general history of the christian religion and church:Dr.augustus neander

Front matter

in 2022 with ie aon Kahle/Austin Foundation

PE, T 3 f i paars Bey wzi .

BE rsy E Sas yool, y

Dedication

OF THE FIRST PART OF THE FIFTH VOLUME.

TO MY DEAR AND HONORED FRIEND, DR. RITSCHL,

BISHOP IN STETTIN.

Table Of Contents

+ VOLUME FOURTH.

FIFTH PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. FROM GREGORY THE SEVENTH TO BONIFACE THE EIGHTH. FROM A.D.1078 TO A. D. 1294.

[Frrst Drvisron. ] SECTION FIRST.

Section Second

HISTORY OF THE CHURCH CONSTITUTION, 82-220. 1. Papacy and the Popes, 82-194.

Corruption of the church, and reformatory reaction; Hildebrand’s idea of the church as designed toupoyern- the, world's a ssf aie 2 cle) oe His course of development as conditioned by the times in which he lived. Gregory the Seventh (1073); complaints in the first years of his reign. . Principles of his conduct; Old Testament position on which he stood. Predilection for judgments of God. Veneration of Mary. Papal and royal authority. Monarchical constitution of the church. Gregory and the laws. His legates. Annual synods. Care for particular nations. Gregory’s incorruptible integrity. Persecution of witches forbidden. Gregory’s views of penance, of monachism, asceticism. His liberality.

Different expectations from Gregory’s government. The story concerning Henry the Fourth. Protests against his election. Letters missive for a reformatory Fast-synod (1074). Opposition to the law of celibacy. Gregory’s firmness to his principles in the case of the opposition at Mayence, etc. His union with the laity and monks. His opponents. Letter to Cunibert of Turin. Separatist-heretical movements. _Complaints against. Gregory... o asee see e eee a a E AA S Lay investiture forbidden. Gregory’s Stet towards Philip the First and Hermann of Bamberg. 2... 06.0 a a ede de Je

Henry the Fourth obeys the pope in acpedt to simouy. Idea of a erinadi Henry violates the peace. Gregory’s letter of admonition, and embassy. Gregory is impeached by Hugo Blancus. Gregory deposed at the council of Worms (1076). Henry’s letter to Rome. Gregory’s imprisonment by Cintius, and liberation. Ban pronounced on Henry. Impression produced on different parties. sakes justification of himself, refuted by Waltram. Diet at Tribur.. LENG ares Sole

K.

77 79 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Henry’s journey to Rome (1076-77).: Gregory’s journey. to Germany prevented. His relations with Mathilda. The penitents at Canossa. The host used as an ordeal. The judgment to be formed respecting Gregory’s reconciliation with Henry......++++-+:- Bake eg Biaial TERIA

Henry violates the peace. Rudolph of Suabia elected (1077). . Gregory's ambiguous mode of proceeding. New ban pronounced on Henry. (1080). Gregory deposed and Clement the Third elected. Henry in Italy prepared for peace. Gregory’s firmness; his death (1085); his Dictates.. .

Continuance of the contest after Gregory. Victor the Third. Urban the Second. Philip the First’s controversies concerning his marriage. . Firm and bold stand of Yves of Chartres, and his fate. Ban pronounced on Philip... cece cess o asa eves saot ee cee eiai miaa ane

Occasion of the Crusades. Peter the Hermit. Ecclesiastical assemblies at Placenza and Clermont. -se s eae. eeo es erele sisia sete aseles crosses

Speech of Urban the Second.: Enthusiasm called forth. Different motives of the crusaders. Spiritual orders of knights.. Pious frauds, together with examples of faith. ... ... esse cent eter cee etre rene cece

Papal authority increased by the Crusades. Change effected in Urban’s situation till his death. Death of the anti-pope Clement the Third... .

Continued contests of Henry the Fifth. Robert of Flanders stirred up by Paschalis the Second. Bold letter of the clergy of Liege (by Sigibert of (Gemblours)! to pEaschalisi. oc aese e eres ee enie e non eit eea e LAES STES

Disputes with Henry the Fifth about Investiture. Compact at Sutri, A. D. 1110. New compact A. D. 1112. -Reproaches brought against Paschalis the Second. Gottfried of Vendôme representative of the sterner party. Milder judgment of Hildebert of Mans and Yves of Chartres. John of Lyons. The tract of Placidus of Nonantula. Paschalis before the Lateran council. New disputes about investiture. ...e.esessoeees 30

Gelasius the Second, and the imperial pope Gregory the Eighth. Attempt to restore peace by the monk Hugo. Neutral stand taken by Gottfried `:

of Vendôme. Concordat of Worms between Calixtus the Second and HenrygthetPitth asn AAN 21.5) sia e iah a :

esoo so OPERE osese

The anti-popes, Innocent the Second and Anaclete the Second. Innocent, .

in France, supported by Bernard ; healing of a schism in the church by the latter; his conduct towards William of Aquitania. Innocent triumphantidncHomlieks Aib deisde o ANTE Aieiaia ss e Ae Stile ete cor tie Opposition of the laity to the secularized clergy. Influence of the disputes aboutinvestiturel. < nu a ects Ae BS SIO Gee ee A Arnold of Brescia; his education, particularly under the influence of Abelard ; his asceticism, and fierce invectives against the clergy. His life InvOxHels> "i. Nal le. VERSES 2 SONS yee ee ee Arnold’s principles in Rome. His return under Celestin the Second. mae the Second. Anti-papal letter of the Romans to Conrad the hyped ales is E aI E r igh dente p er aene vedasi Eugene the Third. Bernard’s letter to him. Eugene in France supported by Bernard. Great success attending his preaching of the crusades. His moderated enthusiasm. The awakening called forth.

Twofold influence of Bernard. Opinions respecting the issue of the second crusade es cone e eee eee ereervee oes ee

OO. 8 NEG fehel y E a I S a ee aig ¢ a

Roman nobles to Frederic the First. Fall of Arnold’s party. Arnold's death excused by the Roman court.......

141 144 146 147

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Arnold’s ideas continue to work. Conflict of the Hohenstaufens with the hierarchy. First expedition of Frederic the First against Rome. Adrian’s letter to Frederic respecting the term beneficium. Step taken by Frederic on the other side. Reconciliation of the two parties in 1158. New difficulties. Correspondence between the parties. Adrian dies

Alexander the Third, and the imperial pope Victor the Fourth. The council of Paris in favor of the latter in 1160. Victor's successors. Frederic the First’s reconciliation with Alexander, 1177. The Lateran council in 1179 determines the order of papal elections............. 167

Thomas Becket made archbishop of Canterbury 1162 ; his difficulties with -Henry the Second; his repentance at having signed the articles at Clarendon ; his quarrel and reconciliation with Henry the Second; his assassination. Impression produced by what happened at his tomb.

Henrys penance d. g eauer Boye yond Debye Donant we resunta 169 Arnold’s principles propagated by the Hohenstaufens. Heaty. the Sixth, SAE EES ley BOI e E N oc es Se eee se y ATR yy aa sp 172

Government of Innocent the Third an epoch in the history of the Copity, 1198-1216. Motives to his great activity. Successful contest with John of England, 1208-13. Voices against him........... 00. e wees . 178 Innocent in favor of Otho the Fourth; opposed to the party of Philip ; afterwards in favor of Frederic the Second < euros kenient esm tala inan i 176

Honorius the Third. Gregory the Ninth. Frederic’s crusade. Compact | with Gregory, and the issue of a new ban. Frederic’s circular-letter. Gregory’s accusations. Frederic’s ideas of reform, or rather his skeptical bent of mind. Contest till the death of Gregory, 1241............ 177

Celestin the Fourth. Frederic the Second’s contests, till his death, with Innocent the Fourth. His circular-letter after the ban passed upon him

EG R E E tA oie overall Ulead vaucer E OT E EAEE E T AA 183 Robert Grosshead’s discourse before the papal court at Lyons. His labors in England, and his unchecked boldness towards Rome..........+.+ 185

Legend concerning the death of Innocent the Fourth; Alexander the Fourth ; Gregory the Tenth. Want of zeal for the crusades at Lyons, in 1274. Abbot Joachim opposed to them. Arguments against the crusakes combated by Humbert de Romanis............0+.e.eeeeeee 187 Raymund Lull’s threefold plan in his Disputatio. His view of the crusades, and mode of.procedure. with infidels.....0.24. 0000 eee as iie 190 Determinations with regard to papal elections by John the Twenty-First revoked. Celestin the Fifth, as pope. His abdication.............. 192 Result of the history ofthe papacy under Gregory the Seventh. Unsuccessful efforts against the mischievous papal absolutism (interview of John of Salisbury with Adrian the Fourth). Bribery at the Roman counter, dougene they Tin ia age alp io due aie ngianati Hebe Marois AN -. 194

2. Distinct Branches of the Papal Government of the Church, 197-203.

Personal labors of the popes. Different modes of conduct pursued by their legates. The Roman curia, as the highest tribunal. Capricious appeals to Rome limited by Innocent the Third...............00-5 197

Relative dependence of the bishops. The form of oath taken by them. Influence of the popes in appointments to benefices. Complaints about exemption from the authority of the bishops. Pragmatic sanction of ER E CRANE PPE Mel E AAEE O S AE E A 200

Collections of ecclesiastical laws. Study of the Saila at Bologna. The

VOL. IV. B e

XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Decretum Gratiani. Ancient and more modern ecclesiastical law enriched by the decisions ofthe popes. Interpolated bulls. Raymund’s decretalssc aise cava wine ea iio ee RA EA EN Cor ee

8. Other Parts of the Church Constitution, 203-215.

Consequences of the Hildebrandian epoch of reform. Tts slight moral influence upon the clergy. Abuses in ecclesiastical. preferments combated in Vain, -o e 6-0-5 00 Nr Len RRB. E E Shey ast 203

Reformation of the clergy. Norberts congregation. Gerhoh’s Clerici regulares. Difference amongst the secular clergy. The latter as __ preachers of repentance... 1... see e eee eee cer ee eee reece © eme aa DOE

Fulco of Neuilly; his education, and influence as a preacher of repentance ; his influence upon the clergy; his preaching of the crusades. Peter de Rusia, a preacher of repentance in opposition to the system of the CHUFCH 0-6, eis.» siete c's eiki’ bs sare ate Sebo any ET teil seas career enh ek aa a

Archdeacons. Officiales in the more general and in the more restricted sense. The bishops. Valuable labors of Peter of Moustier. Gerhoh opposed to the secular sword in the hands of bishops and popes. Titu- TATEOISHODONS Aa e e ARARA r i E RE r PE T AE eee L

4. Prophetic Warnings againsi the Secularization of the Church, 215-232.

Possession of Property injurious to the church. Prophetic element in the development of the church... ..... BGS Bin tach Muses PE ta IS <.. 215 Hildegard. Great reverence with which she was regarded. Her admonitions and counsels; her invectives against the clergy, and her 510) DIL ESO A icin COE 4 OG TOROS OBC GOnO CaGo6 bad es ON . 217 Abbot Joachim. His active labors; his ideas; his genuine writings, and the spurious ones attributed to him. His invectives against the corrupt court of Rome; against Paschalis the Second, and his successors. Worldly goods and secular supports injurious to the church. Inward Christianity ; God, and the apostolic church. The antichrist (Patarenes), the destined instrument of punishment. The Hohenstaufens. The three periods of revelation, and the three apostles representing them. Joachim’s view of historical Christianity. Form and -essence of Chipstialiityss aces ess ccc x. oc ee SEa o ahente e sicko ArI hams, eae

5. History of Monachism, 232—293

Monachism, and the tendency of the times. Pious mothers, and other influences which served to promote it: Worldly temper in the monasteries brought about especially by the oblati. Salutary examples of such men as Ebrard and Simon. - -Motives of those who embraced monachism. Pardoned criminals gained, and other moral influences of the monks... . 232

Anselm on monachism and the worldly life. Early vows renounced. Various influence of the monks. Their sermons on repentance.

Religious aberrations and conflicts. Admonitions of Anselm and

Berardi ici tare eee ee etecai AATA AN 5 ea Ae ais. EZS T life. Preachers of repentance. Worldly and hypocritical monks... .. 241

7 His miracles, Education and labors of Robert of Arbrissel. The Pauperes Christi, and the nuns at Fons Ebraldi. Robert’s invectives against the clergy. Opinions respecting him....... a N ne wwe bone oom ee cee es ore oo ree eee

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xv

Cluniacensians. Predecessors of Mauritius. His exhortations uo extravagant asceticism. His letters. ..... genai aen AAEE . 249 Robert, founder of the Cistercians. His successors. Bernard led to monachism. His rigid asceticism. His influential labors in Clairvaux. His relation to the popes. His miracles, judged by himself and by others. His exhortation to the Templars. His theology of the heart. On love, and its several stages. Constant reference to Christ. Different positions in Christianity. The spirit of calumny and self-knowledge ......... 251 Differences betwixt the Cluniacensians and Cistercians. Bernard’s Apolo-

gia. Spiritual worship of the monks. ......... 00. ceeeee eee ene. 263 Bruno, founder of the order of the Carthusians. Their occupations, and

strict mode of life. Carmelites, founded by Berthold. .........0.05. 264 Societies formed to take charge of the leprous, and other sick persons.

Abuse of Christian charity. Order of the Trinitarians............ 266

Law against new foundations. Mendicant monks, in their relation to the church. Didacus and Dominick in contest with the heretics of South France. Order of the Dominicans confirmed..........00. cesso 268

Conversion of Francis. His religious bent. Idea of the evangelical poverty; + his reception with the pope and cardinals; his mortifications; sayings concerning asceticism, prayer, preaching. Mystical, sensuous element in his character. His love of nature. Marks of the wounds. Minorittes. Order of -Clara Teisa to ve aes Ran oo ea ical wee eR RA 270

Laborious and influential activity of the mendicants. Their relation to the clergy. Their degeneracy. Their infiuence on the youth, on the learned, and on men of rank. Louis the Ninth........ E A «se 276

Influence of the mendicant friars in the University of Paris. Checked by Innocent the Fourth (his death); favored by Alexander the Fourth ; attacked by William of St. Amour, who complains of their influence on Louis the Ninth. Papellards and Beguins..............0000.000- 283

Defence of the mendicant monks by Bonaventura and Thomás. Fate of William of St. Amour. Bonaventura as a censor of his order. The stricter and laxer Franciscans. Joachim’s ideas as embraced by this order SiO oe eat E ei oe ae BEES en Coie neater 286

FIFTH PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.

FROM GREGORY THE SEVENTH TO BONIFACE THE EIGHTH. FROM THE YEAR 1073 TO THE YEAR 1294.

[Seconp Drvisron.]

SECTION THIRD. Christian Life and Christian Worship, 293-355

General. description of Christian life..... 6.2.60. cece eee cece neces 293

Individual traits of Christian life. Ambrose of Siena. Baimund Palmaris. Ponis-the Ninth: “Bhzabethwofsblessiay sid ssa A a oa aaa 295

Resistance to the secularization of the religious life. Pious societies of the Beghards, Papelards, boni homines, boni valeti..... siis tirei eee . 303

Subjective view of the order of salvation. Justification as. the interior work of making just. Fides formata, Twofold error resulting from this. view ; one-sided externalization, or spiritualization, of religion.

xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Voices of the church-teachers with regard to both errors. Marks of a truly Christian spiriti... essees ee ee bee etree een ee te dees : Shape given to preaching in the beginning of the twelfth century. Preaching in the spoken language. Preachers of repentance. Discourse of the abbot Guibert, of Novigentum, on the right method of preaching. Work of Humbert de Romanis, general of the Dominicans, on the education of preachers. Example of pope Innocent the Third. Berthold the Franciscan, a preacher of repentance, at Regensburg and Atigeburg me IE. sie a sle, eval drape ob ee e eels oe olan e aia Attempts to translate the Bible in Germany and France; Bible-reading society at Metz. Dissolution of it. The Bible prohibited at the synod AOE Toulouse; 1229.29 ini sil= ii e a depelled Noho na lets E «eit A a A SaNa Traces of infidelity, proceeding partly from rudeness of manners, partly from the revival of speculative culture, and especially from the influence of the Arabian philosophy. Frederic the Second. John Sans Terre. John Count of Soissons. Tract of the abbot Guibert of Nogent sous Coucy against the latter. Temptations occasioned by religious doubt. Examples of such conflicts... 2... cess cece eee eee eee e cet ee nee Dead, worldly faith, Hugo a St. Victore against it. Fanaticism and superstition. Superstitious veneration of saints. Elfeg of Canterbury. Abuse of relics. Work of Guibert of Nogent sous Coucy, De pigtoribus Sanctorum- sie oy a) de a meeeg e soho daaa E Te N a Worship of the Virgin Mary.

Doctrine of the immaculate conception. Festival of the Conception. Bernard of Clairvaux against it. Pothos a monk of Prüm, attacks this festival in his work, “ On the state of God’s house.” Epistolary dispute on this subject betwixt the abbot De la Celle and the English monk Nicholas. Thomas Aquinas, opponent of the exaggerated veneration of Mary. Raymund Lull’s defence of the worship of Mary. Festival of the Holy Trinity. Abuses in the observance of festivals... Bestim fatuorum,/follorum, siea tgi. misaa ad «oie oho The seven sacraments ; first mentioned by Otto of Bamberg, 1124. Exposition of the seven sacraments. Doctrine of the eucharist. Confirmation of the doctrine of transubstantiation at the Lateran council, A. D. 1215. Distinction of the accidents remaining behind from the changing substance. Completion of the cultus and entire catholicism in this doctrine. Struggle against it in opinions and doubts of the sectaries. Secret adherents of Berengar. Older intermediate view, taking its departure from the relation of the two natures Extreme point of realistic externalization. ‘Thomas Aquinas. Inquiries of Innocent the Third in his treatise De mysteriis missae ; his and Bonaventura’s hypothesis of a retro-transubstantiation. Reply of the University of Paris, on the doctrine of the eucharist, to Clement the Fourth, . A. D. 1264. The Dominican J ohn of Paris’s revival of the older dogma, lying at the bottom of the relation of the two natures. His deposition fronts itso fice ess dre R N while ds nE ea es sda eR ae Corpus-Christi day ; originated in Liege ; instituted first in 1264, by Urban the Fourth; again by Clement the Fifth, in 1311. Introduction of the bowing of the knee before the host, under Innocent the Third ; made a law in 1217, by Honorius the Third. Abolition of the communion of infants. Distribution of the eucharist. under one form, occasioned by the dread of spilling the blood of Christ; promoted by the idea of the priesthood. Doctrine of concomitance. Contest against the division of the Lord’s supper. Division reprobated by Paschalis the Second. Provost Folmar of Traufenstein against concomitance. Neglect of the Lord’s

. 334

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supper by the laity. Ordinance of the Lateran council of 1215 with life. Gregory the Seventh, Urban the Second against the externals of penitence. Indulgence. Origin of general indulgences, by Victor the Third, by occasion of a crusade against the Saracens in Africa. Repeated preaching of indulgences during the crusades to the holy sepulchre. The council of Clermont under Urban the Second. Indulgences placed on a theoretical basis in the thirteenth century. Defence of them on the ground of a Thesaurus meritorum and of a supererogatory perfection of the saints. Distortion of the original opinion by the sellers of indulgences. Confession of William of Auxerre. Thomas Aquinas, Abelard,

XVIL

Stephen of Obaize, Berthold the Franciscan, partly against indulgences '

in general, partly against the abuse of them. Papal remissions, and canon of the council of Beziers against the latter. Ordinance of oral confessions by Innocent the Third, at the fourth Lateran council......

Section Fourth. History Of Doctrines

Course of Development of Doctrines and Theology in the Western Church,

Newly awakened religious and scientific life in the eleventh century. Distinction of a more intellectual and a more religious interest. Question concerning the objective, or barely subjective import of general conceptions...... E castes EE NIN E are NaS ie I a ls te

Roscelin of Compiegne, near the close of the eleventh century, against the hitherto prevailing realism of Augustin, which had grown out of the combination of Plato’s Universalia ante rem with Aristotle’s Universalia in re. His explanation of general conceptions as nomina, non res. Analysis of the conceptions part and whole...... sR cries Goce

Isolation of scientific efforts previous to the founding of the University of Paris in the twelfth century. Raimbert, nominalist at Lille ; Udardus, realist at Tournay. John of Salisbury, near the close of the twelfth century, complains of the pride of dialectics. Strife between faith and

- speculation; example in Udardus; his work on original sin.... 6...

Principles, theological and philosophical, confounded. Suppression of nominalism. Improbability of religious skepticism in the case of Roscelin himself. His designation of the three persons as tres res. Condemnation of his doctrine as tritheism at the council of Soissons, 1093. Recantation ; flight to England ; controversy with the English clergy on account of his Hildebrandian principles ; return to France; death....... SACRU is

Anselm of Canterbury represents the union of science and life.. His early life; studies under Lanfranc in the monastery of Bec; made prior of that monastery after his master’s death; his activity as a teacher; his principles of education ; made abbot in 1078 ; called to England as archbishop of Canterbury in 1093 ; disputes with William the Second and Henry the First; relations with Urban the Second; travels through Italy and France; return to England; death... 0.60.6... eee eees

B*

XVII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Anselm’s character and intellectual bent. Unity of faith and knowledge assumed as the basis of his speculation. Import of his attack upon nominalism. Adopts Augustin’s principle with regard to the relation of theology and faith. Striving of his theology to satisfy the two main directions of the human mind. Fusion of the Christianity of the Bible and of the church. Mistakes the certainty and strength of his conviction for demonstration... 6.6... 56.0066 BIN OP LO RA NET la Aia ters

Separation of the main theological tendencies which had been united in the case of Anselm. Abelard; Bernard of Clairvaux. Bernard’s monkish view of the relation of faith and knowledge. Threefold relation of the human mind to divine things. Corresponding distinction of the three provinces, of opinio, of fides, and of intellectus. Bernard’s abandonment of scientific theology occasioned by Abelard. ...... 6.0... eee eeee

Peter Abelard of Palais, near Nantes, in Bretagne, 1079. His character. Controversy with the realist William of Champeaux, at Paris. Philosophical disputations at Melun, Corbeil, Paris. Passes over to theology. Competition with Anselm of Laon. Appears as a teacher in Paris. Enters the abbey of St. Denis. Scientific lectures........2+0 ee ees ee nee

His work entitled Introductio in Theologiam ; in which he bears down upon the enemies of the dialectic method. On the necessity of the explication of faith in conceptions. Different stages of faith. Distinguishes the essentially religious, and the religiously unessential, in the Sacred Scriptures; that which is necessary to religion and that which is less important. Distinguishes faith as a temper of the heart, and as dialectically apprehended. Gives a new shaping to the doctrine of inspiration. Distinguishes the mental acts, cognoscere and intelligere. Defends the idea of miracles. Endeavors to reconcile the natural and the supernatural. His overvaluation of the ancient philosophers on the subject of morals. Affirms‘theiribeliefsiniad Redeemerip tii. hk a a e a A onelevaleletels

Fundamental principles of Abelard compared with those of Anselm.....

Opponents of Abelard. Walter of Mauretania his constant opponent. Charges brought against him by Walter. Abelard condemned at the council of Soissons, 1121. Abelard’s return to St. Denis. His quarrel with the monks; takes refuge in Troyes; lives as a recluse. Theological lectures. Exposed to new persecutions. Accepts the place of abbot at Ruits, in 1128; resigns it in 1136. Lectures at Paris. Outbreak ofaigeneral+ controversy sa y in Tae os atti a eaea

His writings belonging to this period. New edition of the Introduction. Agreement between the ancient philosophy and Christianity. His injustice towards Judaism. Polemics against the undue exaltation of knowledge. Theology apprehended as relating to life.......... ARG

Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Disinterested love to God required. Fear only the beginning of wisdom. His agreement with Bernardionithisusubject..s:.0ie.s kate ek apes aR fete rate SRT

Abelard’s ethical treatise entitled Scito te ipsum (principle that every

Abelard’s work on the history of dogmas, entitled Sic et non. Its aim. His freer notions of inspiration. Separates the divine and human elements in prophecy. Possibility of error in the apostles. Abelard’s criticism

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as opposed to the spirit of his times. Copies of Abelard’s dogmatic Te Chama aay etiF a pore aaah NS cert rate NEE Ore raa eM William of St. Thierry brings a complaint agninst Abelard before Gottfried of Chartres and Bernard of Clairvaux. Synod of Sens, A. D. 1140. Hypocritical behavior of Bernard. Berengar’s sareastic description of the synod. Abelard’s system of doctrine ‘condemned. He appeals to the pope. Letter of the council to Rome. Bernard’s letter. Weakness of his charges. His letter to the cardinals. Abelard’s letter to Heloise. Decision of the pope. Condemnation of Abelard. Comparison of his cause with that of Arnold of Brescia. Noble conduct of the venerable Peter of Cluny towards Abelard. The-latter takes refuge at Cluny. His work of confession and defence. Discourse concerning the Supreme Good. Abelard’s sickness and death at St. Marcel. Peter’s Rother: to-Hielaise ya nsan safe as Nieto net. aside Mid, itt Nikole k R Import of the controversy between Abelard and Bernard. Hugo of St. Victor at Paris from Ypres, near the end of the eleventh century. His education at Halberstadt, and the abbey of Hamersleben. Reception into the establishment of St. Victor, in 1118. Hugo representative of a mystical, intuitive, anti-dialectic school. Relation of his bent to that of Anselm. His Eruditio didascalica. Exalts the empirical sciences to the disparagement of philosophy. On the study of the Bible............ Hugo as a champion for the independence of the religious province. .

Worldly consciousness, self-consciousness, and the consciousness of God, under the image of three eyes; one precursory, preceding faith, relating to the existence of the spirit; the second, developing itself out of it and setting forth the nature of the object; faith an affection (affectus). Certainty of knowledge in the case of the theologian and of the logician. Concerning the merit of faith. Progressive growth of faith to the certainty Mita Jou aoe GO eR OTe DOS GU OOO MS CSUs crit) a otro Different modes of estimating the degree of knowledge necessary to salvation. Hugo refers the whole to the measure of devotional feelings. Disputed question respecting the knowledge of the pious men of the Old Testament. Hugo differs from Abelard on the question concerning disinterested love. Similar views of Gerhoh of Reichersberg on the same OMe na PAD ent oer se Om TC ROMO In Men E ror Robert Pullein; his bent akin to that of Hugo a St. Victore. Made a cardinal by pope Eugene the Third. New controversy of Bernard with Gilbert Porretanus, archbishop of Poictiers, a man belonging to the dialectical school of theology. The latter accused of heretical views of the trinity before Eugene the Third. Division of opinions at the synod of Rheims. Bernard’s hopes defeated ........ Henke ea Peter Lombard of Novara, bishop of Paris, 1159 ; died 1160. His Libri quatuor sententiarum. Character of the ok Propagation of the school by Peter of Poictiers. Contests of the Schools with the church and the mystical tendency. Represéntatives of the former tendency. Gerhoh of Reichersberg and Walter of Mauretania; the latter’s rude attack against Abelard and Gilbert of Poictiers. Peter Lombard and Peter of Poictiers, in the work entitled “ Contra quatuor Galliae labyrinthos.” Joachim. Innocent the Third decides in favor of Peter Lombard. Lateran council, 1215........ Sa e eee A The mystic theology. Its relation to the dialectic. Rupert of Beate: Bernard’s contemporary, author of an allegorizing, tedious commentary on the Bible. The Scotchman Richard, pupil of Hugo, prior of St. Victor, 1178. Ratio and intellectus. Exstatic intuition. Thoughts

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and sayings of Richard. Objects of faith which are supra, and which are praeter rationem. Three stages or positions of the consciousness of God. The Meditationes of Guigo, a mystic, prior of the Carthusians. . . Salutary influence of the Victorines at Paris. Jacob of Vitry complains of the licentious morals of the University, in his Historia occidentalis. Peter Cantor of St. Victor, bishop of Tournay, 1194. His ethics. Complaint against speculation. Archdeacon Peter of Blois, pupil of John of Salisbury, utters a similar complaint. Stephen, bishop of Tournay, writes a letter of complaint to Rome against divisions on matters of doctrine and desecration of the faith... so cess eee eee eee eee ee Seed eevee Ore Transition of dialectic theology from the twelfth to the thirteenth century. Alanus Magnus. His Ars Catholice fidei, dedicated to pope Clement the Third. His Regulae. theologicae. Influence of the Aristotelian philosophy. Opposition to this influence. Admonitory letter of Gregory the Ninth to the University of Paris. Story about Simon of Tournay. General recognition of Aristotle +200. 60% 2c ee dee ee le cee ee Difference of the effects produced by the Aristotelian philosophy in- the earlier times and in the age of the schoolmen. Union of the Aristotelian with the Platonic philosophy, by Augustin. Pseudo-Dionysius. Translations of the Platonists.. The alliance with the Aristotelian philosophy made possible by the distinction of the state of nature and the state of grace. Peculiarity of the new method. Its disadvantages. The two authorities of scholasticism, Aristotle and tradition........... PR ee The Franciscans. Alexander of Hales, English ; and Bonaventura, Italian. The Dominicans. Albertus Magnus, and Thomas Aquinas his pupil. Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas. His Commentary on the Sentencesr. isi i E ier lalate ENN A alate A T ae William of Paris. Roger Bacon. Persecutions which he suffered. His Opus majus.. His opinions. Raymund Lull self-educated. Contest with the school of Averrhoes. His conception of an absolute method of SCIENCE OFS NAGNUT 1-1. e lore delie a lel oir t Sae A eo amet arate Progress of the theology of the thirteenth century............