Hunting In The Himalaya

Front matter

HUNTING

IN

THE HIMALAYA

Chapter I. Introductory

Plan of Campaign.—Parallels and approaches.—Sketch of the Ground.—Proper Seasons for Hunting in the several localities.—List of articles to be taken from England.— List of articles to be got in India—Expense of camp life in the Hills, and cost of trip out.—Lisis and local names of the game, &c., to be met with in the Doon.— Lists and local names of the game, &c., to be met with in the Hills.—Lists and local names of the game, &c., to be met with beyond the Snows. . is ‘ ; : 1

Chapter II. Elephant Hunting

Wild Elephant sign—Sir Emerson Tennant’s opinions and Ceylon sport.—Hopelessness of riding down Elephants in the Doon.—Characteristics of Doon Elephants.—Elephant killed in the Hutnee Rao.—Khoonnee Elephants and the murderer Gunesh.—Morbid propensities for mischief when ‘ must.”—Trapping Will Elephants.—Pitfalls and noosing.—Elepbant language. : : ‘ 29 vl CONTENTS,

Chapter III. Elephant Hunting

Elephantine sagacity.—Government Kheddah.—Hunt at Boolawalla.—Night visit of seventy Elephants at Jubrawalla.—Hunting at Night.—The white Elephant of Umbarree.—Tracking Wild Elephants at Motrowalla.—Tusker killed in the Horawalla Forest.—Proportion of Tuskers to Maknas.—The fatal points for Elephant Shooting—Diagrams of Skulls.—Prejudices, ancient and modern. 64

Chapter IV. Tiger Shooting

The night moan of the Tiger.—Hunting and Death of the Jubrawalla Tiger.—A fallacy of the Chinese faculty.— Strength of the Tiger.—Fighting Tiger killed in the Hurdwar Fair.—Best weapons when meeting the Tiger on foot.—Take care of his claws and whiskers. . . 96

Chapter V. General Doon Shooting

Beating with Elephants in line —Borrowing Elephants.—Carriage in the Doon.—Grass Burning.—Localities for Cheetul. —Average of bag to bullets fired—Caution in aiming at Animals.—Beat from Boolawalla to Motrowalla.—Locality for Sambah.—Locality for Four-horn Deer.—Localities for Doon Game-birds— Hawking —Fishing and Fish Shooting. —How to cook newly killed Game tender.—Portable Machan, or Shooting-box for trees.—How to sight with gun

CONTENTS. vii at night.—The Spring-gun trap.—Vultures and their Vision.—European Soldiers on Private affairs.—A digression on the “unacknowledged necessary of life,” and a Military Execution. . ; ‘ y i ; 114

Chapter VI. In The Hills

Starting.—Passport.—Order of the March.—Barking-deer and Gooral.—Holloway’s pills as current coin.—Instance of the value of quinine.—Driving for game or “ Hankwa.” —Benighted on the march.— Down the Khud.”—Trapping hedges in the Hills.—Description and calls of the Hill Pheasants-—Description and calls of the Hill Partridges. ; 4 . : : ‘ : 145

Chapter VII. Hill Peculiarities

Polyandry.—Social Classes.—Bazgees and Dancing Girls.— Dirt and Disease.—The Plague in the Hills.—The deserted Village of Sarkot.—A Hint on Hydropathy.—The Colonization Question and Trade. . : ; : ; 179

Chapter VIII. Some Hill Experiences

Tea planting and manufacture at Gwaldung.—Kill Kakur and Jurow.—Sand flies —Kill a Kustoora.—Jungle of gigantic Box-wood.—Kill a Baloo and catch a Tahr.— Poisonous honey, and Proccssion of drunken Coolees. —Marching in the rains——Leopards and Dogs.— Lecches. . : : : . : 2 . 200

Vill CONTENTS.

Chapter IX. In The Snow Ranges

Rarity of the Bunchowr or Wild Yak.—The course of the Dhowlna river. — Gold washing. —Gin drinking. — The Yong river route and its difficulties.—Coolee carriage changed for Jooboos.—Surjoo the Shikaree.—Compact with the new Coolees.—-Passage of the Chor Hoti Ghat. . ee a ee eS ee er ee)

Chapter X. Beyond The Snows

Tartars prohibit further progress.—Their Tea.—Facts regarding infusion of tea.—Hoti and Leptel.—Sight the Kyang, and shoot a Pheea.—Fossil beds at Takoolee.—Tartar taxes.—Sight the Ovis ammon.—Hunt and kill the Burrul. —Visit Shelshel.—Dispatch an envoy to the Zumpun.— Enter the Salkh Nullah and sight the Bunchowr.—A night on the Hill, and march to nae —Thibet Geology ow ee ee ee

Chapter XI. In Thibet

Short of Supplies.—Chinese Officials and their Policy.—The Robbers of Hundés.—Commercial Staples and means of Transport.—Hunnia modes of War.—Kill the Kyang, Nyan, Hunyal and Chasa on the Plains of Heemachul.— Interview with the Zumpun.—March to the Keo Nullah. —Kill the Bunchowr.—Return to Bompa.— Parting advice. . ; ; : . 3 ? ~ 270

I

Sketch. Map

of "the

| HIMALAYA, from.

aa

Hussowlee P

"A a |

os — | Aiarnal ‘| i i

Hheree oa.

Suharanpore Deobrun o

Ko = Nail

| Kiana y ed

Moradab an

Min»

Huncheg o le Ny

" x, iy,

A eye

ihe

Seg °,

GO 29 Ia

HUNTING

IN

THE HIMALAYA.

Chapter I

Plan of Campaign.—Parallels and approaches.—Sketch of the Ground.—Proper Seasons for Hunting in the several localities—List of articles to be taken from England.— List of articles to be got in India.—Expense of camp life in the Hills, and cost of trip out.—Lists and local names of the game, &c., to be met with in the Doon.— Lists and local names of the game, &c., to be met with in the Hills.—Lists and local names of the game, &c., to be met with beyond the Snows.

SEEING, since my return to England, how many spend time, trouble, and money on deer-stalking and bird-shooting in Scotland, I

B conclude that it must arise chiefly from nonacquaintance with the facilities for reaching the Himalaya, and obtaining an almost endless assortment of game there, that our English sportsmen do not, if only for the sake of variety, attempt enterprizes more worthy of their energies.

It has been said, that hunting instincts more or less pervade all nature, but Anglo- Saxons are the only true sportsmen in the world ; and, in the case of English gentlemen, there is no doubt but that instinct and habit, alternately cause and effect, do much in producing that activity, and energy of mind and body, that promptitude in danger, and passion for fair play, which they carry with them wherever they wander.

Never having passed a hot season in the plains without being prostrated by fever, and devoting invariably any sick leave I could obtain during convalescence to travelling in the Hills, my wanderings there have been frequent.

I have no intention of attempting any journalistic account of my various expeditions through Kumaon, Gurhwal, and Sirmour, Kooloo, Kanawur, and Tartary, but will give my march in the last, as the tract least known, somewhat in detail, and trace most of my tours on the sketch map accompanying this volume.

I digress without reserve into topics incidental to hill travel, though not properly to hunting, on the ground that ‘ Perdrix, toujours perdrix,” may surfeit even a lover of game; and the details I give, being the result of practical experience, may, I hope, afford some information on an interesting locality insufficiently known.

I would rather succeed inthe matter than the manner of my book, and trust I may be excused for quoting the following passage from Lewes’ Life of Goethe, as being somewhat illustrative. ‘ A Frenchman, an Englishman, and a German were commissioned to give the world the benefit of their views on that imteresting animal, the camel. Away goes the Frenchman to the Jardin des Plantes, spends an hour there in rapid investigation, returns, and

B 2 writes a feuilleton, in which there is no phrase which the Academy can blame, but also no phrase which adds to the general knowledge. He is perfectly satisfied however, and says, Le voila, le Chameau !

“The Englishman packs up his tea-caddy, and a magazine of comforts; pitches his tent in the East ; remains there studying the camel in its habits ; and returns with a thick volume of facts, arranged without order, expounded without philosophy, but serving as valuable materials for all who come after him. The German despising the frivolity of the Frenchman, and the unphilosophical matter of factness of the Englishman, retires to his study, there to construct the idea of a camel from out of the depths of his moral consciousness.”

If this record is found to contain the good leaven of our national peculiarity, so quaintly described in this quotation, I shall feel content though convicted also of its defects.

The game of India, like much else which we deem characteristic of, and therefore common in that country, does not necessarily become familiar to mere length of residence ; many persons, ladies especially, may live twenty or thirty years in India, without ever seeing a live snake, except in the hands of a native juggler or snake charmer, though some of their sisters at home believe them to be as common as spiders and black-beetles here, and capable of visiting bed-rooms, and sleeping under pillow cases with alarming familiarity. ‘There are some old women of both sexes who pass a life-time in the country, without ever having seen any of our larger game, or knowing more of their habits and habitat than their friends at home, whose imagination, assisted by the letters of powerful correspondence commissioners, may picture a perfect menagerie scared off a railway by the whistle of a steam engine, while snakes and monkeys festoon the telegraph wires. Have you ever killed a tiger? is a question sometimes put to Anglo- Indians, who are just as likely to have killed a sea-serpent.

Hunting in the Himalaya, at least, cannot be purchased all made easy for money as in

Britain, or the birds found for you with all the comfort and certainty of pheasants at a battue, or poultry in Covent Garden market ; but the exercise of the judgment, the sharpening of the faculties, and the keen discrimination requisite for success, constitute the chief charm of Himalayan hunting to the true sportsman, and, I believe, the surest attraction for the majority of that class who visit our highland moors and deer forests.

Although, however, a certain amount of labour is necessary in acquiring the minutiz of local knowledge necessary for success at any spot chosen as a hunting site, yet a great amount of general experience may be obtained from practical records of sporting adventure. I have often longed, when I commenced my career, for some book that would give me details of information on points which I have had to determine for myself, at a great waste of time and trouble.

I am desirous, therefore, of making my experience practically useful to all who may be willing to take a six weeks’ voyage for the sake of Indian hunting, or for those whose destiny sends them on duty or sick leave to the Himalaya.

There is a great similiarity in the kinds of game to be met with at the same altitudes throughout the entire length of the hills; 7. e., from Cashmere to Cachar. The only difference in birds is in the case of the loongee, or argus pheasant, one species only being found in Kumaon, another in Gurhwal, and a third in Kangra; as a general rule, too, the burrul, or wild snow sheep of the Kumaon and Gurhwal snows, gives place to the skene, or ibex, west of the Sutledge, which again gives place to the markhor, or spiral-horned wild goat, and the hangul, or twelve-tined stag of Cashmere. I purpose then in order to familiarise the reader with the different kinds of Himalayan game, to take a cross section of the Hills, beginning with the slopes at the foot of them in the valley of the Dehra Doon, and passing in review the game of the several ranges to the table lands of Thibet, beyond the Eternal Snows. Such a cross section embraces one hundred miles of territory in a direct line, but numberless deep descents and ascents, long circuits, and an immense amount of exercise to the pedestrian hunter, which, however, the gloriously inspirating air of those snowy altitudes, enables him thoroughly to enjoy.

I have given at the end of this chapter a list of the articles with which a sportsman bent on a tour to the Himalayas should supply himself; and we will now suppose him to have taken his passage out to Calcutta overland, or by the Great Eastern, and run up from the City of Palaces through the dead levels of Bengal and the north-western provinces by E. I. Railway to Meerut; this line is not yet completed, but soon will be. The traveller will pass numberless dreary and desolate looking stations en route, where the late Company’s, now Her Majesty’s, servants, civil and military, are on duty, in places less cheerful than English Penitentiaries, and a climate which during the hot weather and rains, or eight months of the year, is, “TI guess,” more diabolical than purgatory.

The four cold months are November, December, January, and February, and visitors should time their arrivals during one of these, when even the plains stations begin to look comparatively cheerful, and the European inhabitants healthy and happy.

From Meerut to the Valley of the Doon, a distance of about one hundred miles, some little experience in dawk travelling (Indian posting) will be acquired.

The higher ranges of the Himalaya are visible from Meerut during the rains, but at other seasons they are not seen till the traveller enters the district of Saharanpore, and when from fifty to one hundred miles from the foot of them, the distance depending on the state of the atmosphere. The Sewalik Hills which bound the Doon to the south, and are therefore some twenty miles nearer, soon after appear, they are of comparatively insignificant height, from five to six hundred feet, but make as a foreground, with the giant hills behind them, a scene scarce equalled elsewhere.

Throughout the journey from Calcutta, and at Meerut, Dehra, and Mussouree, there are hotels which, though not on the scale of EKuropean inns, are well suited to the requirements of the country, and as comfortable as any sportsman will desire. Beyond Mussouree in the hills, and even while hunting in the Doon he must be as independant almost as a gipsey; but in exchange for the comforts of houses and town life, to say nothing of the sport for which he has come, he can roam at will over lands unfettered by hedges, dikes, and ditches, and destitute of all warning notices as to steel traps, spring guns, and prosecutions with the utmost rigour of the law.

The valley of the Dehra Doon is bounded by the Himalaya to the north, the Sewalik to the south, and the rivers Ganges and Jumna to the east and west. It is about forty miles in extreme length and sixteen across. The Sewalik Hills extend beyond its southern boundary both to the east and westward, they are about eight to ten miles across, and are a mass of boulder and sandstone hills broken up into fantastic shapes by innumerable ravines, which are, generally speaking, quite dry, except on the southern extremity, where a thin thread of water remains perennially in each, and a plentiful supply of very small fish, called chilwas, are got from them. In the rainy season, sudden floods, or “raos” in the vernacular, sweep through, carrying away all that opposes them, and sometimes endangering travellers or property passing at that season, the roads or ghit routes through the range being generally along some of these torrent beds. Captain Burton in his “ Pilgrimage to El- Medinah and Mecca” adopts the word ‘‘tumara,” as exactly expressing the kind of channel which we call a “rao” in the Doon.

The Sewalik Hills are covered with dense jungle, the principle trees being sal, sénd, seesum, jamun, huldoo, and cheer; the two first very hard and valuable wood for building timbers; the third a beautifully dark grained and mottled wood, resembling rosewood, used chiefly for furniture ; the fourth and fifth are light, yellowish tinted woods of inferior value ; while the sixth is the long spined Himalayan pine, the grain of which resembles deal, but as the tree grows with a curious corkscrew twist, turning as it were on its own axis, all planking or timbers cut from it are cut aslant the grain, and are comparatively weak and useless.

These jungle trees are often overgrown with masses of the maljun, or great elephant creeper, the leaves of which are the favourite food of the sambah, or great-horned stag of the plains, the native name used for this stag is the burra singha, while the twelve-horned deer is bara singha, and the names are frequently confounded.

The geological formation of the Doon, and of the low hills and slopes at the foot of the Himalaya is the same as that of the Sewalik ; boulders, clay beds, red marl, and variegated sandstone, with saline springs in some places, but the Himalayas themselves show an abrupt change to the oldest limestones and schists.

It is impossible to conceive a more glorious amphitheatre than that formed by the Doon and its boundaries; a valley of five hundred square miles in extent, beautifully variegated by forest and field, the two finest rivers in India rushing past it on either side over stoney beds which break their clear waters into foam, as unlike as possible to their silent slimy course, where crawling saturated with sand and mud through the heat-oppressed plains between their mountain sources and the sea; an ever-changing panorama of hills surrounds the valley, the course of the sun, and the changing lights of cloud and clear sky bringing out or throwing back their variegated peaks continually, while high, and above all, to the northwards, whenever the weather is clear, shine the pure white pyramids of eternal snow.

The rainy season, which is the only disagreeable time at Mussouree, or in the valley, affords to the artist an endless panorama of striking effects in light and shade; the great command of distance given by the elevation of the Mussouree hills, the dense clouds of the rains, the bright sun-light of the East, the broken shadows of the hills, the numberless streams and varied landscape of the valley, form dissolving pictures of dreamland more wonderful than even Turner’s conceptions.

It must be remembered that in speaking of the Himalaya, we do not allude to a single line of hills or a Sierra, though that term applies to the snowy range. The Himalaya include the whole of the country between Cashmere and Cachar, and between the plains of India and the plains of Thibet, or Heemachul, the country of snow, as it is called by the Tartars. This tract of territory possesses no table land, properly so called, but is like a gigantic system of ravines, being throughout a series of steep or precipitous acclivities, the valleys descending to narrow gorges and stream beds, the hills ascending only to narrow ridge tops, and again immediate descents.

These hills possess sites for villages at every elevation, from one thousand feet to the highest limit to which human beings have climbed, i.e., little over twenty-two thousand feet, they present therefore corresponding varieties of climate, and a flora and fauna equally varied. An accurate observer is able, with but a short experience in the hills, to tell pretty nearly the elevation of any spot above the level of the sea, by noting the species of trees and plants which are indigenous at it.

As a matter of course, hunting in the hills themselves can only be followed on foot, and it is by dint of practice alone that any one unaccustomed to precipitous ground can traverse fearlessly the airy-looking pathways, or scramble over the dangerous and pathless cliffs which must be scaled in gooral or thar shooting. The faculty, however, of looking over a precipice, or having a good head for what a plainsman would consider bad ground is very soon acquired, and a stranger who has been roaming for a week only about the Himalayas, is surprised at his own timidity on first arrival in places where he can afterwards see no danger.

Nervous persons sometimes assert that having “bad heads” they never lose their dread of difficult ground, but this arises chiefly from their always avoiding anything like a difficult place, or, striving, as they ought, to gain confidence by practising on comparatively easy ground till they can take more advanced lessons.

A light pole, about six feet long and the thickness of a billiard cue, increases much the safety and confidence with which difficult places can be passed; but by far the best plan where the sportsman finds himself growing timid from losing confidence or footing is at once to take off the shoes; this will frequently restore complete selfpossession, but should it not do so, it is better to lie down and remain measuring distances with the eyes, and alternately closing them for a few minutes, or for any length of time that may be requisite to restore confidence. Want of food frequently produces a tendency to giddiness, and it is as well to take a biscuit or a hard-boiled ege and a native chapattie in the pocket, where a long day’s work or difficult ground is to be expected.

The watershed line of the Himalaya is situated beyond the highest snow peaks, which are placed on spurs running south from the watershed. The watershed of a mountain, or of a range of hills is very often adopted as a boundary mark in our Inll provinces, and the watershed of the Himalaya divides our territory from Thibet. The crest line of the range which divides all rain water falling on it, by sending all streams on the one side to the Ganges and Jumna, and on the other to the Thibetian bed of the Sutledge affords a clear and permanent boundary, and any disputed point in its tortuous course can be settled by a bucket of water.

The ghats, or practicable passes over the line of snow are all closed for about eight months of the year, they vary from about 15,000 to 18,000 feet in altitude. It is desirable that sportsmen should time their journey through the lower hills, so as to reach the snow ghat through which they mean to enter Thibet about the time the passes open in June ; by so doing they carry splendid weather with them through the hills, and get out of them before the rainy season begins. They will not on their first beat through get anything like the best of the hill shooting, which can only be obtained in perfection after the snow falls; they will, however, pass in Thibet, where there is no rain, the only season in which Thibet residence is practicable for Europeans, and avoid the only season that is disagreeable in our own hills.

The height of the fashionable or gay season at our hill Sanataria are the months of September and October, during which time the dense vegetation which follows the rain renders sporting profitless in the hills and dangerous in the Doon; these two months should be spent after return from Thibet at Simla, Mussouree or Nynee Tal, or partly at each, and the perfection of shooting in the lower ranges of the hills will be obtained from them after the snow falls in November and December.

To repeat an abstract of the best seasons for each district or altitude to be past through, supposing an English hunter to devote a year to the trip, exclusive of the voyage to India and back, which will take about a month each way. Taking the lst December overland mail for Calcutta, or the big ship round the Cape, if it goes at the time, and can be got to steam twenty miles an hour; and allowing ample time for looking about on the trip up country, the sportsman will find himself by February 12th in the Doon. February, March, and April are the best months for Doon shooting without running either risk from malaria, or inconvenience from heat.

The months of May and June, the hottest in the year, will thus be passed in the hills en route from the valley of the Doon to the snow, some experience of hill sport will then be acquired and specimens of nearly all the hill game obtained. |

The rains commence in the hills about the 15th June, but by that time the entrances to the snow valleys which lead to the several ghats should be reached; in them there is but little rain, as their villages have all an altitude of ten to twelve thousand feet. What little rain falls is in the form of Scotch mist, but the clouds, which float about, spoil all sport and render a prompt transit to the other side desirable.

The rains end about September 15th; snow begins to fall on the ghats in that month, and sportsmen should always recross by the 1st September, and time their march to Mussouree by the 20th. The gaicty of the hill station will be over by the 1st November. All the ladies and officers on sick leave returning by that date to the plains, while the snow becoming general over the hills, makes shooting deserving of the name till the 1st January, when the Doon again, or a new beat towards Cashmere, or return to England are available.

The following are a list of articles which a sportsman should supply himself with in England and India, prior to commencing his campaign.

TO BE TAKEN FROM ENGLAND.

1. A double gun, Terry’s breech, fourteen guage, complete in case.

2. A double rifle, Terry’s breech, Government bore, complete in case.

3. A Chevalier’s binocular field glass.

A. A small hill tent of vulcanized mackintosh cloth, convertible into a boat.

5. One of Mappin’s Indian hunter’s knives.

6. A spring balance up to 80]bs for weighing Coolee loads, flour, &c.

7. A travelling lamp and a supply of candles for it.

8. ‘Twelve flasks of powder and two bags of shot, No. 1 and No. 6, (a portion of this may be taken in the form of cartridges.)

9. Five thousand gun caps and two hundred detonating tubes for shells.

10. A full dress suit, as also shirts for the voyage, and personal adornments according to the taste of the individual may be taken out; but as a sportsman all that is necessary on the ground is:—two suits of brown cotton, two of grey woollen, half-a-dozen Crimean shirts, six cotton shirts, twelve pair of woollen socks, four pair of shoes and a cap.

1]. A supply of towels.

12. A few pocket knives, blue glass and gauze spectacles, for presents to Tartars.

13. Writing pad and books, the fewer the better.

The articles to be obtained in India, say at

Mussouree, are:

1. A servant’s pal or small hill tent.

2. A bag of five hundred bullets.

3. A portable charpoy or bed, and bedding.

4. Two large and two small saucepans, two light kettles and a frying pan.

6. A supply of bacon, preserved meats and soups in tins, tea and sugar.

7. Half a dozen milk goats.

8. A cantonniere or sling barrel for spirits, with a little padlock on the bung and cock turned by a key.

9. One of the G.T.S. maps of the locality.

It must be borne in mind that in the hills everything must be carried by men, and must be packed away in the light bamboo leather covered creels which they call “ kiltas.”” About twenty coolees should suffice to carry all the sportsman and a couple of plains servants can require. Each coolee carries a load of fifty pounds, and receives as wages twelve shillings a month. Stores for a six months’ trip cost about £20, extra purchases, flour, vegtables, £1 a month, or every expense included, travelling in the hills costs from £20 to £25 per month.

The cost of passage overland to India is £110, living at the hotels of Calcutta ten shillmgs per diem, and cost of trip up country about £25.

I here annex a list of the game and wild animals to be met with in the cross section | have named, giving the native names by which they are known in that locality, and which, in some instances, differ from their names in other parts of India. In the valley of the Doon and Sewalik we find.

The Tiger. Bagh. », Leopard. Baghera. » Lynx, Seeah Gosh. » Lynx cat. Seeah Gosh Billee. » Leopard cat. Bughera sa Billee. » ‘Tiger cat. Lukkeer wallah Billee. » Pole cat. Bilao. » Bear. Baloo. » Hyena. Lugga Bugga. » Jackall. Geedhur. » Fox. Loomree.

» Yellow fox Zurd Lom.

The Grave digger.

oP)

PP

Otter.

Elephant.

Wild hog.

Porcupine.

Great stag.

Bijjoo.

Ood Bilao.

Hathee.

Bunéla.

Say.

Sambah or Burra Singha.

Twelve-tined deer. Bara Singha.

Spotted deer.

Hog deer.

Cheetul.

Para.

Four-horned deer. Dodur.

Barking deer.

Hare.

The Peacock.

Floriken.

Barndoor fowl.

Silver pheasant.

Black partridge.

Grey partridge.

Common Quail.

Rain Quail.

Bush Quail.

Various ducks and teal.

Kakur.

Khbur Gosh.

Morela or Mohur.

Churhy).

Moorghee.

Kalee}.

Kala Teethur.

Teethur.

Buthér.

Bursatke Buthér.

Lowa.

Buttuk and Moorghabee.

The Bara Singha though plentiful to the eastward about Burmdeo is almost extinct in the Doon. In addition to the above which I know to be in the Doon, I have heard of Neel ghai being seen, also the bustard flonken which is rather larger than the true floriken and exactly like a small bustard ; also the bastard floriken or leekh, which is recognized by a pair of curious looking pendulous green feathers hanging from its throat.

In the ranges between the Doon and the snow are :—

The Himalayan chamois _—_Gooral.

», Goat antelope. Surrow.

» Hill stag. Jurow.

», Barking deer. Kakur.

» Great wild goat. Thar.

»» Musk deer. Kustoora or Bena. » ‘Liger, Sher or Bagh.

,»» Leopard. Baghera.

» Black bear. Baloo.

The Dingo or wild dog. Junglee Kootta. »» Hill fox. PS ,, Pine martin. 4 », Forest martin. 5 The Silver pheasant. Kaleej. » Blue do. Moonal. » Brown do. Cheer. » Mottled do. Koklas. » Argus do. Loongee. » Red-legged hill Chikor. partridge. ,, Francolin or black Kala Teethur. partridge. ,, Grey partridge. Teethur. » Wood do. Pewra. » Woodcock. Bun Chaha.

Tn the snow and beyond it on the plains of Thibet :—

The Wild Yak. Bunchowr or Brong. » Ovis ammon. Nyan. » snow Sheep. Burrul.

c 2

The Wild horse. ,, Snow leopard. » White ounce. 5, Snow wolf, Snow marmot.

Thibet blue hare.

” 3)

Snow pheasant.

,», Snow partridge.

Kyang.

Suféd Bughera.

Chota Bughera, Chanko.

Pheea.

Chasa.

Hunyal.

Burfke Teethur.

Chapter. II. Elephant Hunting

Wild Elephant sign.—Sir Emerson Tennant’s opinions and Ceylon sport.—Hopelessness of riding down Elephants in the Doon.—Characteristics of Doon Elephants.—Elephant killed in the Hutnee Rao.—Khoonnee Elephants and the murderer Gunesh.—Morbid propensities for mischief when “ must.”’—Trapping Wild Elephants.—Pitfalls and noosing.—Elephant language.