The essentials of anatomy, designed as a text-book for students and as a book of easy reference for the practitioner;

Preface

It may seem to the members of the medical profession, a needless task to present another work upon Anatomy, when so many exhaustive treatises already exist ; and the criticism is one in which the Authors of this volume might justly coincide were the present work intended to supercede or rival the works of such famous authors as Quain, Gray, Ellis, Sappey, Hyrtl> Holden, Wilson, Heath, Bellamy, and others who have merited enduring reputation.

It is to be hoped, however, that the public will agree with the Authors of this volume in the feeling that the more exhaustive treatises, in all their completeness of detail, often compel the student, in the beginning of his studies, to waste much valuable time in culling, from the voluminous mass of matter before him, such points as seem to him essential, and that, too often, these selections are not made with the judgment which the enlightenment of continued study and a higher degree of culture would afford.

The present state of advanced science and the practical bearing which minute anatomical points and microscopical discoveries in histology are assuming, all tend, possibly too often, to lead anatomical instructors to forget that the medical student must creep before he can walk, and that by a thorough comprehension of those anatomical facts which are comprised in gross anatomy only, can he either appreciate or properly value the higher grades of anatomical investigation.

It is, at present, too common, with critics to stamp with their opprobrium all works which are not diffuse in character, and to stigmatize, as " cram'books," any which show an attempt to simplify, condense, and rearrange facts hitherto well known ; and to refer their readers to treatises whose exhaustiveness alone perhaps, requires the very preparatory drill which a smaller volume of well-culled facts would best afford them.

In this volume will be found, wliat, in the opinion of the authors at least, are some, perhaps not all, of the essentials of human anatomy.

It has been the endeavor of the Authors to so arrange these anatomical facts as to render their comprehension easy, even to

IV PREFACE.

the beginner ; while they have aimed also to render it a volume of easy reference to the Surgeon and Practitioner.

Much of the matter contained has been tabulated and arranged in such a systematic form as to render the perusal of page after page of printed matter unnecessary, and, as far as possible, all points, having a practical bearing, have been so mentioned.

It will be observed, possibly to its detriment in the opinion of some, that this volume deals principally with anatomical facts, rather than with questionable microscopical discoveries, since, however valuable the latter may be as a step towards positive knowledge, they are constantly changing with the advance of science, and can be best acquired from the exhaustive treatises which are from time to time appearing upon these subjects.

To the casual reader, there may seem, throughout this work, a redundancy of expression, which might have been avoided ; but, as this book has been partly devised to aid reference among the general practitioners of medicine, who have, too often, little time for further reading than is demanded to gain the point sought for, it has been deemed expedient to render each descriptive paragraph as little dependent upon those preceding it, as possible.

The few diagrammatic illustrations, which are contained within this volume, are presented rather as a means of impressing some particular points than as accurate representations of the parts under consideration.

Many of the valuable tables contained in the chapters upon osteology and myology, have been for years a part of the course of lectures of Professor Darling before the classes of the Medical Department of the New York University, and have appeared in print in Europe, while many new ones have been added to simplify other branches of the subject.

As this work has not been intended to supplant, but rather to accompany more exhaustive treatises, the absence of illustrations will not materially detract from its usefulness, since even beginners in medicine would hardly be well equipped for their work without some one of the standard text-books, while to the practitioner of medicine or surgery, in whose libraries are probably contained volumes replete with illustrations, this work is given to simplify anatomical review and to aid easy reference.

It seems especially important to the Authors that the explanatory matter connected with most of the tables and diagrams of this work should be perused with care, before they are used as aids to study or reference, since both will be greatly simplified by so doing.

PREFACE. V

The Authors here acknowledge their indebtedness to all of those investigators of Anatomy who have put into print the results of their researches, since it is impossible to depart, in many instances, from methods of arrangements, which have previously been given to the public, or to avoid the free use of much that, in other volumes, seems particularly valuable and worthy of perpetuation.

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

Anatomy, its definition Page I

Classification of its varieties

Definitions of its numerous divisions

Animal anatomy, its component parts

Names applied to treatises on special departments of animal anatomy

The solids of the human body

The fluids of the human body

Part I. Osteology

Division A.

The skeleton as a whole Page 7

Diyision B.

The bones of the cranium " 17

Division C.

The bones of the face. " 45

Division D.

The skull in general, its cavities, fossae and foramina " 61

Division E.

The skeleton of the trunk " 76

(a) The vertebral column " 79

(b) The skeleton of the thorax " 93

(c) The bones of the pelvis " 103

Division F.

The skeleton of the upper extremity " 120

(a) The bones of the shoulder " 121

(b) The bones of the arm " 127

(c) The bones of the fore-arm " 132

(d) The bones of the hand " 14c

Division G.

The skeleton of the lower extremity " 147

(a) The bones of the thigh " 147

Part II. Arthrology

General Introduction Page 167

The structure of joints in general " 167

The varieties of ligaments " 167

The varieties of cartilage « 16S viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

The varieties of fibro- cartilage Page 168

The varieties of synovial membranes " 168

Diagram of the varieties of joints , " 168

Movements possible to joints " 169

Division A.

Articulations of the cranium with the spine " 170

(a) Occipito-atloid articulation " 170

(b) Occipito-axoid articulation " 171

(c) Atlo-axoid articulation " 171

Division B.

Articulations of the vertebrae H 172

Division C.

Articulations of the ribs " 173

(a) Costo-vertebral articulations " 173

(b) Costo-transverse articulations " 173

(c) Chondro-sternal articulations " 174

(d) Chondro-costal articulations " 174

Division D.

Articulations of the pelvis " 175

(a) Sacro- iliac articulation " 175

(b) Pubic articulation " 175

(c) Sacro-coccygeal articulation " 176

(d) Sacro-vertebral articulation " 176

Division E.

The temporo -maxillary articulation " 176

Division F.

Articulations of the upper extremity. " 177

(1) Sterno-clavicular articulation " 177

(2) Acromio-clavicular articulation " 178

The ligaments of the scapula " 179

(3) The shoulder-joint " 179

(4) The elbow-joint *' 180

(5) The radioulnar articulations * " 181

Superior articulation " 181

Middle articulation " 181

Inferior articulation " 181

(6) The wrist-joint % " 182

(7) Articulations of the carpus " 183

(8) Carpo-metacarpal articulations " 184

(9) Metacarpo-metacarpal articulations. " 184

(10) Metacarpophalangeal articulations 185

(n) Phalangeal articulations . 185

Division G.

Articulations of the lower extremity 186

(1) The hip-joint " 186

(2) The knee-joint " 19°

(3) The tibio-fibular articulations *94

Superior articulation IQ4

Middle articulation T94

Inferior articulation T94

(4) The ankle-joint " 195

(5) Articulations of the tarsus x9^

(6) Tarso-metatarsal articulations • x9&

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

IX

(7) Metatarso-metatarsal articulations Page 199

(8) Metatarsophalangeal articulations " 199

(9) Phalangeal articulations " 199

Introduction

Classification of muscles ,

Various forms of muscles

Variations in the arrangement of fibres to tendon

The nomenclature of muscles

Situation of striated and unstriated muscular fibres

Division A.

Epicranial group

Auricular group

Palpebral group

Nasal group ,

Orbital group

Labial group

Maxillary group

Summary of muscles of the head . . . . ,

Division B.

Superficial lateral group ,

Infra or sterno-hyoid group

Supra or genio-hyoid group

Submaxillary or stylo-hyoid group ,

Preverbetral group

Posterior cervical group ,

Muscles of the palate

Muscles of the pharynx

Muscles of the larynx ,

Boundaries of the triangles of the neck

Division C.

Muscles of the trunk

(a) Muscles of the abdomen ,

(b) Muscles of the thorax ,

(c) Muscles of the back

(d) Muscles of the perineum

(e) The cavities of the trunk, their boundaries and contents.. Division D.

Muscles of the upper extremity.

I. Extrinsic muscles

II. Intrinsic muscles

(a) Muscles of the scapulo-humeral region

(b) Muscles of the arm

(c) Muscles of the fore-arm

(d) Muscles of the hand

General summary of the muscles of the upper extremity.

Division E.

Muscles of the lower extremity.. . •.

I. Muscles of the iliac region

203 203 203 204 204

217 218

266 270 272

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

II. Muscles of the femoral region Page 304

The anterior femoral group " 304

The internal femoral group •* 306

The gluteal or superio-posterior group " 308

The posterior femoral group " 310

III. Muscles of the popliteal region " 313

IV. Muscles of the crural region " 314

The anterior group " 314

The superficial posterior group " 315

The deep posterior group " 316

The lateral or peroneal group " 317

V. Muscles of the pedal region M 319

The dorsal set " 316

The plantar set " 319

Summary " 324

VI. General summary of the muscles of the lower

extremity " 327

Part IV. Angiology

Introduction " 333

The arterial system as a whole ' " 333

Collateral circulation of arteries " 334

Structure of the arterial coats " 336

Nerve supply to the coats of arteries '* 337

Division A.

The arch of the aorta " 338

Its ascending portion " 338

Its transverse portion " 340

Its descending portion " 341

Surgical anatomy of the aortic arch " 341

Branches of the arch of the aorta " 344

Division B.

The arteria innominata " 345

Division C.

The arteries of the head and neck " 346

Division D.

The surgical triangles of the neck " 365

Division E.

The arteries of the upper extremity " 371

Division F.

The arteries of the trunk " 399

Division G.

The arteries of the lower extremity " 405

Division H.

The veins of the body " 420

Veins of the head and neck " 422

Sinuses of the dura mater " 423

Veins of the trunk " 425

Superior vena cava " 425

Inferior vena cava " 425

GENERAL INTRODUCTION-.

XI

The azygos veins, Page 425

The portal system of veins " 425

Veins of the pelvis " 427

Veins of the upper extremity " 427

Veins of the lower extremity " 428

Division I.

The lymphatic system « " 43°

The thoracic duct " 431

Part V. Neurology

General Introduction.

Varieties of nerve tissue M 437

Structure of nerves , " 437

Varieties of nerves " 437

Division A.

The cerebro-spinal axis, considered as a whole " 437

The membranes of the brain and spinal cord " 439

Division B.

Structure of the encephalon or brain " 441

Enumeration of its twelve ganglia and their general situation . . " 441

Enumeration of the commissures of the brain " 443

The cavities of the brain and their boundaries " 444

The cerebrum " 448

Its principal lobes. " 449

Its principal fissures " 449

Its inner surface, and its points of interest " 451

Its inferior surface, and its points of interest . . . " 452

Its internal structure, and the important parts contained within it " 453

The corpus striatum , , . " 453

The optic thalamus , ,. " 454

The fornix " 454

The corpus callosum " 456

The meso-cephalon " 456

The pons-varolii " 457

The crura cerebri , " 457

The valve of Vieussens , " 457

The tubercula quadrigemina " 487

The pineal gland ,....,.... " 458

The medulla-oblongata , , u 458

Its fissures " 458

Its component parts " 45S

Its nuclei of grey matter " 45S

The cerebellum " 459

Its surfaces and their points of interest " 459

Its fissures M 460

Its processes " 460

General summary of the brain " 461

Xii GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

Division C.

The spinal cord , Page 463

Its columns " 463

Its fissures " 463

Its nerves , . . . . " 463

Its grey matter. . -. . " 463

Its fibres and their distribution " 463

Division D.

The cerebro-spinal nerves " 465

The cranial nerves, tables of t ........ " 466

The nerves of the cervical region, tables of " 475

The nerves of the upper extremity, tables of " 478

The nerves of the dorsal region, table of " 484

The nerves of the lumbar region, tables of " 4S6

The nerves of the sacral region, tables of " 490

The nerves of the leg and foot, tables of . . . , " 493

Division E.

The sympathetic nerve " 497

Its ganglia , " 497

Its plexuses .- " 498

Its cords of communication , " 500

Its branches of distribution " 500