Dental materia medica, therapeutics and prescription writing

Front matter

CAL BOOKS

1'^

Reference Eibrarp

Preface To The Third Edition

The opportunity presented by the demand for a new edition has been utilized to effect a thorough revision to date without changing the essential features of a work which appears to have met with approval. The author's original purpose was to select from the vast body of knowledge comprised in Materia Medica and Therapeutics such portions as were essential for students of dentistry, and to supply also in concise form what is necessary for them to know of pharmacology as related to the most important drugs of general effect. IMany years of experience in teaching had developed definite ideas as to the requirements of such a course, differing greatly as it does from the corresponding element in the medical curriculum.

In this revision, aside from the enlargement or abridgment of certain topics, some decided changes will be found in several chapters. Under "Antiseptics" more attention is devoted to the volatile oils in regard to their definite characters, their action and their comparative values, and among miscellaneous drugs of this class recent observations as to potency are given. Among "Local Analgesics" the newer agents receive such attention as present knowledge warrants. The chapter on "General Anaesthetics" has required considerable change, the discussion of ethyl chloride especially calling for amplification in general, and recognition of its dangers. In a new chapter on "Dentistry during Pregnancy," the care of the teeth and operative treatment during gestation are discussed in relation to prophylaxis.

The chapter on "Prescription Writing" is intended to answer practical requirements, and to aid in correcting the proprietary formula abuse, which is antagonistic to scientific therapeutics. Few formulas are given in the book, and these are intended to be suggestive. This chapter is planned to aid the student to rise above dependence upon ready-made formulas, and to qualify him for the greater success which can be achieved by adapting his treatment to the case before him. This power is attainable through a thorough knowledge of drugs and their chemical and pharmacological c[ualities.

vi PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

The arrangement of remedies Into groups, based on their action and uses, has been retained, as it aids the student in acquiring what is so important, a comparative knowledge of drugs and their properties.

While new remedies of value are duly recognized, little attention is given to those which are yet untried. Every year sees a vast number of these put out and recommended for commercial ends. The very few that are valuable survive. A book which aims to cover its subject concisely, scientifically, and practically must include the latest approved facts and exclude matters which have not reached that level.

E. H. L.

Poisons 260

Table of Poisons and Antidotes 262

DENTAL MATERIA MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS, AND PRESCRIPTION WRITING.

PARTI.

Introduction

The need of a book on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, prepared especially for the specialist in dentistry, indicates a certain distinctness of practice that does not apply to other specialties. The general text-book on this branch is all that is wanted by the general surgeon, the ophthalmologist, the gynecologist, and in fact by all specialists whose preparation includes a complete medical course of study. AVhether we regard the condition as normal or not, the fact is apparent that the practice of dentistry today has little in common with general medicine. This is likely to be true to a degree for the future also, even though the tendency must be to broaden the curriculum of dental colleges, ^\h\\e there is evidence that the broadening process is going on, one special direction in which a more general knowledge is demanded is in diseases of the circulation, in view of the frequent use of general anaesthetics by the dental surgeon. A clinical course in physical diagnosis, sufficient to enable the student to detect diseases of the heart, lungs and bloodvessels, is a needed addition to the course of study. The preparation for special practice cannot be too broad as to principles, but, at the same time, there is a practical limit to the detail of general medicine that can profitably enter into the dental student's undergraduate work.

The matter entering into these chapters is written from a standpoint that recognizes the need of a special text-book, but that also realizes the "narrowing tendency that inevitably attends the supplying of that need. The author, therefore, makes no apology for attempting to illustrate by diagrams, with brief explanatory text, the action of the most important

2 (17)

internal drugs upon the general system, nor for the somewhat extensive treatment of classes of remedies and preparation of drugs.

Certain general terms require definition or comment at the outset.

Materia medica, in a restricted sense, means the materials or substances used in medicine. In a broad sense, the term means the science that treats of drugs in their varied relations.

Pharmacy is the science of preparing medicines for use. It includes not only the making of drug preparations, but also the art of compounding and dispensing medicines.

Pharmacology has had much the same meaning as materia medica in its broad sense, but it has more recently come to be applied to a distinct part of the science of drugs, that which treats of the action of drugs upon the tissues, organs and functions of the body.

Therapeutics is the science and art of employing remedies in the treatment of disease. While therapeutics should have a scientific basis in the knowledge of the action and effects of remedies, practical treatment of disease will always remain an art, because of the many modifying factors that render scientific precision impossible.

Toxicology is that part of medical science which treats of poisons. It includes the action and effects of poisons, their detection, and the treatment of the conditions resulting from poisoning.

As a standard for the purity and uniformity of drugs and preparations, we have the volume known as the United States Pharmacopoeia, which is the recognized authority for this country. Other countries have similar standards. The book does not treat of the action or uses of medicines, but, as its main object, it furnishes a hst of recognized drugs, with descriptions, tests of purity, etc., and of preparations, with their formulas. The drugs and preparations thus recognized are called official. The book not only is the authority upon drugs and their preparations, but it forms the basis of our text-books on materia medica, pharmacy and therapeutics. The revision of 1900 for the first time contains also doses of official drugs and preparations. The abbreviation (U. S. P.) always indicates this work.

A dispensatory is a comprehensive text-book on materia medica. It has been called a commentary upon the pharmacopoeia; but it is more than this, in that it treats of a vast number of substances that are not official, and discusses the uses of drugs. But it is not an authorized work as is the pharmacopoeia.

The National Formulary is a very important collection of formulas that are not official, but which are in common use. It is prepared under

INTRODUCTION 19

the direction of the American Pharmaceutical Association, and is, therefore, in a sense authoritative. The abbreviation (N. F.) is used to indicate this work.

In the study of the practical values and uses of remedies we employ several related terms which are too often confused. Physiologic action, physiologic effect and therapeutic effect are terms distinct in meaning, and they should be properly understood. The action and the effect of a drug cannot be the same. The action may be obscure; the effect must be apparent. . To illustrate : Tincture of iodine applied in case of pericementitis has its action upon the mucous membrane (with indeed a local destructive effect which is not physiologic), but the physiologic effect that we desire is alteration of the disturbed circulation in the pericementum. Again, we may have physiologic action and physiologic effect without therapeutic effect, the latter depending upon a relief of symptoms. In the above condition the therapeutic effect would be relief of the pain; but the inflammation might be so severe that our therapeutic effect would not follow.

The action of a drug, then, consists of a modification of conditions, chemic, thermic, electric or structural, which determines an alteration of function. This alteration, when apparent, is known as the effect of the drug. Within the limit of normal function this effect is physiologic, while a disturbance, or depression beyond the normal, is a toxic effect. ^ When the action is in the direction of restoring normal conditions, the effect is usually a relief of symptoms of disease, and is called the therapeutic effect. We may have the action and the physiologic effect of a drug in a normal or healthy individual, but never the therapeutic effect. The presence of disease is always necessary to the production of any therapeutic effect.

Some drugs may cause unpleasant or undesirable effects aside from their main action. These are called untoward effects, and their avoidance calls for discrimination in administration and dosage. Closely related is the matter of susceptibility to drug action, some individuals being very sensitive to the influence of a certain drug or drugs, and readily showing untoward effects of the same. On the other hand, tolerance to certain drugs may be acquired by continued use, so that very large quantities may be taken without dangerous results. The habit drugs, particularly morphine and cocaine, exhibit this fact; victims of habitual use of either often being able to take many times the poisonous dose.

A cumulative effect is sometimes seen with slowly acting drugs, particularly when elimination is faulty. The successive doses given accumulate and their full action is likely to be excessive, disturbing, or poisonous. Digitalis is a drug which needs care in its use to avoid cumulative effect.

As related to the employment of remedies, the term indication means the symptom or condition that calls for a particular remedy or course of treatment, while contraindication means the condition or symptom that forbids the use of a certain remedy or method. A symptom is an evident disturbance or alteration of function or structure, which is the expression of disease. A sign is a symptom or phenomenon that is positive evidence of some particular disease. Diagnosis means the determination, by means of symptoms or signs, of the character or name of the disease, while prognosis is the prediction of the course or termination of the same.

The term resolution indicates the changes in diseased tissues toward the normal, and means structural recovery. Dissolution, on the contrary, means death. The term specific has two meanings. Applied to a remedy, it means that the remedy can be invariably relied upon to produce a therapeutic effect in a certain disease, as quinine in malarial fever or antitoxin in diphtheria; but when we speak of specific disease we mean syphilis. Thus, the term is used among physicians to designate, in a way that cannot give offence, that disease that in its true name has the stigma of vice attached to it.

Chapter I. Drugs And Medicines: Their Constituents And Preparations

The terms drug and medicine are not strictly synonymous, although popularly so regarded. Both mean material substances, therefore they exclude such agents as heat, light and electricity. All medicines are drugs, but all drugs are not medicines. The term medicine implies use in the treatment of disease, while the classes of drugs include many substances that are known usually as chemicals and that are never used directly in treatment. The following definitions show the essential difference in the meaning of the terms.

A medicine is any substance administered or applied in the treatment of disease.

A drug is any substance used in the composition of medicines or in chemical processes.

Drugs are classified variously: in respect of their sources, as vegetable drugs, mineral drugs and animal drugs; regarding their constitution, as organic and inorganic; and respecting their uses, as medicinal and chemical drugs.

A poisonous drug is one which is capable of causing a disturbance of function, or disease, or death. Poisons must be included among drugs, but in their poisonous quantities they cannot be medicines, although a substance that in a large dose is a poison may in a smaller dose be a medicine. Poisons are discussed in greater detail in a separate chapter.

The term remedy is quite inclusive, meaning any agent (whether a substance, a force, or any influence whatever) employed in the treatment of disease. In another chapter occurs the classification and discussion of remedies.

In the development of the science of drugs, the beginning had to be with two quite distinct groups of substances — ^the simple chemicals, or chemical elements as we now know them, such as zinc, mercury and iron, and the more complex organic vegetable drugs, such as opium, cinnamon and ipecacuanha. The former were found to possess comparatively slight medicinal value while in their simple form, and except for their power of chemical combination would have remained of little use. Their great value, therefore, depends upon the large number of useful combinations which they form. To illustrate : Mercury or quicksilver in its pure form is insoluble and non-medicinal, but combined with chlorine in a certain proportion it yields calomel, a valuable cathartic, and in another proportion it yields corrosive sublimate, a powerful antiseptic; again, it may be combined with sulphur to produce a valuable red coloring agent known as vermilion. And the almost endless variety of actual and possible combinations among the seventy-five chemical elements now known, provides a field from which" we draw the great majority of agents used in dentistry, with a limitless future as to new compounds.

Much of both scientific and commercial activity is being expended in the synthesis, or putting together, of chemicals in order to secure new valuable compounds. The products are often referred to as synthetics. Phenacetin and saccharin are examples of this class. Remarkable also it is, that, besides new products, many of the active principles originally obtained from organic drugs are now reproduced synthetically in the laboratory. Of such, salicylic acid and artificial oil of wintergreen furnish examples.

The substances of the latter group mentioned above, the organic drugs, present a contrast to these, not only in being valuable in their original form, but as lending themselves to division and analysis rather than to combination. They are complex in their composition, therefore one organic drug may contain from one to a dozen or more distinct substances of medicinal value. These are called constituents or proximate principles of the drug. For example, opium, the juice of the unripe seed-capsule of the opium poppy, contains gum, albumin, sugar, wax, pectin, salts, caoutchouc, acids, and at least twenty alkaloids, among which are morphine and codeine. A great deal of the work being now done upon these complex drugs is that of isolating their active principles or constituents in a state of purity and stability; and when a single principle is found to represent the drug fully it is commonly used in its stead.

The classes of chemical medicines, therefore, will comprise chiefly the simple chemical elements and their many combinations, while those of organic medicines will comprise the crude substances of vegetable and animal orgin and their isolated active principles.

Nearly all of the organic and many chemical drugs are not in proper form for administration without further preparation, hence we include with them a large number of preparations which represent more or less completely, in medicinal value, the simple or crude substances.

It would be interesting to trace the development of pharmacy in bringing forth the different kinds of preparations, in response always to definite needs, and to note individual characteristics in each class; but it must suffice to state in general that they fulfil needs in preparation, such as solubility and permanency, and likewise needs in administration, such-as pleasant form and taste, definiteness of strength, external uses, etc.

These preparations are obtained by simple solution of a drug, by extraction of its active principles, or by incorporation of it with a vehicle, the objects of such preparations being to secure the medicine in a suitable form, in definite strength, and in a permanent or stable condition. Occasionally chemical action is employed, but the larger number are produced without any chemical change occurring in the ingredients. The preparations produced without chemical action are known as galenical preparations, being so named after the ancient physician Galen.

The need of standards of strength for these drugs and their preparations has long been apparent from the observed variability in their action. The amount of active principle present seemed to present the best basis for standardization, and much progress has been made in recent years in establishing processes of assay to which the substances must conform. This feature has been developed in the Pharmacopoeia to such an extent that the book now includes methods of assay for nearly fifty different drugs, besides many of their preparations. This contributes very much to definiteness and insures greater reliability and accuracy in the use of our most important medicines.

Among all of the classes, the fiuidextracts deserve emphasis as the most representative preparations of the crude organic drugs. They are so prepared as to contain all of the active principles, to be of a uniform, definite strength, and to keep indefinitely. The tinctures may be regarded as second in importance, being permanent alcoholic solutions of drugs, though weaker than fluidextracts. Syrups present the drugs in form for pleasant administration, as also do pills and troches. Plasters, liniments and ointments illustrate the adaptation of drugs to external uses.

The various preparations are presented in the following list, arranged in classes, alphabetically, with each class defined, and the names given of the most important ones, or those of interest to the dental specialist. The names given, both for each class and each individual preparation, are those employed in the official volume, the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.

CLASSES OF OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS.

Acetum. A Vinegar. A solution of a medicinal substance in diluted acetic acid. Vinegars have an acid reaction.

Acetum opii (10 per cent.). Acetum scillse.

Aqua. A Medicated Water. A solution of a volatile substance in water.

*Aqua ammonise (10 per cent.). Aqua cinnamomi.

*Aqua ammonise fortior (28 per cent.). *Aqua creosoti (0.70 per cent.).

*Aqua amygdalae amarse. *Aqua hydrogenii dioxidi (3 per cent.).

Aqua anisi. Aqua menthse piperitse.

Aqua aurantii florum. Aqua menthse viridis.

Aqua aurantii florum fortior. Aqua rosse.

Aqua camphorse. Aqua rosse fortior.

*Aqua chloroformi (0.5 per cent.).

Those marked thus (*) may be either irritating or poisonous when used freely. All others are harmless, being used mostly as flavoring agents.

Ceratum. A Cerate. A preparation having a fatty base with a melting point above the temperature of the body.

Ceratum. Ceratum plumbi subacetatis.

Ceratum camphorse. Ceratum resinse.

Ceratum cantharidis (32 per cent.). Ceratum resinse compositum.

Cerates are used only for local medication or protection.

Charta. A Medicated Paper. A paper medicated either by absorption or by adhesion to its surface.

Charta potassi nitratis. (Not official. Used as a fumigation by burning.) Charta sinapis. (Used as a counterirritant. In efi^ect it is the equivalent of a mustard plaster and much more convenient.)

CoUodium. A Collodion. A liquid preparation for external use, having as a basis a solution of guncotton in a mixture of ether and alcohol.

CoUodium.

CoUodium cantharidatum. CoUodium stypticum (20 per cent, tan-

CoUodium flexile. nicacid).

Collodia are employed to protect or to constrict tissue, or to apply an astringent or an irritant drug to the skin. Having the nature of a varnish, they cannot be applied unless the surface is perfectly dry. They dry quickly by evaporation of the ether and alcohol.

Decoctum. A Decoction. A liquid preparation made by boiling a vegetable drug in water. Not used where active principle is volatile.

The U. S. Pharmacopoeia gives a general formula for decoctions of 5 per cent, strength. Unless some preservative is added, they do not keep well; so they must be freshly prepared.

Elixir. An Elixir. A sweetened, aromatic, spirituous preparation of one or more drugs, designed for pleasant administration.

Elixir ad ju vans ' Elixir ferri, quininae et strychninse phos-

Elixir aromaticum, phatum.

Some elixirs are used only as vehicles, their alcoholic character permitting the addition of fluidextracts without precipitation. The National Formulary contains the formulas of a large number of elixirs for the administration of drugs of unpleasant taste.

Emplastrum. A Plaster. A solid preparation for external use, adhesive at the temperature of the body.

Emplastrum adhsesivum. Emplastrum opii.

Emplastrum belladonnae. Emplastrum plumbi.

Emplastrum capsici. Emplastrum resinse.

Emplastrum hydrargyrl. Emplastrum saponis. *Emplastrum ichthyocollae.

These are usually spread upon muslin and are intended for protection to the skin, or for the application of either irritating or sedative drugs.

Emulsum. An Emulsion. A liquid preparation in which oil or resinous matter is held in suspension in water. They require a viscid or mucilaginous substance in order to effect and maintain the suspension of the insoluble particles.

Emulsions are in no sense solutions, their object being to carry substances that are not soluble in water. In case of asafoetida, a gum-resin, there is sufficient gum in the drug to carry the resin, so that the emulsion is formed by rubbing up the drug with water without adding anything else.

Emulsum amygdalae. Emulsum olei morrhuse cum hypophos- Emulsum asafcetidse (4 per cent.). phitibus.

Emulsum chloroformi (4 per cent.). Emulsum olei terebinthinse Emulsum olei morrhuse (cod-liver oil).

Emulsion of cod-liver oil is largely used, two official formulas being given; the National Formulary also furnishes a number, also one for castor oil.

* Court-plaster, an exception to the rule, is applied with moisture. (Not official.)

DENTAL MATERIA MEDtCA

Extractum. An Extract. A solid or semisolid concentrated preparation of the soluble constituents of a drug.

Extractum aloes.

Extractum hyoscyami.

Extractum belladonnse foliorum.

Extractum kramerise.

Extractum cannabis indicae.

Extractum malti.

Extractum colchici cormi.

Extractum nucis vomicse.

Extractum colocynthidis.

Extractum opii.

Extractum colocynthidis compositum

Extractum physostigmatis.

Extractum digitalis.

Extractum rhamni purshianse.

Extractum ergotse.

Extractum quassise.

Extractum gentiange.

Extractum rhei.

Extractum glycyrrhizse.

Extractum scopolse.

Extractum glycyrrhizse purum.

Extractum stramonii.

Extractum hsematoxyli.

Extractum taraxaci.

The object of this class is chiefly concentration of the drug, but the keeping qualities are usually also improved. The form permits of their being made readily into pills, or of ready solution.

Fluidextractum. A Fluidextract. An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution, one cubic centimeter of which represents one gram of the crude drug. [Acids or alkalies are sometimes used to aid in the extraction of the principles.]

Flui dextraetum Flui dextraetum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum aconiti.

aurantii amari.

belladonnge radicis.

berberidis.

buchu.

calumbse.

cannabis indicse.

cinchonse.

cocse.

convallarise.

digitalis.

ergotse.

frangulse.

gentianse.

glycyrrhizae.

guaranse.

hamamelidis foliorum.

Hydrastis.

hyoscyami.

ipecacuanhas.

Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum aromaticum.

Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum Fluidextractum kramerise. nucis vomicse. pilocarpi, pruni virginianse. quassias.

rhamni pursliianse. rhamni purshianae

rhei.

rubi.

sarsaparillse.

scillse.

scopolse.

senegse.

sennse.

stramonii.

uvse ursi.

Valerianae.

veratri.

zingiberis.

Fluidextracts constitute the largest and most representative class of preparations, there being 85 oflBcial. Their drug strength is uniformly 100 per cent.

Glyceritum. A Glycerite. A solution of a medicinal substance in glycerin.

Glyceritum acidi tannici (20 per cent.). Glyceritum hydrastis (100 per cent.). Glyceritum amyli (10 per cent.). Glyceritum ferri, quininge et strychninse

Glyceritum boroglycerini (31 per cent. phosphatum.

of boric acid). *Glyceritum phenolis (20 per cent.).

Infusum. An Infusion. A liquid preparation made by macerating a vegetable drug in hot or cold water.

Infusum digitalis. Infusum sennfe compositum.

Infusum pruni virginianse.

There is also a general formula for infusions of 5 per cent, strength. These preparations do not keep well. Either they must be freshly made or some preservative added.

Linimentum. A Liniment. A liquid preparation for external use, usually possessing a stimulating or sedative property. Liniments vary much in character, but most of them contain some oil or soap.

Linimentum ammonia. Linimentum chloroformi (-30 per cent.).

Linimentum belladonnse. Linimentum saponis.

Linimentum calcis. Carron oil. Linimentum saponis mollis.

Linimentum camphorte. Camphor- f Linimentum terebinthinaj (35 per cent.).

ated oil.

Liquor. A Solution. An aqueous solution of one or more nonvolatile substances. [In some a chemical reaction is employed to obtam the desired product.]

Liquor ammonii acetatis. Liquor iodi compositus (5 per cent.

Liquor antisepticus. iodine).

Liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi. Liquor magnesii citratis.

Liquor arseni trioxidi (1 per cent.). Liquor plumbi subacetatis.

Liquor calcis. Lime-water. Liquor plumbi subacetatis dilutus.

Liquor chlori compositus (0.4 per cent Liquor potassii arsenitis.

chlorine). Liquor potassii citratis.

Liquor cresolis compositus. Liquor potassii hydroxidi (.5 per cent.).

Liquor ferri chloridi. Liquor sodse chlorinatse (2.4 per cent. Liquor ferri et ammonii acetatis. chlorine).

Liquor ferri subsulphatis. Monsel's Liquor sodii arsenatis.

solution. Liquor sodii hydroxidi (5 per cent.).

Liquor ferri tersulphatis. Liquor sodii silicatis (not official).

Liquor formaldehydi. Liquor zinci chloridi (.50 per cent.). Liquor hydrargyri nitratis.

* Formerly glyceritum acidi carbolici.

t Linimentum terebinthina; (turpentine liniment) may be semisolid.

^S DENTAL MATERIA MEDIC A

Massa. A Mass. A mixture of substances of the proper consistence to be made into pills.

Massa ferri carbonatis. Massa hydrargyri. Blue fill (33 per

cent, mercury).

Mistura. A Mixture. An aqueous liquid preparation usually holding some insoluble matter in suspension.

Mistura cretse. Mistura glycyrrhizse comp. Brown mix-

Mistura ferri composita. ture.

Mistura rhei et sodse.

Mucilago. A Mucilage. A solution of a gum or vegetable mucilage in water. Mucilages are used as demulcents, or as excipients in various preparations.

Mucilago acacise (34 per cent.). Mucilago tragacanthae.

Mucilago sassafras medullse. Mucilago ulmi.

Oleatum. An Oleate. A solution of a medicinal substance in oleic acid. Oleic acid here contributes a superior penetrating quality.

Oleatum atropinse (2 per cent.). Oleatum quininse (25 per cent.).

Oleatum cocainse (5 per cent.). Oleatum veratrinse (2 per cent.).

Oleatum hydrargyri (25 per cent, yellow oxide).

Oleoresina. An Oleoresin. A liquid or semiliquid mixture, chiefly of oil and resin, extracted from the drug by percolation with ether, [They are really ethereal extracts.]

Oleoresina aspidii. Oleoresina lupulini.

Oleoresina capsici. Oleoresina piperis.

Oleoresina cubebse. Oleoresina zingiberis.

The term also applies to certain natural products, consisting of mixtures of oil and resin, which occur as exudates from the trees containing them. These may be liquid or solid. Examples are:

Copaiba (liquid). Terebinthina (solid).

Oleum. An Oil. A natural compound of one or more of the fatty acids with glycerin. True oils and fats must be capable of saponification, i. e., forming a soap when treated with an alkali. They vary in consistence and in melting point, chiefly on account of the varying proportions of olein, palmitin and stearin which they contain. They are not volatile. They occur naturally in animal tissues and in the seeds of many plants and trees.

Oleum amygdalae expressum. Oleum olivse. Olive oil.

Oleum gossypii seminis. Oleum ricini. Castor oil.

Oleum lini. Linseed oil. Oleum tiglii. Croton oil. Oleum morrhuse. Cod-liver Oil.

The solid fats are:

Adeps. Lard. Oleum theobromatis.

Adeps lanse. Lanolin. Sevum prseparatum. Suet.

Spermaceti and wax are similar to these in that they are saponifiable, but they contain no glycerin. Petrolatum (vaselin) is not a fat, although it may be used as a basis in ointments.

Oleum Destillatum. A Distilled Oil. [Volatile Oil. Essential Oil.] A volatile, oily principle usually obtained from the crude drug by distillation. They are not saponifiable, therefore they are not true oils. The volatile oils are usually the essential principles of the plants yielding them. It will be noticed that many of them are obtained from spices.

Oleum sethereum. Oleum juniperi. *01eum amygdalae amarse (bitter almond). Oleum lavandulse florum.

Oleum anisi (anise.) Oleum limonis (lemon).

Oleum aurantii corticis (orange-peel). Oleum menthae piperitse (peppermint).

f Oleum aurantii florum (orange flowers). Oleum menthse, viridis (spearmint).

Oleum betulse (sweet birch). Oleum picis liquidse (wood tar).

Oleum cajuputi. Oleum pimentse (allspice).

Oleum cari (caraway). Oleum rosge.

Oleum caryophylli (cloves). Oleum sassafras.

Oleum cinnamomi. *01eum sinapis volatile (mustard).

Oleum eucalypti (contains eucalyptol). Oleum tercbinthinse (turpentine).

Oleum gaultherise (winter green). Oleum thymi.

PiMa. A Pill. A spherical or oval mass, containing one or more medicinal ingredients, intended to be swallowed whole.

Pilulse (plur.) aloes (gr. 2 in each). Pilulse ferri iodidi.

Pilulse aloes et ferri. Pilxilse laxativse compositse.

Pilulse asafoetidse (gr. 3 in each). Pilulse opii (gr. 1 in each).

Pilulse catharticse compositse (gr. 1 Pilulse phosphori (gr. y^o in each) .

of calomel included in each pill). Pilulse podophylli, belladonnse et capsici.

Pilulse catharticse vegetabiles. Pilulse rhei compositse. Pilulse ferri carbonatis.

The chief object in the use of pills is to avoid the unpleasant taste of medicines. Sometimes, however, they may be used in order to secure a slow or delayed absorption of the medicine.

* These do not exist ready formed in the drug, but are developed when the drug is moistened with water, in the presence of which a reaction between certain constituents occurs, with the formation of the volatile oil. This process must precede distillation in case of these. With the exception of these two, which are poisonous and should never be given in larger dose than ITLi (0.03 gm.), the dose of the volatile oils is TT], 1-5 (0.06-0.30 gm.).

t Not ofl&cial.

Resina. A Resin. A solid preparation cojisisting chiefly of resinous substances. They are insoluble in water, and are usually obtained by precipitation from tinctures by the addition of water. They soften with the aid of heat.

Resina. Rosin. Resina podophylli.

Resina jalapse. Resina scammonii.

Resins as a class are soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and oils.

Gum-resins are related to the above, but differ from them in composition and solubility. They contain a gum associated with the resin; therefore they are only partly soluble in alcohol and are partly soluble also in water. The two most important ones are:

Asafoetida. Myrrh.

Balsamic Resins and Balsams also belong to the group of resinous substances, being characterized by the presence of benzoic or cinnamic acid. They include:

Benzoinum. Balsamum peruvianiim.

Styrax. Balsamum tolutanum.

Sapo. A Soap. An alkaline product of the reaction between a fatty acid and either soda or potassa.* Soaps are prepared by heating a fat or oil with an alkali — potassa yielding a soft soap and soda a hard soap.