Dental materia medica and therapeutics : with special reference to the rational application of remedial measures to dental diseases ; a text book for students and practitioners

Front matter

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

Preface To Fifth Edition

The complete exhaustion of the Fourth Edition of "Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics" within less than one year after its publication again has necessitated a revision of its text. The recently published Ninth Decennial Revision of the United States Pharmacopeia contains numerous important changes relative to average doses of drugs and also the addition of a number of valuable compounds of special interest to the dental practitioner. These changes have been duly considered in this present revision of the text. The Avriter is gratified to know that the suggestions which he made in his report as Chairman of the Committee of Revision of the United States Pharmacopeia, Section of Stomatology, American Medical Association, have been found worthy of consideration by the general committee and have been duly added to the text of the present Pharmacopeia. These ncAvly added drugs of special interest to the dental practitioner are : Cotarin hydrochlorid, nitrogen monoxid, oxygen, paraformaldehyd, beta-eucain hydrochlorid and sodium perborate.

To facilitate the ready location of drugs according to their therapeutic uses a properly classified index of drugs has been added so as to assist the practitioner in the quick selection of a suitable remedy when needed.

The article on Electro-Sterilization (Ionic Medication) has been completely rewritten; about twenty new illustrations have been added and numerous minor changes have been found necessary so as to harmonize the text with the latest achievements in dental materia medica and therapeutics.

H. P.

UNiVERsrrY OP Pennsylvania, Evans Institute.

Preface To First Edition

A systematic classification of drugs which shall answer all purposes has never been, and probably never will be, successfully arranged. Such a classification will, according to the standpoint from which the subject is treated, evince individual trend of thought. The chemist, for example, prefers a classification according to the chemic relationship of the drugs, the pharmacologist is principally interested in a classification according to the physiologic action of drugs, Avhile the clinician groups the drugs according to their therapeutic effects. The author, guided by extensive class-room experience and clinical practice, has made an effort to point out how pharmacologic research and clinical observations may be advantageously combined in the rational use of remedial agents for the purpose of favorably influencing disease. The entire subject matter is, therefore, treated from the standpoint of the pharmaco-therapeutist.

The practice of dentistry requires, in addition to specific pharmaceutic preparations, quite a large number of remedies which are seldom employed by the medical practitioner, unless used by him for totallj^ different purposes. These remedies are generically termed dental remedies, and consequently their importance demands special discussion. To draAv a definite line of demarcation between dental and general remedies is not only impossible, but is distinctly undesirable. Frequently conditions arise where a knowledge of general remedies is absolutely necessary for the dental practitioner — as, for example, the treatment of certain phases of pericementitis requires the administration of uric acid solvents, specific infection calls for cathartics, antipyretics, etc., and the mitigation of pain may necessitate general anodynes.

The progress of dental pharmaco-therapeutics has not kept pace with the remarkable advances made in the technical branches of dentistry. The unsatisfactory classification of dental remedial agents is largely due to a gross disregard of the progress made in general pharmacology and patholog:v-. The principal part of operative dentistry is surgery, but unfortunately

PREFACE 7

the average practitioner applies the same iiiechaiiisiii to drug action, and, expecting too much from a drug, is frequently disappointed.

The difficulties which presented themselves to the author in systematizing the subject Avere the many conflicting statements found in literature relative to the action of dental remedies. An effort has been made to avoid vague information and to elucidate only clinical facts which have been established by pharmacologic research. Both factors are essential in determining the true value of the action of a drug. The pharmaceutic descriptions of chemicals and drugs, and their preparations and doses, are in conformity with those given in the latest editions of the Pharmacopeias of the United States and Great Britain.

The author acknowledges his indebtedness to workers in both general and dental pharmaco-therapeutics, and especially to the text books of A. Cushnj^, R. Kobert, R. Heinz, T. Sollmann, and many others which he has freely consulted. He desires to thank his friends. Professor Carl Jung, of Berlin, for the use of the micro-photographs of tooth powder preparations, and Doctors James A. Brown and L. Neuhoff for assistance in the preparation of most of the original illustrations. He also acknowledges his obligations to the S. S. White Dental Manufacturing Company, Ransom & Randolph Company, Lennox Chemical Company, Gebauer Chemical Company, Modern Medical Company, Consolidated Dental Manufacturing Company, Wm. Mejer Company. R. S. Squibb & Sons, Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and Parke, Davis & Co. for the use of various illustrations of dental appliances.

H. P.

Washington University Dental School, St. Louis, September, 1909.

Part I

GENERAL THERAPEUTICS. P^ce.

[ntroduction 17

The Aim of Therapeutics 30

Selection of the Remedy 52

Incompatibilities 74

Weights and Measures 79

The Pharmacopeia and Pharmaceutic Preparations 8(5

Synopsis of the National Narcotic (Harrison) Law 97

Average Doses of the Most Important Dental Drugs 100

Part II. Pharmacotherapeutics

Drugs Which Exercise No Definite Action on Specific Organs.

Salts of the Heavy Metals, their Oxids, and their Organic Compounds 108

The Acids, the Alkalies, the Halogens and their Derivatives . 120

Solutions Which Evolve Nascent Oxygen 134

Antiseptics of the Aromatic Series 150

Antiseptics of the Marsh Gas Series 165

Essential Oils, their Derivatives, and their Synthetic Substitutes 184

Metallic Astringents 201

Vegetable Astringents 209

Liquid Caustics 214

Dry Caustics 215

Hemostatics and Styptics 250

Absorbents 251

Caustics and Astringents 251

Agents Which Act After Being Absorbed Into the Circulation 253

Agents Which Act on the Vessels, but Not on the Blood . . 254

10 CONTENTS

Page

Pkotectives, Demulcents, and Emollients 255

Drugs Which Act on Specific Organs.

Drugs Wldch Act on the Mouth and Teeth.

BiiEACiiiNO Agents 270

Preparations for the Mouth and Teeth (Oral Hygiene) .... 277

Mouthwashes 293

Tooth Powders 297

Toothpastes 306

Tooth Soaps 308

Drugs Which Act on the Peripheral Nerves.

Soluble Local Anesthetics 312

Insoluble Local Anesthetics 322

Refrigerant Local Anesthetics 326

Drugs Which Act on the Central Nervotis System.

Genkral Anesthetics 328

Physiologic Action of Nitrous Oxid 334

Administration of Nitrous Oxid 335

Physiologic Action of the Anesthetics of the Methan Series . 350

Administration of Ethyl Chlorid 353

Preparation of the Patient 358

Choice of the Anesthetic 358

Treatment of Accidents of General Anesthesia 359

Cerebral Stimulants 376

Drugs Which Act on the Gastro-Inteslinal Canal.

Drugs Which Act on the Circulation.

CiRCULATOiiY Stimulants and Depressants 399

Drugs Which Act on the Bespiration.

Respiratory Stimulants and Depressants 404

Drugs Which Act on Metabolism.

Drugs Which Act on the Secretions.

SlALOGOGUES AND ANTISIALOGOGUES 419

CONTENTS 11

Pagb

Diuretics 42"j

QuTC Acid Solvents 424

Drugs Which Act on the Temperature.

OnCANO AND SiCRUM THERAPY.

Organo Therapy 43(j

Serum Therapy 43S

PART 111.

PilYSlCAL THERAPEUTICS.

AiiTiFiciAii Hyperemia 442

Massage 45S

Plugging Bone Cavities with Inert or Medicated Suhstances . . 478

Part IV. Local Anesthesia

History 514

Means op Producing Local Anesthesia 518

Physiologic Action op Anksthetics 519

Side and After Effects of Local Anesthetics and Their Relation

TO THE Penal Code 579

Appendix

Diagnosis of Diseases of the Pulp by the Electric Current . . . 585

Immediate Treatment of Acute Poisoning 595

Glossary of Therapeutic Terms 599

Diagnostic Aids 603

Tiiermometric Equivalents 605

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. Pace.

1. Office Dropping Bottle 50

2. Salt-Mouth Bottle 50

3. Aseptic Medicament Ti'ay 51

4. Dental Applicator 51

5. The Miller Pyorrhea Pen 51

6. Powder Blower • • 56

7. Glaseptic Hypodermic Syringe 5(

8. Steam Atomizer '^^

9. Hand Atomizer 59

10. Fac-Simile of a Correctly Written Prescription ....... 67

11. Graduated Medicine Glass 73

12. Medicine Dropper 74

13. Percolation 91

14. Infusion Jar 92

15. Casserol for Decoctions 92

16. Empty Gelatin Capsules 93

17. Konseals 93

18. Pill Machine 95

19. Suppository Mould 95

20. Finished Suppository 96

21. Tablet Mould 96

22. Hypodermic Tablet Mould 97

23. Sample Page of Record of Narcotic Drugs Dispensed 98

24. Culture Plate, with Pack's Cylinders and Abbey's Noncohesive Foil 110

25. Imaginary Diagram of a Solution of Mercuric Chlorid in Water . Ill

26. Liquid Soap Dispenser 129

27. Minim Syringe for Applying H^O^ Solutions 138

28. Pyrozon Probe Cup 140

29. Oxygen Inhalation Apparatus 142

30. Portable Oxone Generator (Autogenor). Closed 143

31. Portable Oxone Generator (Autogenor). Opened 144

33. Aseptic Absorbent Paper Points 180

34. Silver Nitrate Applied to Carious Dentin (low power) .... 220

35. Silver Nitrate Applied to Carious Dentin (high power) .... 221

36. Action of Silver Nitrate on Dentinal Fibrils 223

37. Action of Silver Nitrate on Living Dentin 224

38. Adjustable Silver Nitrate Pencil 226

39. Action of Arsenic on the Human Tooth Pulp 234

40. Section of Fig. 39, highly magnified 236

41. Necrosis of Pulp after Application of Arsenic 238

14 ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. Page

42. Enlarged Section of Fig. 41 . . 239

43. Total Necrosis of Pulp after Six Days' Arsenic Application . . 241

44. Luxuriant Growth of Penicillium Brevicaule 240

45. Marsh Apparatus for Detection of Arsenic 247

46. Dental Mustard Plasters in Position 20(5

47. "Eveready" Mouth Lamp 275

48. Zeiss Tooth Bleaching Lamp 270

49. Electric Heater and Spray Outfit 29a

50. Magnified Specinaeus of Tooth Powder Substances 299

51. Same as Fig. 50 300

52. Same as Fig. 50 301

53. Same as Fig. 50 303

54. Apparatus for Making Nitrous Oxid 333

55. Soft Wood Mouth Props 336

56. Semi-Solid Rubber Bite Blocks 336

57. Lawrenz Adjustable Mouth Prop 337

58. Nitrous Oxid Gasometer 338

59. Nitrous Oxid Gasometer. Sectional view 339

60. Universal Gas Stand for Nitrous Oxid 340

61. Surgeon's Portable Nitrous Oxid and Oxygen Apparatus .... 341

62. S. S. White Nitrous Oxid and Oxygen Apparatus 342

63. Coleman's Nasal Inhaler, connected 343

04. Teter's Combination Gas Stand 344

65. Nitrous Oxid Inhaler, with celluloid hood 345

66. The S. S. White Nasal Inhaler 346

67. Simplex Inhaler. Sectional view 346

68. The Gwathmey Gas Oxygen Apparatus 347

09. Ethyl Chlorid Dropping Tube 354

70. Ferguson's Inhaler 354

71. Ethyl Clilorid Tube 355

72. Ermold-Stark's Inhaler 355

73. McFarlane's Ethyl Chlorid Inhaler 356

74. Gebauer's Combination Inhaler 357

75. Artificial Respiration, expiration 362

76. Artificial Respiration, inspiration 363

77". Camera Lucida Drawings of Endameba Gingivalis 389

78. Photomicrograph of Endameba Gingivalis 390

79. Composite Outlines of Moving Endameba Gingivalis 390

80. Tracing the Blood Pressure under Synthetic Suprarenin .... 403

81. Glass Tube for Taking Corrosive Medicines ........ 408

82. Dunn's Bifluorid Syringe 429

83. Schematic Drawing of an Abscess 445

84. Suction Cup for Alveolar Abscesses about the Gums 450

85. Suction Cups for Abscesses about the Cheeks, Lips, and Chin . . 450

ILLUSTRATIONS 15

Fig. Page

86. Application of the Elastic Bandage for the Production of Obstruc-

tive Hyperemia of the Head 452

87. Application of Suction Cup over the Sinus of an Alveolar Abscess . 453

88. Ilyperemic Suction Cup Applied to a Chin Fistula 454

89. Suction Cup Applied to a Fistula on the Cheek Near the Border of

the Mandible 455

90. Hyperemic Suction Apparatus for the Treatment of Pyorrhea

Alveolaris 457

91. Dental Vibrator 4G1

92. Dental Massage Apparatus 462

93. Dental Electric Therapeutic Lamp 464

94. Dobrzyniecki 's Heat and Light Reflector 465

95. Mode of Application of the Therapeutic Lamp 466

96. Electric Thermaphone Pad 476

97. Bohm's Syringe for Bone Plombe 479

98. Collapsible Tube for Bone Plombe 480

99. A Hypodermic Syringe Prepared for Bone Plombe 481

100. A Large Cavity in the Mandible Filled with Bone Plombe . . . 482

101. Manifestations of Bismuth Poisoning in the Mouth Following

Bismuth Paste Injection . 483

102. Scheme Showing the Movement of Ions 490

103. Experiment Showing Passage of Ions 492

104. The S. S. White Current Controller 498

105. Weston Milliamperemeter 498

106. Metal Negative Hand Electrode 499

107. Sponge Negative Hand Electrode 500

108. Sponge Wrist Electrode 500

109. Long Handle Electrode With Iridio-Platinum Point 501

110. Insulated Electrode Holder 501

111. Galvanic Battery for Electro-Sterilization 502

112. Switchboard for Electro-Sterilization 503

113. Switchboard for Electro-Sterilization 504

114. Lower Right Second Bicuspid 508

115. Same Tooth as in Fig. 114, after treatment 508

116. Upper Left First Bicuspid 508

117. Same Tooth as in Fig. 116, after treatment 50S-,

118. Plasmolysis of Cells of Tradescantia Discolor 520

119. Diagrams Showing the Effect Upon Human Red Blood Corpuscles

of (A) Isotonic, (B) Hypotonic, and (C) Hypertonic Solutions 522

120. Contraction of the Heart of a Frog 523

121. Ethyl Chlorid Spray Tube (Glass) 525

122. Ethyl Chlorid Spray Tube (Metal) 526

123. Application of the Ethyl Chlorid Spray 527

124. Large and Small Porcelain Dissolving Cups for Preparing Sterile

Novocain Solution 533

125. Dropping Bottle 534

16 ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. Pagb.

12G. Glass Measure For Local Anesthetics 534

127. Hermetically Sealed Glass Ampuls of Various Types 535

128. Novocain Armamentarium 536

129. The S. S. White Aseptic All-Glass Syringe 537

130. Thoma Sterilizer for Hypodermic Syringes, Dissolving Cups, etc. 538

131. All-Metal Syringe and Curved Needle Attachment 539

132. Dental Hypodermic Needles 540

133. H}-podermic Needles of Various Designs for Dental Purposes . 540

134. Needle Attachments for Parke, Davis & Co.'s Sj'ringe .... 541

135. Cross Section of a Right Lower Jaw 544

136. Horizontal Section Through the Alveolar Process of the Lower Jaw 545

137. The Nerve Supply of the Upper and Lower Jaw 546

138. The Nerve and Blood Supply of the Hard Palate 547

139. Subperiosteal Injection 548

140. Direction of Needle in the Subperiosteal Injection About a Canine 549

141. Subperiosteal Injection About an Upper Molar 550

142. Peridental Injection about a Bicuspid 551

143. A, Subperiosteal Injection; B, Peridental Injection; C, Intra-

osseous Injection about a Canine 552

144. Perineuria! Injection about the Foramen of Scarpa and about the

Posterior Palatine Canal 554

145. Mandibular Sulcus 555

146. Eelation of Nerve and Vessels in the Pterygomandibular Space . 556

147. Horizontal Section of a Frozen Head made 1 cm. above the Oc-

clusal Surfaces of the Teeth of the Lower Jaw 558

148. Injection into the Mandibular Foramen 559

149. Seidel's Technique 560

150. An Abnormal Course of the Mandibular Canal 561

151. Perineurial Injection About the Infra-orbital Foramen and the

Alveolar Foramina 562

152. Loeffler's Pressure Syringe Attachment For Anesthetizing the Pulp 565

153. An Aqueous Solution of Eosin Forced Through Dentin With a

Jewett-Wilcox Syringe 566

154. Section Through the Root of a Molar 568

155. Points for Pressure Obtunding Syringe 569

156. Weaver High Pressure Obtunding Syringe 571

157. Anesthetizing a Small Tumor by Rhomboid Injection 577

158. Section Through an Anesthetized Tumor 578

159. Typical Small Faradic Battery, with Induction Coil and Core Shield 586

160. Dental Electrode 587

161. Dental Hard Rubber Electrode with Interrupter 587