Modern seamanship

Front matter

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Preface To Seventh Edition

The present edition of Modem Seamanship is designed to bring the work up to date as completely as possible. To this end, a large amount of new material has been added, much that was obsolete has been cut out, and about one-third of the remainder has been extensivelyrevised or entirely rewritten.

In spite of the fact that the changes introduced have, upon the whole, added to the contents of the book, its size has been greatly reduced by changes in the weight of paper used for both text and illustrations, and it is believed that in its new form it will be found much improved in endurance and convenience of handling.

Austin M. Knight,

Rear Admiral, U. 5. Navy.

U. S. Naval War College,

Newport, Khode Island, March i, 1917.

Preface To First Edition. *

An attempt Is made, in the following pages, to cover a wider field than that covered by most of the existing works on Seamanship.

The admirable treatises of Luce, Nares, and Alston, originating in the days when seamanship was almost wholly concerned with the fitting and handling of vessels under sail, have preserved through later editions the general characteristics which they naturally assumed in the beginning. These treatises will never be out of date until the time, still far in the future, when sails shall have been entirely driven out by steam. It will hardly be denied, however; that the Steamer has long since established its claim to consideration in Seamanship, and that there is room for a work in which this claim shall be more fully recognized than in the treatises above referred to. The excellent work of Captains Todd and Whall, " Practical Seamanship for the Merchant Service," deals more fully than either of its predecessors with the handling of steamers ; but its point of view is, as its name implies, primarily and almost exclusively that of the Merchant Service.

Shortly after the present work was begun, a circular letter was addressed to officers of the merchant service and extensively circulated through the Branch Hydrographic Offices at New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk, requesting the views of the officers addressed, upon the following subjects :

I. Taking a Disabled Vessel in Tow in Bad Weather.

II. Rescuing the Crew of a Wreck in Bad Weather.

III. Rescuing a Man Overboard.

IV. Lying-to in a Gale.

V. The Stowage and Handling of Boats.

VI. Manoeuvring Single-screw and Twin-screw Vessels. VII. Floating a Stranded Vessel.

VIII. Handling Steamers around a Doqk.

y| PREFACE.

The answers received to these questions were unexpectedly numerous and complete. More than forty prominent officers of the Merchant Service replied, ihany of them writing out their views and describing their experiences with a fullness of detail far beyond anything fhat could have been anticipated.

The thanks of the author are due particularly to the following for letters or for personal interviews covering the above points : Capt. W. .H. Thompson, S. S. Belgenland ; Capt. T. Evans, S. S. Runo ; Capt. J. Dann, S. S. Southwark ; ist Officer T. Anfindsen, S. S. Southwark ; Capt. J. C. Jameson, S. S. St. Paul ; Capt. H. E. Nickels, S. S. Friesland ; Capt. G. J. Loveridge, S. S. Buffalo ; Capt. F. M. Howes, S. S. Kershaw ; Capt. T. J. Thorkildsen, S. S. Trojan ; Capt. Otto Neilsen, S. S. Pennland j Capt. H. Doxrud, S. S. Noordland ; Capt. C. O. Rockwell, Clyde S. S. Co. ;-, Capt. S. W. Watkins, S. S. Montana j Capt. Anders Beer, S. S. Nordkyn ; Capt. J. M. Johnston, S. S. Sardinian ; Capt. A, R. Mills, S. S. Westernland ; Capt. J. S. Garvin, S. S. Cherokee ; Capt. Robt. B. Qiiick, S. S. El Cid ; Capt. Wm. J. Roberts, S. S. New York ; Capt. T. Richardson, S. S. Noranmore; Capt. E. O. Marshall, S. S. Maryland; ist Officer H. S. Lane, S. S. Maryland j Capt. W. F; Bingham, S- S. Marengo ; Capt. R. Gowing, S. S. Greatham; cSpt. H. J. Byrne, U. S. A.T. McPherson ; Capt. Paul Grosch, S. S. Stuttgart ; Capt. Geo. Schrotter, S. S. Belgravia ; Capt. F. C. Saunders, S. S. English King ; Capt. Chas. Cabot, S. S. Venango ; Capt. Chas. Pinkham", S. S. Queen Wilhelmina ; Capt. A. Traue, S. S. Munchen ; Capt. W. Thomas, S. S. Quernmore ; Capt. H. O. Nickerson, Fall River Line ; Capt. Geo. Lane, Baltimore Steam Packet Co.

Important Assistance was received from Naval Constructor W. J. Baxter, U. S. Navy, who prepared Chapters I and XVIIIj and from Lieutenant E. E. Hayden, U. S. Navy, who contributed several Charts and much valuable information upon Meteorology, for, Chapter XIX.

Chapter V was suggested by a paper, " Mechanical Appliances on board Ship," by Captain Thomas Mackenzie, issued by the London Shipmasters' Society as No. 29 of their valuable series of publications.

It would be impossible to mention all the naval officers who have assisted the author with criticism and suggestions ; but acknowledgment is especially due to Lieut.-Commander A. W. Grant, Lieut. John Hood, Lieut. W. R. M. Field, Lieut. John Gow, Lieut.-Commander W. F. Worthfngton, Commander J. E. Pillsbury, Lieut. V. S. Nelson, Lieut. Ridgely Hunt, and Chief Boatswain W. L. Hill, all of the United States Navy.

Above all, acknowledgment is due to Chief Boatswain C. F. Pierce, U. S. Navy, who not only assisted in the preparation of many parts of the text, but prepared sketches for fully one-half the illustrations of the volume.

Austin M. Knight.

United States Naval Academy, Apkh. I, igoi.

Preface To Fifth Edition

In the present edition about one-half of the material retained from earlier editions has been entirely re-written and a large part of the remainder extensively revised.

The following chapters are entirely new : Chapter XIX. Handling Torpedo Vessels and Submarines. Chapter XX. Keeping Station and Manoeuvring in Squadron. Chapter XXV. Hints for Junior Officers.

The revision of Chapter XII, " The Rules of the Road," has been so extensive that it is practically new. Especial attention is invited to this chapter.

Chapter XIX was prepared by two groups of officers of the United States Navy, of wide experience in the handling of torpedo vessels and. submarines.

Chapter XXV, by Lieutenant B. B. Wygant, U. S. Navy, is reproduced by permission of the author and the publishers from a pamphlet published by the United States Naval Institute.

All of the chapters in previous editions which dealt with sailing-vessels have been omitted ; but a brief description of such vessels is included in the Appendix, it being considered that some acquaintance with matters of this kind is desirable, if not essential, as a part of the education of a naval officer.

The Appendix includes also a considerable variety of information on other subjects of professional interest.

Vm PREFACE.

Plates 149, 156, 157, and 158 (in Appendix), illustrating " Sailing Craft " and " Buoyage," are from the very valuable work od ■' Seamanship," by Commander Wilfrid Henderson, R. N., published by Simpkin Marshall, London, permission to use this material having very kindly been granted by the author and publisher.

Among the many officers of the United States Navy whose contributions or suggestions have been of importance in the preparation of the present edition, especial acknowledgment is due to Commander C. B. Brittain, Commander L. H. Chandler, Commander B. F. Hutchison, Commander C. F. Hughes, Lieutenant- Commander John Halligan, Jr., Naval Constructor R. H. Robinson, Lieutenant B. P, Wygant, Lieutenant D. C. Bingham, Lieutenant W. G. Diman, Ensign A. H. Miles, and Chief Boatswain J. P. O'Neil.

Austin M. Knight.

Chapter I. The Hull And Fittings Of A Ship

Tjrpes of Ships. — Construction of the Hull.— Steering Gear. — Ventilation. — Drainage. — ^Water-tightness. — Rudder and Propellers. — Miscellaneous.

/ page I

Chapter II. Rope-knotting And Splicing

§ I. Rope. Varieties of Rope. — Maniafacture of Rope. — Characteristics of Rope. — ^Wire Rope. — Manufacture and Uses of Wire Rope. — Strength of Rope. § II. Knotting and Splicing. Working in Hemp and Manila. — Working in Wire page 24

Chapter III. Mechanical Appliances On Shipboard

The Composition and Resolution of Forces. — ^Forces Acting on a Boom in Lifting a Weight. — ^The Span. — The Lever page 52

Chapter IV. Blocks And Tackles

§ I. Blocks. The Parts of a Block. — Various Kinds of Blocks. — Strapping Blocks. § II. Tackles. Principle of a Tackle. — ^Effect of Friction. — Power of Tackles. § III. Various Forms of Tackles. § IV. Practical Rules and Examples for Ropes, Blocks and Tackles page 64

Chapter V. Handling Heavy Weights

§ I. Rigging Yards and Derricks. Use of Yards and Masts. — ^Use of a Span.— Use of a Boom.— To Rig a Derrick. § II. Practical Examples IN Handling Weights page 86

X CONTENTS.

Chapter VI. The Compass, Log, And Lead— Submarine Signals

§1. The Compass. Description of a Compass.' — The Gyroscopic Compass.—The Pelorus. § II. The Log. The Chip-log.— Patent Logs.— The Nicholson Log. §111. The Lead. The Lead and Line.— Sounding Machine. —The Kelvin Sounding Machine.— The Kelvin (Thompson) Sounding Machine.— Speed and Depth Table. § IV. Submarine Signals. Description Tests. — The Fessenden Oscillator page 105

CHAPTER Vri.

BOATS

§ I. Types of Boats. Whale Boat. — Boats for Merchant Ships, and Boats for Men-of-War. — ^The Builder Boat?. — Classification of Boats. — § II. Stowage and Handling of Boats. Carrying Boats on Shipboard. — Forms ot Davits, Cradles, etc. — Equipment of Boats. — Detaching Apparatus. — Lowering and Hoisting Boats. — Men-of-War Rules with Regard to Life Boats. § III. Rig of Siiip's Boats for Sailing. § IV. Handling Boats UNDER Sail. § V. Handling Boats under Oars. Caught in a Gale. — Running a Lipe. — Towing. § VI. Notes on the Handling and Care OF THE Steam Launches of a Ma'n-oF-War. Motpr Boat Engines. — Handling a Launch alongside the Ship , , , , .page 143

Chapter VIII. Handling Boats In A Surf

§ I. Preliminary. § II. Rules of the Royal National Life Boat Institution for the Management of Boats in a Surf. § III. Notes on THE Management of Boats in a Surf page 199

Chapter IX

§ I. Anchors. Types of Anchoi-s.— Old-fashioned and Patent Anchors.- Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types. — Housing in Hawse-pipe. § II. Chain Cables. Details of Cables.— Manufacture of Cables.— Stowing Cajbles. — Overhauling tables. — Make-up of Cable. — ^Weight and Strength, of Chain. § III. Capstans, Windlasses, "etc. Capstans. — Windlasses.— Details of Ground-Tackle.— Letting-go Anchor.— Speed of Ship in Letting-go. — Anchoring in Squadron. — ^Anchoring in Deep Water. —Weighing.— Stowing Ancliors.— Foul Anchor.— Anchoring by the Stem. § IV. Riding at Single Anchor. Advantage of Long Scope — Dragging. —Anchoring with ^ Spring. § V. Mooring. Advantages and Disadvantages of Mooring.— To Moor.— A Flying , Moor.— Clear and Foul Hawse. —To 'Clear Hawse.— The Mooring-.swivel.— Putting on the Swivel.- Taking off the Swivel. — Tending Ship \ ^o^e 211

CONTENTS. XI

Chapter X. Carrying Out Anchors

§ I. Occasions for Carrying Out Anchors. Difficulties. § II. Methods OF Carrying Out. Fittings Required. — Floating Power of Boats.— Strength of Spars. § III. To Pick up an Anchor. Dragging for Anchor or Cable. — Weighing by Ship or With Boat. — Lost Bower or Sheet, .^oje 279

Chapter XI. The Steering Of Steamers

§1. The Elements entering into the Steering of Steamers. The Rudder. — The Screw Current. — Analysis of the Screw Current and its Effects. — ^The Sidewise Pressure of the Screw Blades. — The Wake Current. § II. Ship and Screw Going Ahead. The Turning of Ships. — ^The Turning Circle. § III. Ship and Screw Going Astern. Effects of , Rudder and Screw Currents. § IV. Ship Going Ahead, Screw Backing. Forces Involved and their Effects. — Behavior of the Ship under Various Conditions. § V. Ship Going Astern, Screw Going Ahead. Fortes Involved and their Effects. § VI. To Turn in a Limited Space. § VII. Twin Screws. Advantages of Twin Screws. — Turning of Twin-Screw Ships under different Conditions. § VIII. Additional Notes upon Steering. Effect of Wind, — Effect of Sea. — Effect of Shallow Water. — Heeling of Ships in "turning. — Importance of Knowing the Manoeuvring Power of Ships page 298

CHAPTER Xn.

THE RULES OF THE ROAD.

"§ I. Various Sets of Rules for Preventing Collision. References for Rules. — Authorities to be Consulted. § II. International Rules. Notes on Rules. — Decisions of Courts on Speed in Fog, etc. § III. Rules for United States Inland Waters. Notes on Inland Rules. § IV. Pilot Rules for. United States Waters. §V. Rules for Passing Dredges at Work in Channels. § VI. Remarks on Vessels Meeting and Crossing. Decisions of Courts. — ^Vessels Backing.-- Winding Channels. §Vn. Inland Rules of Nations other than the United States. §VIII. Laws Relating to the Rules of the Road. § IX. Situations, Lights, Fog Signals, etc page 336

CHAPTER Xni.

MANOEUVRING TO AVOID COLLISION.

§ I. Preliminary, § 11. Steamers Meeting. § III. Steamers Crossing. Relative Speeds of the two Vessels as Affecting the Point of Meeting. §iy. Steamers Crossing (continued). Discussion of the Manoeuvres proper for Avoiding Collision (with diagrams). Manoeuvre ior xii CONTENTS.

Giving-way Ship. — Manoeuvre for Holding-on Ship. — A Steamer and a Sliiling Vessel. § V. In a Fog. General Discussion.— Manoeuvres Proper Under Various Conditions. § VI. Speed in a Fog. The Law as to Moderate Speed.— Reasonableness of the Law.— Fallacy of the Arguments in Favor of High Speed.... < ^oge 394

CHAPTER XIV.

§1. Fixing the Ship's Position. The Chart.— Bearings.— Danger Angle. — Distance of an Object in the Horizon. — Distance of an Object by Two Bearings.- Bow and Beam Bearings. § II. Cuhkents. Danger Due to Currents.— Tidal Currents:— Slack Water Distinguished from High and Low. — Effect of Local Conditions upon Tidal ' Currents. §111. Navigating IN A Fog. Speed in = Fog. — Navigating by Soundings. — ^Use of Sounding Machine. §IV. Buoyage. General Rules as to Buoyage. — Buoyage of United States Waters page 415

CHAPTER XV.

HANDLING A STEAMER ALONGSIDE A DOCK.

§ I. Preliminary. The Effects of Lines, Helm and Currents. — The Effect p£ a '' Spring."— Advantages of Twin Screws. , § II. Practical Cases. Handling Steamers without Tugs. Putting a Right-handed Screw Vessel Alongside under Various Conditions. — Head Tide. — Fair Tide. — Working into a Restricted Berth. § III. Working into a Slip. Use of a Spring.— Use of the Helm. — A Head Tide. — A F^ir Tide. — Hauling into a Dry Dock. — To Wind a Steamer at a Dock.'.^To, Wind a Steamer .in Making a Landing. — Getting Clear of a Dock. § IV. Handling a Large Vessel with the Aid of Tugs. Docking of a Large Ocean Liner at New York. — Undocking ' ; page 437

CHAPTER XVI.

PLACING A SHIP IN DRY DOCK.

The Docking Plan. — Fittings of a Dock. — Preparations for Docking. — Floating the Vessel in. — Pumping Out the Dock and Securing the Ship. — Precautions. — Inspection of Underwater Hull. — Flooding the Dock and Floating the Ship. . . '. page 466

CHAPTER XVII.

WEATHER AND THE LAWS OF STORMS.

§ I. Weather, Winds, Clouds and Rainfall. Weather Maps of the World for January and July.^Isobars. — Highs and Lows. — Cyclones and Anti-cyclones. — Weather of Cyclones and Anti-cyclones. — Velocity of Wind

CONTENTS. Xiii

Dependent upon Barometric Gradient. — Moisture and Precipitation. — General Wind Circnlation. — Explanation of the Motion of Rotation in Cyclones and Anti-cyclones. — Buys-Ballots Law. — Trade Winds. — Westerlies.— General Eastward Movement of the Atmosphere in High Latitudes.— Weather Changes and Weather Prediction. — Weather Maps of the United States. — Temperature Changes. — Precipitation. — Monsoons. — Land and Sea Breezes. — The Barometer. — Clouds. § IL The Law of Storms. The Origin of Tropical Hurricanes.— Air and Cloud-Circulation in a Hurricane.— Motion of Rotation. — Motion of Translation.— Chart Illustrating the Progress of a Hurricane. — Shifts of Wind. — The Storm Wave. — Indications of an Approaching Hurricane. — Rules for Manoeuvring in a Hurricane.— Difference between a Steamer and a Sailing Vessel page 472

CHAPTER XVIII.

HANDLING STEAMERS IN HEAVY WEATHER.

§1. Lying-to. Lying-to with Sea on the Bow. — Objections, to the Preceding Method in a Modern Steamer. — Drag of the Propeller. — Lying-to with Engines Stopped. — Running Slow before the Sea. — Rolling of a Ship in Waves. — Relation between the Period of flxe Ship and That of the Sea. — Importance of Breaking up Synchronism between Periods of the Ship and the Waves.-^Bringing a Steamer up Head to Sea and Holding Her There. — Sea-Anchors. — Anchors for Large Ships. — Riding Out a Gale at Anchor. § II. The Use of Oil. Advantages of Oil. — Method of Using under Different Conditions. § III. Opinions of Shipmasters upon Lying-to in Modern Steamers page 509

CHAPTER XIX.

THE HANDLING OF TORPEDO VESSELS.

Types of Vessels.^ — Effect of Type upon Handling. — Flat Stern of " Decatur " Type. — Screw-action. — Approaching Dock. — Effect of " Slow " Signal on Different Types.- — Warping aroimd Docks.— Turning Circles of Different Types. — Difficulty in Steering Course with Flat-stern Type. — Behavior at Sea. — Danger of Lee-shore. — Lying-to. — Dangers of Loading. — Towing. — Close-order Steaming in Flotilla. — Wedge-formation. — Speaking Large Vessels. — Peculiarities of Navigation. § II. Submarines. Description.— Air-supply.TT-Periscopes. — Handling under Various Conditions. — Towing. — To Run Submerged. — To Run Awash. — To Dive. — Accidents; Causes and Prevention. — Gasoline Explosions. — Water Entering Boat. — Hydrogen Explosions. — Escape from Sunken Boat page 524

CHAPTER XX.

KEEPING STATIONS AND MANCEUVRING IN SQUADRON.

Difficulty in Keeping Station. — Use of Instruments. — Importance of Uniform Speed. — To Regain Position. — In a Fog. — Danger of Collision

XIV CONTENTS.

with Vessel outside of Fleet. — Breakdown.— Miin Overboard. — Steaming in Line. — Steaming in Echelon.— To Change Course.— Rules for Turning. — Turning Inside,— Turning • Outside.— Turning More than Eight Points.— Turning Simultaneously.— Anchoring. — Getting Underway.— Handling Turbine Ships.— Handling a Ship Propelled by Electric Drive,— Duties of Officers of peck page 551

CHAPTER XXI.

TOWING. § I. The Towline. Should be Long and Heavy — Chain-cable. — Wirerope. — Manila and Coir. — Advantage of Keeping Ships "In Step." — Securing the Line on the Towing Vessel. — Securing the Line on the Tow. § II. Towing in Smooth- Water. Tow-rope Resistances. — Starting a Tow. § III. TAKifjG A Disabled Vessel in Tow at Sea. Importance of Considering the Drift of the Vessels. — Most Favorable Positions for Running Lines. — Use of a Boat. — Use of a Float. — Code of Signals. — Rocket Gun^ — Running Lines. — Casting off. — Standard Towing Equipment, United States Navy. — § IV. Towing Engines. Towing Alongside. Advantages of Towing Engines — Use of Wire-rope with Towing Engines. — ^Towing Alongside.— Making Fast Alongside page 586

CHAPTER XXII.

RESCUING THE CREW OF A WRECK.

Manoeuvring. — ^Lowering the Boat.^Communication between the Boat

and the Wreck. — Danger ■of Going Alongside to Leeward. — Dropping Down

with a Line. — The Use of Oil. — Signals. — If a Boat Cannot be Lowered. —

Letter from Captain Doxrud of " Noordland " page 614

CHAPTER XXIII.

MAN OVERBOARD.

Danger that Man will be Struck by Screw. — Engines should be Stopped at Once. — Lookout from Aloft. — Life-buoys. — Importance of Having a Good' Marker. — Use of a Light fof a Marker. — Manoeuvring to Pick up the Man.— Stopping and Backing. — Turning the Ship, — In Case of Fog. page 621

CHAPTER XXIV.

STRANDING.

§ I. Backing or Pulling off. Possible Danger of Backing Immediately. — Precautions to be Taken. — Sounding. — Laying Out Anchors. — Tidal Currehts.r— Lightening Ship. — Assisted by Another Vessel. — If Assisting Vessel Cannot Anchor.-^If Beach is Steep and Not Rocky. § II. Instructions TO Mariners in Case of Shipwreck, from Publications of the Lira- Saving Service. Rescue with the Surf-boat. — Rescue with the Breeches- Buoy or Life-Car. — Receiving and Securing the Shot-line and Hawser. — Signals between Ship and Beach page 625

CONTENTS. XV

CHAPTER XXV.

HINTS FOR JUNIOR OFFICERS DOING LINE DUTY.

Duties under Various Assignments, — Standing Watch, — Relieving. — Before and After Relieving, at Anchor and Under Way. — The Day at Anchor.— ^-Duties during Successive Watches throughout the Day. — The Day at Sea. — Miscellaneous Duties. — Coming into Port. — Writing the Log. — In Foggy Weather. — Assistant to Executive, — ^Assistant to Navigator, — Mates of Decks page 637

Appendix

§1. Sailing Ships, Various Rigs, — Details of Rigging. — Sails. — Canvass.— Running Gear. § II, Tonnage of Ships, § III, Ship's Pumps and Their Uses, § IV. Permitted Draft of Ships. Plimsoll. Mark. § V. Details of Navy Boats, | VI, Rope, U, S, Navy, § VII. Buoyage. § VIII. Directions for Restoring the Apparently Drowned. § IX. Instructions for Saving Drowning Persons by Swimming to Their Relief , , page 663

LIST OF PLATES.

PLATE FACE

Battle Cruiser, U. S. Navy, Design of 1916 Frontispiece

I. Midship Section of a Battleship - . • • 3

•^, Bow of a Battleship 4

3. Stem of a Battleship ■. 5

4. Midship Section of 1200-ton Gunboat (Sheathed) 6

5. Sections through Rudder Stock. ; 9

6. Steam Steering Gear . . 10

7. Steam Steering Gear II

8. Hand Steering Gear in Chart House and Conning Tower of a

Cruiser 12

9. Steering Gear Clutches 13

10. Diagrammatic Plan of Main Steering Gear, U.S.S. New Mexico 16

1 1 . Skeleton Drainage Plan Showing Manifolds 19

12. Stem Post and Balanced Rudder — Stmt for Propeller Shaft 21

14. Manila and Wire Rope 26

15. Knots in the End of a Rope 37

16. Bending Two Ropes Together 38

17. Bending a Rope to a Post or a Spar 40

18. Knots Worked in the End of a Rope 41

19. Splices 42

20. Splicing 45

21. Long Splice in Wire". 46

22. Working in Wire Rope 49

23. Seizings '. 50

24. The Composition and Resolution of Forces 53

25. The Composition and Resolution of Forces Applied to a Derrick. . . 56

26. The Composition and Resolution of Forces Applied to a Span 59

27. The Lever 61

28. Blocks 65

29. Tackles 66

33. Shears with Double Three-fold Purchase for Handling Heavy-

34. Differential Purchases — ^Parbuckling 77

35. " Cyclone " Chain Hoist 79

36. A Stopper on a Rope, Hooking a Tackle, etc 80

37. HandUng Weight by a Lower Yard 87

• LIST OP PLATES. XVU

PLATE PAGE

38. Lower Yard Rigged for Handling Very Heavy Freight 89

39. Booms for Heavy Weights go

40. Rigging a Derrick for a Heavy Weight 91

41. Shears for Handling a Heavy Weight 94

42. Handling Weights by a Yard 95

43. Handling Weights by Shears 98

44. Handling Weights by a Derrick > 100

45. Battleship's Boat Crane 102

46. Coaling Boom ^ 103

47. Compass Cards 107

48. Patent Logs 115

49. Thomson's Sounding Machine 120

50. Kelvin Sounding Machine, Mark IV . 125

51. New Type Kelvin Sounding Machine. 126

52. Submarine Sound Signalling Apparatus (Old Type) 133

53. Fessenden Oscillator ' 139

54. Oscillator Attached to Skin of Ship 140

55. Switchboard Submarine Signal System 141

56. Whaleboats 145

57. Boats and their Fittings 146

58. Hoisting and Stowing Boats^ 151

59. The Whelin Quadrant Davit .' 154

60. U.S.S. Pennsylvania. View Looking Aft 155

61. Wood's Detaching Apparatus 159

62. Automatic Releasing Hooks 161

63. Rottmer Detaching Gear 163

64. Rig of Boats for Sailing. .• 171

65. Rig 01 Boats for Sailing 173

66. Handling a Boat Alongside under Steam or Sail '. ;. 196

67. U. S. Navy Anchors. ; ! . : 213

68. The Baldt Anchor 214

69. Patent- Anchors 217

70. Details of Chain Cable, U. S. Navy 219

72. Details of Ground Tackle 223

73. Forecastle of the U.S.S. Idaho 229

74. Forecastle of a Modem Battleship (U.S.S. Wyoniing) 230

75. Anchor Windlass 232

76. Hyde Steam Windlass 234

77. Stowing Anchors 243

78. Stowing Anchors '. 244

79. Delaware Port Bow showing Stowage of Anchors 245

80. Anchoring with a Spring, Mooring, etc 259

81. Clearing Hawse; 261

82. Clearing Hawse Both Chains on Weather-side of Ram 263

83. Connecting Swivel Up Inside Hawse, 268

84. Putting on or Taking Off Swivel Outside 269

85. Putting on Swivel, Third Method 271

86. Mooring and Putting on Swivel, Fourth Method 274

XVIU LIST OP PLATES.

PLATE PAGE

87. Mooring and Putting on Swivel when Both Anchors are on Same

Bow 27s

88. Canying Out Anchors; First Method 281

89. Carrying a Kedge with a Cutter 283

90. Carrying Out Anchor. Second Method 287

91. Carrying Out Anchor. Third Method 289

92. Carrying Out Anchor. Fourth Method 291

93. Tumiftg Curves 303

94. Turning Curves of Yashima 306

95. EfiEects of Screw upon Steering 311

98. Turning a Steamer in a Limited Space 322

99. Typical Situations. Rules of the Road 361

100. Typical Situations. Rules of the Road 362

loi. Vessels' Lights Facing 368

102. Vessels' Lights . .' Facing 369

103. Vessels Towing with and without Range Lights Facing 370

103. Vessels Towing with and without Range Lights Facing 371

104. Steamers Meeting and Crossing with and without Range Lights

Facing 372

105. Sound Signals 37S

106. Inland Rules of the Road 392 no. Manoeuvring to Avoid Collision 402

112. Determining Position in Coasting, 4I6

113. Turning a Sharp Bend With and Against Current 427

114. Significant Soundings. Fixing Position in a Pog : 430

117. Working Around a Dock. Turning, a Tow. • 445

122. Handhng Steamers Around a Dock , 458

123. Docking a Large Steamer 461

124. Docking Plan of a Battleship and of a Protected Cruiser for Par-

ticular Docks 468

125. Winds and Weather for January and July Following 471

126. Characteristic Wind Circulation about Centres of High and Low

Barometer in each Hemisphere. Cyclone and Anti-CycloJie in the North Atlantic 475

127. Storms and Storm Tracks 476

128. Weather Map 484

129. Principles Forms of Clouds 489, 490

LIST OF PLATES. XIX

PLATE PAGE

130. Wind Circulation in Hurricane, and Cross of IJurricane 493

131. Galveston Hurricane, Septembet, 1900 495

132. Ocean Cyclones and Anti-Cyclones of the Northern Hemisphere

facing 496

133. A Hurricane Re-curving 1 500

134. Storm Tracks , . .• 503

135- Cyclones 5<16

136. Sea Anchor 5x5

137. Use of Oil , 518

138. Towing a Battleship. British Navy 589

139. Towing a Battleship 590

140. Towing by Deckhouse and Bitts .' 593

141. Towing by Bitts 594

142. Securing Tow Lines 597

143. Securing Tow Lines 598

144. Securing Lines on -Small Craft '. 601

145. Line-Throwing Guns 607

146. Standard Towing Equipment. United States Navy 610

148. Hauling Off a Stranded Vessel 630

149. filing Craft 664-665

150. Four-masted Ship under Sail 666-667

151. Standing and Running Rigging 668-669

152. Pore Mast and Head-booms of a. Modem Sailing Ship 673

153. Fore Mast and Head-booms of a Modem Sailing Ship. Sails Set. . 676

154. Details of Sails 679

155. Schooner under Sail -• 681

156. Buoyage Facing 698

157. Buoyage Facing 698

158. Buoyage Facing 698

159. Reviving the Apparently Drowned 700

Chapter I. The Hull And Fittings Of A Ship

The size, form, speed, power, armor, armament and rig of a ship depend upon the nature of the services she is expected to perform. Whatever her design may be, she must have ample stability, strength, habitability, and a complete outfit of all appliances, fixed and portable, necessary to ensure her efficiency under all service conditions.

The principal types of ships are:

Battleships. Ships of the maximum oflensive and defensive qualities, usually having displacem^ts greater than ten thousand tons, great beam in proportion to length, moderate speed and power, heavy armor at water-line and on turrets with lighter armor elsewhere, heavy guns mounted in turrets or barbettes, lighter guns in broadside, and small guns mounted wherever space will permit; and one or two military masts.

All recent battleships — those designed since 1906 — are of the Dreadnaught type, the essential characteristic of which is that, except for small calibre guns designed for defense against torpedo-craft, it carries only guns of large calibre and carries all these behind heavy armor. The type takes its name from the British Battleship "Dreadnaught" designed in 1906. This ship marked a new development in naval warfare and to a large extent rendered all earlier battleships obsolete although many of these are still, of necessity, utilized on the fighting line.

Battle Cruisers. These resemble the battleship in size and armament, but haye lighter armor and much higher speed, the gain in speed being purchased by a sacrifice in weight of armor. They are' in short, very fast and very lightly armored Dreadnaughts.

Armored cruisers, having displacements greater than eight thousand tons, high speed, great power, moderate armor on turrets and barbettes, light armor at and above the water-line, a protective deck, large coal capacity, numerous guns, and one or more military masts. ,

Protected cruisers, having displacements greater than three thousand tons, good speed, no armor except on turrets, barbettes, or sponsons, a protective deck, varying coal capacity, numerous guns, and one or more military masts, or masts fitted for carrying steadying sails.

The use of the older forms of military masts is gradually disappearing in the newest designs, though the existing types of various navies generally include them as above stated; iand the latest ships have special forms of elevated tops such as the American basket mast and the English tripod mast.

Scout cruisers, having moderate protection and armament, large coal capacity and, above all else, high speed.