Insect architecture

Chapter I

InTRODUCTION; nstruction derivable from common things « Extraordinary numbers and varieties of insects

Can be studied in every situation. . Anecdotes ° . . . ° .

Cabinets useful, but not indispensable . . Study of insects does not narrow the mind . Injuries and benefits caused by Insects . Use of names in Natural History . . Study of Insects fascinating to youth . Anecdote of a little girl = - . “

Beauty of Insects. . . .

Varieties in the economy of Insects States of Insects . .

Insects produced from eggs .« A Larva, Caterpillar, Grub, Maggot Pupa, Chrysalis, Aurelia, Nymph Imago, perfect Insect « . .

CHAPTER II. Structures for pretactitis Eggs

Eggs of Bees compared to our mechanics . . . Mason-Wasps « . ee * . .

Curious proceedings of one at Lee « . Her caution outwitted by aFly ~. : . Structures of another Mason-Wasp . . Her storing of live Caterpillars . . .

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Mason-Bees . . . . ‘| . : Nest of one on the wall of Greenwich Park Clay-miue of Mason-Bees at Lee .

Estimate of their labours ~- . : Wall-Mason-Bees of France.

Proceedings of the two-horned Mason-Bee at Lee

Structures of Mason Bees. . .

Their restless disposition . . Fy .

beh . . . . . ‘ . heir different proceedings in Britain and in France

CHAPTER IIL.

Carpenter-Bees_. . san: s : . .

a Methods of working - ‘ , . .

History of one at Lee . . e . .

Violet Carpenter-Bee of France - ° en eo eter ele) «alle jel a omar nsects can bear great dogrees of heat and cold pie musa ets lw «hm 6. eas a) oe oer eevee a] tas RESFGRRESBoweonens

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RESESSARSSRES vi CONTENTS.

Compared with our joiners .

Elder and Bramble Carpenter- Bees Carpenter-Wasps. . . « .

Curious cocoon of ° . : Upholsterer-Bees .

Poppy-Flower Bee of Largs and of Bercy ‘Taste of the little architects in ornament Cotton-gathering-Bee . . . .

Rose-Leaf-Cutter Bee . . . .

Her method of working. . ° .

CHAPTER Iv. Carder-Bees

Method of preparing and conveying their materials

Structure of their nests . . .

Lapidary-Bees .

Pertinacity in defending their nests Humble-Bees. . . .

Structure of their nests « ‘ .

Social-Wasps. . .

Nest founded by a single femule .

Compared with the Burrowing-Owl Materials rasped off from wood .

Different opinions of Naturalisis . . Paper made by Wasps . . . 5 Structure of the nest .

Extraordinary number of cells * Hornet’s nest . .

Tree-Wasps’ nests in Ayrshire .

Rose- pa ape Wasps’ nest. .

Vertical-Wasps’ nest. .

Wasp-paper compared with ours Card-making Wasp of Cayenne

BSI, igi ia’

CHAPTER V. Architecture of the Hive-Bee

Discoyeries, from Aristomachus to Maraldi and Huber

Nurse-Bees and Wax-Workers . .

Preparation of wax .

Erroneous account by the Abbé la “Pluche

Conjectures of Reaumur . . .

Discovery of John Hunter , . .

Experiments of M. Huber . .

Singular facts by Mr. Wiston .

Dissections by Madlle zaxne and M. Latreille

Propolis ‘ . inions of old Naturalists . . : Discovery by Huber. . .

Various uses of ropolis .

Mr, T. A. Knight's observations .

Basket for carrying on the Auphe ae aes Process of loading a Building ofthe cells. rs » ' ‘ Division of labour . . . .

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CONTENTS. Vil

Page Festooned curtain of Wax-Workers . . , . 113 Commencement of the combs " . ° : » 116 Huber’s history of his experiments . . : + ib. Secretion of wax . . . . . . . . » 116 Foundation of the firstcell . ° ° . : . Pe blr Workers extract their own wax. aaah Sere .» 118 View of the proceedings obstructed . F * . - 119

Chapter VI

Form of the cells . . . A : euteear . + 120 Mathematical problem solved by Bees . . . > oe del Calculated by Maraldi and Kanig . . . . ib. Reasons for the form ofthe cells . . . 4 . 122 Referred to the form of the Bee .« . . . . : ib el ppt of Huber . . 3 . . . : 123 Cells commenced in the foundation-wall . . . « 125 Deepening of the cells . 4 ’ ac a ‘ » « 127 Polishing by Nurse-Bees . . . e . - 128 Distance of the combs from each other . . 5 ° - 129 Dr, Barclay’s discovery - ‘ . * A . 130

Irregularities iu their workmanship . . . ’ . + Il Anecdote from Dr. Bevan. A . : ° . + ib. Similar anecdote from Huber 5 . y . ‘ + 132 Symmetry in the architecture of Bees explained . . . 133 Curved combs , . . . . . . . - 14 Experiments of Huber . . . . : : s 4b. Size of male cells . . . . . . . . - 136 Cells enlarged when honey is plentiful . 5 . . - ib.

The finishing of the cells si . : * é ci 7 - 137 Varnished with propolis . . . . . lee Strengthened with pissoceros . . . . . © sibs Discovery by Huber . a: > ae ees eee Ee Cells strengthened by the Bee-grubs « . e mes ONE Difficulties explained = _ ° . ; . . » 141 Mistake of an American writer . . . . ‘ - 142 Curious experiment of Huber . . . ' . » ib.

Wild-Honey Bees . . . . . . . ee - ib, Wild-Bees of America, Ireland, Palestine . . A . 148 Honey-guide of Africa . . . . . ° ‘ - 145 Bee-hunting in America =. > . ° . . - 146

Chapter VII

Carpentry of Tree-hoppers (Cicad@) . ; . . 5 - 7 Mistaken for grass-hoppers . . . . . . . ib. Singular cutting instrament of the Tree-hopper « . - 148 Double files of. . . . . . . . . - 150 Their nests . : . . . ‘ . 5 . « WL

Saw-Flies . . . . . . . . . . - 152 Their ovipositor . fot ; < . . emer Structure of. ‘ i . . ' . ‘ . - 154 Comb-tooth rasp, and saw . ; in Fj v ; - 166 Grooves cut by it in the rose-tree . st gee ge

CHAPTER VIII, Leaf- rolling caterpillars . , ‘ 5 . . . - 159 Lilac Leaf-roller . . . . . . . . + 160

Vili CONTENTS.

Oak-Leaf-Roller . .

Rose-Leaf-Roller . .

Nettle-Leaf-Roller 7 Method of proceeding .

Probable mistake concerning Sorrel-Leaf- Roller .

Admirable, and Painted Lady, Butterfl Mallow-Butterfly of France . .

omece ie: Willow-Leaf-Bundler . . * .

Nest of Ziczac Caterpillar . . .

Nest of Glanville-Fritillary . ° . Experiment on gregarious ‘Caterpillars by J. Design in rolling leaves . . .

CHAPTER IX. Habitations formed of detached leaves

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‘RENE

The Pondweed Tent-Maker . ° . * . ‘ - li7 Chickweed Caterpillar’s nest P . . . < « 178 Cypress-spurge Caterpillar’s nest , ‘ . . ° . 179 Durability of these structures . 4 . . - 180 Compared with our architecture . . . . . « 18h Moss:cell of a Wall-Caterpillar . « ° a ‘< > deo. Caterpillar of Greenwich Park wall . . . * . 184 CHAPTER X,

Caddis-Worms . 2 . . . . « . 185 Leaf and reed nests of . . . . . . + ib. Shell nestsof . ; > . . este - 186 Stone and sand nests of. . . . . . . « 187 Nest balanced with straws . . . . . . . 188

Carpenter-Caterpillars . A é . « . ‘ . - 189 Caterpillar of Goat-Moth . » . . . + ib. Its winter nests . . 5 . . . . . + 190 Singular nest of . . . ° . ‘ ° . + 191 Nest of the Augeria in a sed : . . . » 192 Paper-nest of the Puss- Mot . S . : . - 193 How it escapes from its cell . ° . . . . + 195 Purple-Capricorn-Beetle —_, . . . . + 196 Bark-building Caterpillar of the oak . . . + 197

Chapter XI

Earth-Mason-Caterpillars . . . . . Fy * + 200 Outside walls of their nest . a F ‘ . . + 201 Caterpillar of Ghost-Moth . . . . : . - ib. Experiments of Réaumur , * . : . . + 203 Nests of Ephemera Grubs. . ‘ . . . + 206 Similar nests in a willow stump . . . . . - 207 Nests of the esi ane ae . . . . . ib.

The Ant-Lion < . . 5 . Praia « 209 Structure of the Grub . . . . . . + 210 Formation of its traps . . ‘ . » 211 Reflections upon the economy of Nature . . . + 214

CHAPTER XII. Clothes-Moth Caterpillars . : . . . ‘ . + 217

Varieties in the species. 2 . ’ s . ‘ » ib.

CONTENTS., ix

Page

Methods of destroying . . . . . . . 218

Mode of building. . i . . . . 5 219

Experiments upon . . . . . . . 220

Migrations GE "se . . . . * . . - 222

‘Pent-Making Caterpillars. . . * . . . « 223

Mode of constructing these . . Celie . a, Oe eae

Experiments upon . . . . . . . « ib.

‘Tent upon a Nettle-leaf a . . . . . + 226

Stone-Mason Caterpillars | . . . . . : . » 227

Their singular proceedings .« . . . . . . 228

Colony of, at Blackheath . . . ‘ . . + 229

Foundation of their tents . . - . mi . 230

An attempted robbery - . . . . ’ . + 231

Muff-shaped Tents . . . . . . a . . + ib.

Their utility . . . . . z . . » 233

Leaf-Mining Caterpillars . . . . . . . - ib.

On the leat of the Monthly Rose-tree_ « ° . * « 234

On the leaf of the Bramble . . . . . . « 236

On the leaf of the Primtose . . . . . . » 237

Vine-leaf Miner . . . . . ° . . + 238

On the leaf of the Alder . . . . . . + ib.

Social Leaf-Miners ° . . . . . . . « ib

Bark-mining Caterpillars . . . . ° . . + 239 CHAPTER XIII.

Structures of Crickets . . . . . . . . + 241

The House-Cricket . . . i . . 5 - dbs

‘The Mole-Cricket. ° . . . . . ° + 242

The Field-Cricket . . . . . ° . . 244

Mode of depositing eggs . . . . . . » 246

The Burying-Beetle + . ¥ . . . . - ib,

The Dung-Beetle . : . . . . - 249

Itscleanliness . ‘ . . ° . . . + 250

The Rose-Chafer . . . . . . . » 251

The Tumble-Dung-Beetle + . ‘ . . . » ib.

The Necklace-Beetle « . . . . . « 253 CHAPTER XIV.

Architecture of Ants — . ° . A . . ' . + 254

Their genuine history begun by Gould . . . . » ib.

Structures of Turf-Ants A . . . . ‘ - ib.

Winter nest of Yellow-Ants . . . ‘ 5 . + 256

Sort of earth employed in building . 2 . . + 257

Proceedings of the Brown-Ants . ‘ . . . - 28

Raft formed by American-Ants . > . * . + 260

Night proceedingsof Ants. .« « ee es oe a)

Proceedings during rain . . . . . . + ib.

Experiments Fe » ie . . * 5 . . 266

History of a labouring Ant, by M. Huber. . . + 267

Glazed Artificial Formicaries . . . . . + 269

Section of a Mason-Ant’s nest . . . . . » 270

Experiments by J. R. . s . . . . . . aml x CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XV.

Structures of the Wood-Ants, or Pismires Materials employed =. e .

Coping of their nest . . .

Interior structure ’

Glazed Formicary for ex eriments, Their proceedings at night-fall .

Carpenter Ants. . . .

Emmets, or Jet- Ants : i 4 Their galleries in trees , .

Extremely populous anlany, at Brockley Dusky-Ants. . . . .

Foreign Ants . .

Sugar-Ants of the ‘West Indies . .

CHAPTER XVI,

Structures of White-Ants, or'Termites . Their extraordinary comparative height, Their mining operations . .

The Warrior (Termes Bellicosus) . 5 Used as delicate food. .

Commencement of their nests Royal chamber . .

Nurseries.

Galleries and covert ways .

Turret-building White-Ants .

Singular form of their nests

White-Ants of trees and timber Death-Watch . .

CHAPTER XVII.

Spinning-Caterpillars . . ‘ Manifold advantages of 8 munaion F) Structure of their legs and feet ~ . . Side spiracles for urestis . . .

Internal structure. . . .

Structure of the silk- tube :

Mode of spinning Gavastha By La Pluche

Silk-Worms . . . A Their transformations .

How they make their exit from the cocoons

Parts used in our manufactures. .

History of the introduction of silk ‘ Varioties and species of silk-worms . Emperor-Moth .

Ingenious contrivance of the cocoon * Bploning: Caterpillars, continued. . Elastic cocoon of Tortrie chlorana’ . Slender covering of the Srey -Moth . Cocoon of the Cream-spot Tiger-Moth , Experiment with the Dock-Weevil . .

Nest of Puss-Moth, with cocoons of Ichnoumons

Cocoon of the Hormed Mason-Bee . a Experiment with Hriogaster lunestris ,

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CONTENTS,

inter nest of the Brown-tail Moth . ’

Winter nests of the Golden-tail Moth . Pendulous leaf nests, from Bonnet . . Nest of Processionary Caterpillars . .

CHAPTER XVIII.

Structures of Spiders. . . . . .

Spiders not properly insects, and why . . Apparatus for spinning. . . . .

Extraordinary number of spinnerules . . Attachment of the end of a thread s .

Shooting of the Lines of Spiders. . . :

1, Opinions of Redi, Swammerdam, and Kirby .

— Lister, Kirby, and White . rs

3. — La Pluche and Bingley +» «

4. D'Isjonval, Murray, and Bowman 5. Experiments of Mr. Blackwall . +

His account of the ascent of gossamer

6. Experiments by J. R. . . < mie Thread supposed to go off double . . Subsequent experiments . . .

Nests, Webs, and Nets of Spiders. . . Elastic satin nest of a spider « . . Evelyn’s account of Hunting-Spiders . Labyrinthic Spider's nest. . .

Erroneous account of the House-Spider. Geometric Spiders . ae) Pts .

Mason-‘Spiders . 5 . . * .

Ingenious door with a hinge - : F ° Nest from the West Indies, with spring hinge.

Raft-building Spider . . . . . .

Diving Water-Spider . . 4 .

Observations of M. Clerck . . . .

Cleanliness of Spiders . 5 . . . .

ee Me ta men

Structure of their claws . . .

Fanciful account of them patting their webs Proceedings of a Spider in a steam-boat.

CHAPTER XIX.

Structures of Gall-flies . x . . ‘ . Berry-gall of the oak-leaf, &e. |. . : Ingenious mechanism of the ovipositor . i Opinions of Naturalists as to the cause of galls Bedeguar of the rose. . . .

Artichoke-gall of the oak Leaf-gall of Dyer’s broom Rose-willow . .

Rose-hawithorn . = Woolly-gall of the oak , Experiments with the Flies Oak-apples . . .

Root-galls of the oak.

Woody-gall of the willow Oak currant-galls .

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Xl CONTENTS,

Weevil-Galls . . . . a . .

Weevil-gall of the hawthorn « . .

Anbury on the roots of cabbages, &e. .

Semi-galls of Aphides . ° . .

ountain-ash leaf-galls ‘ . .

Poplar semi-galls of the cottony aphis .

Leaf-rolling Aphides ° A ’

Leaf of the currant-bush thus altered Shoot of the lime-tree thus convoluted

Pseudo-Galls . 5 . . . .

Pseudo-gall of the bramble . .

hawthorn :

Scotch fir .

CHAPTER Xx,

8) ara, a) Pm, be

Animal-Galls . . . . . : Enthusiasm of M. Réeaumur for study « Ovipositor of Breeze-flies . .

inion of Mr. Bracey Clark on its use Eifects produced by the fly apon cattle .

Observations of Linneus on the Rein-deer Breeze inion of Kirby and Spence . .

Observations of Mr. B. Clark . .

Hatching oftheegg . . Py Aa Bumps, or Wurbles, thence produced , Communication of the grub with the air Final cause of these bumps . . .

The Zimb (Breeze-fly ?) of Africa , Human Breeze-fly eekly Me

Grub-parasite inthe Garden-Snail.

Caterpillar Parasite in thesame ,

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INSECT ARCHITECTURE.

Cuapter I.