Early records of British India: a history of the English settlements in India, as told in the Government Records, the works of old travellers and other contemporary documents, from the earliest period down to the rise of British power in India

Front matter

I

LIBRARY

Class

Chapter I. India In The Seventeenth Century

A. D. 1600 TO 1700.

PAGE

Early English settlemoiits 1

Division of India:— Hindustan, Dekhan, Peninsula . . . ib.

Hindus under MuLanimadau rule ....... 2

Afghans and Moghuls ib.

Moghul Empire in India 3

Policy of Akbar ib.

Partiality for Hindus and Europeans 4

Inherent weakness of Moghul rule ...... 5

Moghul despotism ib.

Land tenures 6

Kenter and husbandman ib.

Proprietory right of the Soveieign 7

Eights of inheritance refused to office-holders . . . . ib.

Life in public 8

Government in the provinces . ib.

Revenue system 9

Presents • • • .10

Moghul Court ib.

Eebellions 11

Aurungzeb, 1658 to 1707 ib.

Bigotry and hypocrisy 13

War between the four princes ib.

Eeign of Aurungzeb . . 14

Eise of the Mahrattas ib.

Sivaji, the Mahratta 15

War against Sivaji . ib.

Sivaji at Delhi ib.

Death of Sivaji, 1680 16

Aurungzeb takes the field . . ib.

X CONTENTS.

PAGE

Persecuting wars against Hindus 16

Wars iu Eajputana 17

Chapter II. English At Sueat And Bombay

A. D. 1600 TO 1700.

Early settlement at Surat 18

Hostility of the Portuguese ib.

Pomp of the President ib.

Visit of Mandelslo 19

Surat Custom House ib.

Entertainment at the English house 20

Order of the EngUsh Factory 21

Tea 22

English Garden ib.

Amusements at Surat ib.

Journey to Ahmadabad ib.

Kajput outlaws 23

Ahmadabad ib.

Ahmadabad maintains 12,000 horse. The Governor's wealth . ib.

HisCoui-t 24

His expense ib.

Mandelslo visits the Governor cf Ahmadabad . . . . ib.

Their discourse ib-

Dinner ^o

A second ^'isit to the Governor ib.

Opium 26

Character of the Governor of Ahmadabad 27

His cruelty. IMandelslo leaves Ahmadabad 28

Visit of Fryer to Surat ib.

The English Factory ib.

Full of noise 29

The four Chief Offices ib.

The Company's Servants, and their Salaries 30

The under factories modelled by this ib.

The Presidency ib.

The advantage of being at the Council 31

The baseness of the Banians ib.

Number of persons in the Factory ib.

State of the President ib.

All places in India subject to the Presidency, with their commodities 1 32

CONTENTS. xi

PAGB

The invostmcut set on foot in the rains 32

This trade managed by a Company better than by Free-traders , 33

Their Freemen greater slaves than their Servants . . . , ib. The Charges of the English Company not so great as the IIoI-

hinders ib.

Their Charter put in force ib.

The course of the Presidents ........ 31

The English defend themselves with honour against Sivnji a second

The power of the President ib.

Ill success of the first adventures ....... ib.

War with Portugal 35

The Company enrich this Port ib.

Seamen ib.

Subordination of Bombay to Surat ib.

The Town of Bombay 'C . 37

Fresh-water springs scarce ...... -^ .- ' , ib.

Woods of Cocoes ib.

Parell 38

Maijm ib.

Salvasong ib.

Malabar Hill ib.

Bigness of the island 39

Mixt people ib.

English Government ib.

Power and state of the President ib.

Unhealthiness of Bombay 40

English women ib.

Longevity of natives and Portuguese ib.

Misery and mortality of the English 41

English embassy to Sivaji 42

OfSciousness of a Chief Minister of State to the English . . ib.

Eaii'ee 43

ThehiU ib.

Audience with Sivaji . ib.

Sivaji weighed in gold .44

Grants the request of the English ib.

The Ambassador summoned to the Coronation .... 45

Coronation of Sivaji ib.

The Eajah man-ies a fouiih wife 46

Sivaji signs the Articles ........ ib.

Value of the foregoing description ib.

xii CONTENTS.

Chapter III. English At Madras

PAGS

Attempts at a settlement on the eastern side of India . . , . 47

Want of a territory and fortification ib.

Purchase of Madras . ib.

Madras founded, 1639 48

Territory and island ib.

"White Town 49

Black Town ib.

Early perils 50

Rise of Madras ib.

Absence of records prior to 1670 ....... ib.

Capture of St. Thome by the Muhammadans of Golkonda . . ib.

Madras in 1672 51

European establishment . . ib.

Consultations and general letters ib.

Merchants, Factors, Writers, and Apprentices . , . .52

Private trade and presents . . . . . . . . ib.

Chaplain and Schoolmaster . . ib.

Administration of justice 53

Native police ib.

Morals 51

Fryer's visit about 1674 ib.

Went ashore in a boat called a Mussoola ..... ib.

Landed, are well wetted at Fort St. George ib.

The Fort described 55

Neat dwellings 56

Portuguese Chapel ib-

The English masters of Madras ib.

Sir William Langhorn Agent ....... ib.

Number of English and Portugals 57

Black Town ib.

Visited a Pagoda, or Heathen Temple ib.

The English Tombs 58

The English Gardens . . . ib.

What Pawn is .59

Nature of the people ib.

The country . . , ib.

St. Thome 60

History of St. Thomas ib.

St. Thomas Christians ib.

CONTENTS. Xiii

Chapter IV. Madras Under Golkonda

PAO«

" Madras in the Olden Time" 62

Government of Sir William Langhorn, 1670-77 . . . . ib.

French invasion . ib.

Madras in danger ib.

Bobba Saheb 63

Proposed abandonment of Madras ...... ib-

Surrender of the French 65

Peace with the Dutch ib-

Moral rules at Madras . . ib.

Low state of morals . , 66

Reverend Patrick Warner 68

Letter to the Directors ••...... ib.

Vicious lives ib.

Drunkenness 69

Popery ib.

Evil marriages . . . ib.

Neglect of public worship . 70

Immorality of the few ib.

Salute at a Catholic Church 71

Mallory and Barnes ib.

Warner's return 72

Change of Governors at Madras ib.

Sivaji, the Mahratta 73

Departure of Sivaji ib.

Condition of Mysore ib.

The nose-cutting Raja of Saranpatan 74

Foundation of a Protestant church at Madras .... 75

Marriages of Protestants and Catholics ib.

Offspring of mixed marriages 76

Oppression of Lingapa ib.

Embargo on Madras 77

Firman from Golkonda 78

Troubles at Madras ib.

Mr. William Gyfford 79

Mr. Josiah Child ib.

Local taxes ib.

Resolution of the Directors gO

Inundation at Madras ib.

Directors insist on local taxation 81 xiv CONTENTS.

PAGE

Petition of Natives of Madras 81

Proceedings of the Madras Government 82

Slave trade at Madras 83

Final probibition of the slave trade 85

Golkonda threatened by Aurungzeb 80

Instructions of the Directors ib.

English defy tbe Sultau of Golkonda 87

Mah

CHAPTER Y.

MADRAS UNDER THE MOGHULS.

A. D. 1688 TO 1750.

Golkonda conqviered by Aurungzeb Destruction of the English Factory at Hughli War between the English and Moghuls -

Mr. Channock at Madras

Nawab of Bengal invites the English to return

Madras a Sovereign State

Qualifications for a Second in Council .

Difficulties between the Directors and the Council .

Form of Municipal Government: Natives mixed with Europe

Discretionary powers

Madras in danger

Relations between the English and the Moghuls and the

Moghuls capture Golkonda

Madras submits to the Moghul ....

Application of a Moghul's Life Guardsman .

Mahratta ravages

Affairs at Golkonda

Moghul negotiations

Presents to the Mahratta Raja . . - .

Mahrattas besiege Pondicherry ....

Moghul Carnatic and Mahratta Carnatic

Frontier fortress of Ginjee or Jinji

Zulfikar Ivban, first Nawab of the Carnatic .

English settlement at Fort St. David

Siege of Jinji by the Moghuls . ; . .

Privations of the Moghuls

Troubles at the Moghul camp ....

Mahratta successes

Zulfikar Khan straitened for money

Nawab expected to attack Madras ....

Moghuls capture Jiu]!

attai

CONTENTS. XV

PACB

Nawab's friendship for tlie English 102

Daiid Khan, second Nawab of the Carnatic ib.

More demands for money 103

Resolution of Governor Pitt ........ ib.

Nawab Daiid Khan gives way ....... 104

Governor Pitt's hospitality ib.

Preparation for entertaining the Nawab Daud Khan . . . ib.

The dinner 105

Return to St. Thome 106

Nawab proposes going on board the English ships . . . ib.

How prevented .......... ib.

Proposed visit to the Company's garden ; also prevented . . ib.

Extraordinary demands of Aurungzeb 107

Moghul ideas of Europeans ib.

Moghul ships .......... ib.

English pirates 108

Moghul threats ib.

Preparations of the English ........ 109

Khafi Khan's visit to Bombay ....... ib.

Bombay Castle ib.

Bombay Governor 110

Demands of the Moghul on Governor Pitt ..... Ill

Commotions at Madras ib.

Remonstrance of Governor Pitt .112

Threats of Nawab Dadd Khan ib.

Siege of Madras .......... 113

Febi-uary to April ib.

The English offer terms ib.

Da6d Khan raises the siege . . . . . . . .114

Death of William III ib.

Proclamation of Queen Anne . ••..... ib. Destruction of a Moghul army . . . . . . .115

Eight and left hands . . ib.

Closer relations with Delhi Hg

Curious trade report, 1712 . ib,

Madi-as trade in 1712 .117

Later records 118

Changes in marriage laws Hg

Curious will, 1720 121

Captain Hamilton at Madras 124

Site of Madras ib.

Prosperity of Madras during the wars 125

Town Hall and Corporation 126

Mayor's Court ib.

Xvi CONTENTS.

Law at Madras 127

Pirates - . . . ib.

Hamilton's voyage to Siam ........ ib.

Hamilton's grievance 128

Inhabitants of Black Tomi • ib.

Governor absolute 129

Sea-gate . jb.

Mint, schools, &c ' , . ib.

Diamond mines • • 130

Working of the mines ......... ib.

Decrease of trade . ib.

Foreign trade ib.

Population 131

St. Thome ib.

Legend of St. Thomas ib.

Church at St. Thome 132

Company's garden ib.

Decay of St. Thome ■ 133

Reorganisation of the Mayor's Court ib.

Grotesque procession ib.

Political relations ib-

Nawab of Arcot 134

Hindu and Moghul administration contrasted . . . . ib.

Breaking up of the Moghul Empire ib.

Growing independence of the Nizam of Hyderabad . . . 135

Dependence of the Nawab of Arcot on the Nizam . . . . ib.

Hereditary Nawabs ' • • • • 136

Troubles in the Carnatic . . ... . • • . ib.

Mahrattas at Trichinopoly ib.

Murder of the Nawab 137

Accession of the Nawab's son ....... ib.

Intervention of the Nizam ib.

Murder of the young Nawab ib.

Anwar-ud-din becomes Nawab ib.

War between Great Britain and Trance 139

Madras captured and restored ib.

Peace in Europe : war in India ib.

Schemes of Dupleix . 140

Death of the Nizam : war for the succession ib.

Chunda Sahib, the French Nawab : Muhammad Ali, the English

Nawab 141

French Nawab set up by Dupleix ib.

English claimant at Trichinopoly ib.

CONTENTS. xvii

PiQB

Failure of the French claimants to capture Trichiuopoly . . l-ll

Nazir Jung, the English Nizam 143

Triumph of the English Nizam and English Nawab . . . ib.

Revolution and transformation ib.

Murder of the English Nizam : triumph of the French Nizam . ib.

Triumph of the French Nawab 113

Glory of Dupleix ib-

French at Hyderabad under Bussy "^ ib.

Salabat Jung, the French Nizam, cedes the Northern Circars to the

French ib.

English Nawab besieged at Pondicherry 144

Clive relieves Trichiuopoly by the capture and defence of Arcot . ib.

Glory of Clive 145

English Nawab at Arcot : French Nizam at Hyderabad . . ib.

Chapter VI. English In Bengal

Moghul obstructiveness 147

Old hatred of the Portuguese ib.

Mussulman complaints against the Portuguese . . . . ib.

Revenge of Shah Jehan on Hughli, 1632 148

English at Piply, 1633 149

English trade duty free, 1640 ib.

English factory at Hughli 150

Saltpetre factoiy at Patna ib.

Absence of records at Calcutta . . ... . . . ib.

War between the sons of Shah Jehan, 1666 ib.

Moghul wars for the succession 151

Invasion of Bengal by the King of Arakan ib.

Ravages of the llajas of Assam and Cooch Behar .... 152

Amir Jumla, Viceroy of Bengal, 1658 ...... ib.

Shaista Khan, Viceroy, 1664 ib.

Punishment of the King of Arakan 153

Suppression of Portuguese pirates ....... ib.

Complaints of the English ib.

Commutation of duties 154

Tavemier's journey from Agra to Dacca and Hughli, 1605-66 . ib.

Agra ib.

Bengal Revenue ib.

Rhinoceros ib.

Aurunsrabad 155 xviii CONTENTS.

PAGB

River Ganges 155

Allahabad ib.

Crossing a river 156

Benares ib.

Patna 157

Eajmabal . : . ib.

Parting from Bernier ......... ib.

Crocodiles . . . . " ib.

Dacca 158

Visits the Nawab 159

HospitaUties IGO

Hughli ib.

Tavernier's grievances ib.

Persecution of Hindus, 1680 161

Jezj'a demanded from Europeans . ib.

The English oppressed ib.

Mr. Job Channock ib.

Ibrahim Khan, Nawab, 1689. Foundation of Calcutta . . . 1G2

Loss of the saltpetre trade . ib.

Hindu rebellion in Bengal, 1696 ib.

Azim-u-shan, Viceroy, 1696 163

Fortification of Calcutta ib.

English hold the rank of Zemindar ib.

Objections over ruled ......... 164

Murshed Kuli Khan, Nawab, 1707 ib.

Zemindars oppressed ......... ib.

Employment of new collectors 165

Kemeasurement of lauds ib.

Subsistence allowances to Zemindars ib.

Zemindars of Bhirbhum and Kishnaghur exempted . . . ib.

Submission of Tipperah, Cooch Behar, and Assam .... 166

Administration of justice . ib.

Despotic powers ] 67

Rajas refused seats ib.

Zemindars prohibited palanquins . ib.

Reasons for employing only Bengalis ib.

Story of Raja Oudy Narain ib.

Zemindari of Rajeshahi 168

Daily audit of accounts ib.

Torture of Zemindars . . ib.

Cruelties of the Deputy Dewan ib.

Demands of Murshed Kuli Khan upon the English . . . 169

The Governor sets aside the privileges of the English, 1713 . . ib.

English embassy to Delhi, 1715 170