel, 44

Scabiosa, Scabious, ib.

Sherardla, Little Field- madder* 45

Asperula, Wobdroof, ib.

Galium, Ladies* Bedstraw, ib.

Plantago, Plantain* 46

Akhemilla, Ladies 5 Mantle, 47 Protea, Silver Tree, ib*

Banksia, 48

Buffonia, ib.

Ilex, Holly Tree, ib*

V. Fentandria,

Heliotropium, Turnsole, 50

Echium, Viper’s Bugloss, ib.

jLycopsis, Small Bugloss, 51

Symphytum, Comfrey, ib.

Borago, Borage, ib.

Pujmonaria, Lungwort, 52

Myosotis, Mouse-ear Scorpion Grass,

Primula, Primrose or Cowslip.

Soldanella, 53

Dodecatheon, American Cowslip, 54

Afenyanthes, Marsh Trefoil, ib.

Anagallis, Pimpernel!, ib.

Azalea* 55

Pages.

Convolvulus, Bindweed, ib.

Polemonium, Greek Valerian, 56 Campanula, Bell-flower, ib.

Cinchona, Peruvian-bark

Tree, ib.

Coffea, Coffee Tree, 57

Viola, Violet, 58

FJyoscyamus, Henbane, 59

Atropa, Deadly Nightshade, ib.

Solanum, Woody Nightshade, ib.

Lonieera, Honeysuckle, 60

Ribes, Currant Tree, ib.

Hedera, Ivy, 61

Ulmus, Elm, ib.

Gentiana, Gentian, 62

Stapelia, 62

Eryngium, Sea-holly, 63

Conium, Common Hemlock, ib.

Heracleum, Cow Parsnep, ib.

Daucus, Wild Carrot, ib.

Cicuta, Water Hemlock, ib.

JEthusa, Fool’s Parsley, ib,

Scandix, Chervil, 65

Pastinaca, Wild Parsnep, ib.

A plum. Wild Celery, ib.

JEgopodium, Goutweed, 66

Sambucus, Elder, ib.

Parnassia, Grass of Parnassus, ib*

Linum, Flax, ib.

Pro sera, Sun-dew, 68

Crassula, ib.

Myosurus, Mouse-tail, ' 69 x?

VI. Hexand-rsa.

Bromella, Pine Apple, lb*

Gaianthus, Snowdrop, 70

Narcissus, Common Daffodil, Narcissus, ib.

Amaryllis, Belladonna Idly, 71 Allium, Onion, Garlic, ib.

Agave, American Aloe, 72

Hyacinthus, Hyacinth, ib.

JLiiium, White and Orange Idly, 73

Tulipa, Tulip, 74

Berberis, Barberry, ib*

Oryza, Rice, 75

Rumex, Dock, Sorrel, ib.

Petiveria, Guinea-hen Weed, 76 Alisma, Water Plantain, ib.

VII. Heptandria.

’Disaridra, Disandra, ib*

JEsculus, Horse Chesnut, ib.

VIII. OCTANDRIA.

Tropseolum, Indian Cress, 7S

Epilobium, Willow-herb, 79

CEnothera, Tree-primrose, ib.

Fuchsia, Fuchsia, 80

Erica, Heath, t ib.

Daphne, Mezereon, or Spurge Olive, 81

Pages.

Mcehringia, Mountain Chickweed, ib.

Paullinia, Supple Jack, 82

Coccoloba, Seaside Grape, ib* Polygonum, Persicaria, or Bistort, Ib*

Paris, Herb Paris, 88

Adoxa, Moschatel, Ib*

IX. Enneandrxa.

Laurus, Bay, Cinnamon, and Camphor Tree, 84

Rheunx, Rhubarb, 86

Butomus, Flowering Rush, ib*

X. Becahdrxa.

Sophora, Sophora, or Bead Tree, 87

Caesalpinia, Brazil Wood, ib®

Hasmatoxylon, Dogwood, 8S

Swietenia, Mahogany Tree, ib<>

Ruta, Rue, ib.

Quassia, Quassia Tree, 89

Dionasa, Venus 5 Fly Trap, ib*

Andromeda, Wild Rosemary, or Sorrel Tree, ib*

Rhododendron, Rhododendron, 90

Kalmia, Kalmia, ib®

Arbutus, Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree, ib.

Hydrangea, Hydrangea, 91

Saxifraga, Saxifrage, ib*

Dianthus, Clove or Pink* 92

h 2 xvi

Pages.

Stellaria, Chickweed and Stichwort, 93

Arenaria, Sandwor£ s i b.

Sedum, Stonecrop, 94

Oxalis, Wood Sorrel, ib.

Agrostemma, Corn Cockle, 95 Lychnis, Catchfly, and Campion, ib.

Cerastium, Mouse-ear Chickweed, ib.

Spergula, Spurrey, 96

Phytolacca, Redweed, or

Spanish Calalue, ib.

XL Bodecand&iAo

Asarum, Asarabacca, 97

Rhizophora, Mangrove, ib.

Lythrum, Loose-strife, 93

Halesia, Snowdrop Tree, ib.

Heliocarpus, Sunseed, ib.

Agrimonia, Agrimony, ib.

Reseda, Dyer’s Weed, and Mignonette, 99

Euphorbia, Spurge, ib.

Sempervivum, House-leek, 100 XII. ICOSANDRIA®

Cactus, Creeping Ceretis, or Melon Thistle, 101

Philadelphus, Mock Orange, ib.

Myrtus, Myrtle, and Jamaica Pepper Tree, ib.

Eucalyptus, 102

Metrosideros, ib.

Psidium, Guava Tree, ib.

Page

Amygdalus, Almond and Peach Tree, 103

Prunus, Sloe and Plum Tree, ib* Mespilus, Hawthorn and Medlar Tree, 104

Pyrus, Pear and Crab Tree, ib.

Mesembryanthemum, Fig Marygold, 105

Spirsea, Dr op wort and M e adow-sweet, ib.

Rosa, Rose Tree, 11 k

Rub us. Raspberry and Bramble, 106

Fragaria, Strawberry, 107

Potentilla, Silver Weed, ib.

Geum, Avens, or Herb Bennet, . ib*

XI I L Pony and RiA©

Papaver, Poppy, 108

Cistus, Rock-rose, ib®

Sarraeenia, Side-saddle Flower, 109

Nymphsea, Water-lily,, or

Lotus, iho

Jews Mallow, HO

Thea, Tea Tree, ib.

Paeonia, Pseony Rose, , ib.

Wintera, Winter’s Bark- Tree, ib.

Aquilegia, Columbine* ib a

Stratiotes, Water Soldier, 112

Anemone, Anemone, Pasque-flower, Ranunculus, Ranunculus, Spear wort and. Pile wort .

XIV® Didynamia.

Ajuga,. Bugle, 113

Teucrium, Wood sage, 114

Mentha, Mint, ib.

Lamium, Dead-nettle, ib®

Sfcachys, Hedge - nettle or Woundwort, 115

Prunella, Selfhe&l, ib.

Rhinanthus, Horse-rattle, 116 Euphrasia, Eyebright, Ib®

Antirrhinum, Snapdragon, ib® Digitalis, Foxglove, 116

Linnasa, Linnsea, 117

Bignonia, Trumpet-flower, lb* Crescentia, Calabash Tree, 118 Melianthus, Honey- flower, ib®

XV® Tetrabynamia,

Draba, Whitlowgrass, 119

Thiaspi, Shepherds Purse, ib®

JLunarla, Moonwort, or Satin-flower* ib.

Crambe, Sea-kale, ib.

Lepidium, Garden Cress, ib.

Cochlearia, Scurvy-grass, ib.

Xberis, Candytuft, ib®

Cardamine, Lady’s Smock, 120 Sisymbrium, Water- Cress and Ide of Man Rocket, ib.

XVI 3t«

Pages®.

Erysimum, Hedge Mustard,..

or Yellow Rocket, IE*

Cheiranthus, Wallflo wer, 121

Brassica, Rape, Turnip, Cabbage, ib®,

Sinapis, Mustard, Charlock, ib® Raphanus, Wild Radish, or Jointed Charlock, 122

XVI. Mon ad e l ph i a 3

Sisyrinchium, ib®.,

Ferraria, Tiger-flower,

Erodium, StorkVbill, ib®

Pelargonium, Crane’s-bill, 124 Aitonia, Aitonia s ib*

Geranium, Geranium, or

Crane’s-bill^ 125

Malva, Mallow, lb*

Lavatera, Lavatera, or Tree Mallow, 126

Hibiscus, Syrian Mallow, and Indian Sorrel, . ib®

Camellia* Japan Rose, 127

Alcea, Hollyhock, IE

XVIL Diadelphia.

Fumaria, Fumitory,

Polygala, Milkwort,

ib®

Spartium* Broom*.

* 128

ib*

Hedysarum, Saint Foin,

ib a

Lupinus, Lupine,

Pisurn, Pea,

1 %

Phaseolus, Kidney Bean,

i b*

Pages.

» or .

ib.

ib.

^cvlii. Genera illustrated •

Pages.

Lafchyrus, Sweet Pea, 130

Vicia, Vetch and Bean, ib.

Trifolium, Trefoil, ib.

Indigofera, Indigo Plant, ib.

Gytisus, Laburnum, or Trefoil Tx-ee, 131

Theobroma, Chocolate-nut Tree, ib.

Monsonia, Monsonia, 132

Melaleuca, Cajeput Tree, 133

Hypericum, St John's Wort, ib.

XIX. Syngenesia.

Leontodon, Dandelion, 135

Hieracium, Hawkweed, 136

Arctium, Burdock, ib.

Carduus, Thistle, ib.

Eupatorium, Hemp Agrimony, 137

Beilis, Common Daisy, ib*

Chrysanthemum, Ox-eye Daisy, ib.

Senecio, Groundsel, ib*

Tussilago, Colt's-foot, ib.

Aster, Starwort, ib.

Anthemis, Camomile, ib*

Achillea, Sneezewort, ib.

Centaurea, Knapweed, or Blue-bottle,; ib.

Pages.

Rudbeckia, Rudbeckia, 139

Helianthus, Sun-flower, or Jerusalem Artichoke, ib.

Calendula, Garden Mary gold, ib* Eehinops, Small Globe Thistle, 1 40

XX. Gynanbria.

Orchis, Butterfly-flower, 141

Ophrys, Twayblade, ib*

Cypripedium, Ladies Slipper, ib*

Limodorum, Limodorum, or Jamaica Saloup, 142

Epidendrum, Epidendrum^

or Vanilla, ib.

Nepenthes, Nepenthes, 143

Passiflora, Passion-flower, ib*.

Artocarpus, Bread-fruitTree, ib® Lemna, Duckweed, 145

Sparganium, Bur-reed, 1 46

Carex, S edge Grass, ib.

Typha, Cat's-tail, 147

IJrtica, Nettle, 14 S

Buxus, Box-tree, ib.

Be tula, Birch and Alder

Tree, ib*

Morus, Mulberry and Fustick Tree, 149

Amaranthus, Amaranth, ib

Genera illustrated • xim.

Pages.

Fagus, Chesmifc and -Beech

Quercus, Oak Tree, 4b.

Juglans, Walnut Tree, 2 52 Corylus, Hassel-nut Tree, ib.

Calla, Calla, ib.

Arum, Arum, or Wake-robin, ib.

Finns, Pine, or Fir-Tree, 153

Ricinus, Castor- oil-nut Plant, ib.

Jatropha, Cassada Plant, 154

Hura, Sand-box Tree, 155

Hippomane, Manchineal

Tree, ib.

Oucumis, Cucumber and

Melon, 156

XXII. Dioecia.

Salix, Willow, 156

Empetrum, Crow Berry, 158

Ruseus, Butcher’s Broom, ib.

Viscum, Misseltoe, ib,

Myrica, Gale and Candleberry Myrtle, 159

Cannabis, Hemp, ib.

Humulus, Hop Plant, ib.

Myristica, Nutmeg Tree, 1 60

Pop ulus, Poplar Tree, ib.

Rhodiola, Rose*»roofc, 161

Mercurialis, Dog’s Mercury, ib. luniperus. Juniper, 162

Ttixus* Yew Tree, ib.

XXIII. POLT GABSIA.

Musa, Plantain and Banana, 16S Mimosa, Gum Arabic Tree, 1 64 A triplex, Orache, ©r Sea Purslane, lb.

Ficus, Fig and Banyan Tree, 165

XXIV. Cryptogam* a.

Equisetum, Horse-tail, 166

Ophioglossum, Adder’s

tongue, 167'

Osmunda, Moon wort, or Flowering Fern, Ib.

.Lycopodium, Club-moss, ib.

Polypodium, Polypody, ib.

Aspidium, Male, or Shield Fern, ib.

Bleohnum, Rough Spleenwort, 169

Scolopendrium, HartV

tongue, ib.

Asplenium, Sea Spleenwort, ib.

Lonchitis, Hairy Spleenwort, 1 70

Adiantum, Maiden-hair, ib.

Lindsaea, Lindsaea, ib.

Pfceris, Brakes, ib.

Sphagnum, Bog-moss, 172

Phascum, Earth-moss, ib.

Gymnostomum, Beardlessmoss, 173

Splachnutn, Gland-moss, ib*

Pages.

Eucalypta, Extinguisher-

moss, 174

Trichostomum, Fringe- moss, ib.

Tortula, Screw-moss, ib.

Orthotrichum, Bristle-moss, 1 75 Neckera, Neckera, 176

Mnium, Spring-moss, ib.

Funaria, Cord-moss, 177

Bartramia, Bartramia, ib.

Poly trichum. Hair-moss, 178 Jungermannia, Star-tip 3 ib.

Marchantia, Liver Green, 179 Lichen, Liverwort, 180

Fucus, Sea-weed, ib*

Pages.

Agaricus, Mushroom, 181

Lycoperdon, Truffle, Puff-ball, 1-82

PALMS.

Chamserops, Dwarf-palm, 184 Thrinax, Palmeto -Royal, ib* Borassus, Fan-Palm, ib.

Corypha, Mountain-Palm, ib.

Phoenix, Date Palm, 185

Cocos, Cocoa-nut, Prickly

■Pole, # -ib.

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GUIDE TO BOTANY,