The works of Tacitus. The Oxford translation, rev. With notes ..

Front matter

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Book I

Summary of Roman History — ^The Family of Augustus — Character of Tiberias — Accession of Tiberius — Criticisms on Augustus — Dissimulation of Tiberius — Discussion in the Senate — Sedition in Pannonia — ^Progress of the Sedition — Effects of an Eclipse — Disturbances in Germany — ^Loyalty of Germanicus — Mutinous Conduct of the Legions — Firet Mention of Caligula — ^Address of Germanicus — Alarm of the City — ^The Troops return to their Duty — ^Death of Julia — The Cattians attacked — Arminius raises War— Scene of Defeat of Varus — ^Disasters in Germany — ^The Germans repulsed — Danger of the Legions — ^Eise of Informers — Theatrical Riots — Policy of Tiberius 1-56

Book II

Commotions in Parthia — Preparations of Germanicus — The Brother of Arminius — Address to the Troops — Defeat of the Germans — ^Trophy raised by Germanicus — Storm at Sea — Story of Libo — Death of Libo — Independence of Piso — Hortalus prays for Relief — Attempt of Agrippa's Slave — ^Death of Archelaus — Dissensions among the Germans — Earthquake in Asia — War in Africa — Progress of Germanicus — ^Insolence of Piso — Germanicus visits Egypt — Cotys and Rhescuporis — ^Death of Vonones — ^End of Germanicus — Piso advises with his Friends — ^Piso defeated by Sentius — Honors decreed to Germanicus — Death of Arminius SB-IOT

Book III

Agrippina returns to Rome — Mourning for Germanicus — Trial of Piso — ^Piso's Defense — ^Fate of Piso, and Trial of Plancina — ^Tacfarinas renews the War in Africa — Accusation of Lepida — Origin and Changes of Laws — Nero, Son of Germanicus — Fresh Commotions in

V CONTENTS.

Africa — Debate on the Motion of Ctecina — Commotions in Thrace — Insurrection in Gaul — Revolt in Gaul suppressed — Breach of the Law of Majesty — ^Tiberius on the Luxury of the Times — Causes of Decline in Luxury investigated — Claims of the Priest of Jupiter disallowed — Eights of Sanctuaries examined — Impeachment of C. Silanus — C. Silanus banished — ^Demands of Tacfarinas — ^Death of illustrious Persons 108-153

Book IV

Corrupt Practices of Sejanus — Roman Fleets and Legions — Drnsus poisoned — Rumors concerning the Death of Drnsus — Claims to Right of Sanctuary — The Office of Priest of Jupiter — ^Accusation and Death of Silius — ^End of the African War — ^Tacfarinas slain — Serenus banished — The different Forms of Government — ^Defense of Cremutius Cordua — Tiberius rejects Divine Honors — Petition of Sejanus — ^Trial of Montanus — L. Piso assassinated in Spain — Insurrection in Thrace — Prosecution of Claudia Pulchra — Agrippma and Sejanus — Tiberius retires to Campania — Increased Power of Sejanus — Fall of an Amphitheatre at Fidense — Tiberius withdraws to Caprese — Sabinus accused by the Emperor — Revolt of tlie Frisians — Agrippina married to Domitius 154—205

Book V

Agrippina and her Son accused — Tiberius accuses his Grandchildren — A Counterfeit Drnsus in Greece ; 206-212

Book VI

Junius Gallio rebuked — Remarkable Letter of Tiberius — Defense of M. Terentius — Office of Prsefect of Rome — ^Two Daughters of Germanicus married — ^Trials for Treason — TlirasuUus the Astrologer — Deatfi of Agrippina — ^The Phoenix — Some Informers punished — Intrigua* among the Parthians — AVar between the Parthians and Armenians — Death of Trio ; his Will — Revolt of the Clitseans — Fire at Rome — Question of the Succession — Death of Tiberius 212-247

BOOK XI.

Asiaticus and Poppaea accused — Venality of the Informers — Commotions among the Parthians — Bardanes assassinated — Acts of Claudius as Censor — ^Italicus, King of the Cheruscans — Strict Discipline

CONTENTS. ^

of Corbulo— The Office of Quaestor— Additions to the Senate— Marriage of Messalina and Silius- Messalina denounced to the Emperor —Claudius returns from Ostia— Execution of Messalina 247 -272

BOOK XII.

Agrippina chosen Empress — Discussion on the Emperor's Marriage

Octavia betrothed to Domitius — Commotions in Parthia Successes

in Parthia — Mithridates brought to Eome — Boundaries of the City — The Cattians subdued — ^The War in Britain — Victory over Caractacus — Caractacus at Eome — Nero and Britannicus — Earthquakes and Famine— War in Armenia— Story of Zenobia— On Marriage -with Slaves— A mock Sea-fight— Power of the Procurators— Relief granted the Byzantines — Claudius poisoned 272-313

BOOK XIII.

Ifero succeeds to the Empire — Nero's Speech in the Senate — ^Affairs in the East — Influence of Acte — Menaces of Agrippina^Britannicus poisoned — Agrippina accused — Treatment of her Accuser^ — Conduct of the Freedmen — Various Offices regulated — Pomponia Grceeina — Strict Discipline of Corbulo — Negotiations with Tiridates — Success of Corbulo — P. Suilius condemned — Pontia stabbed by a Tribune — Cornelius Sylla banished — ^Extortion of the Tax-gatherers — German Chiefs at Rome — Events in Germany 313-352

BOOK XIV.

Influence of Poppaea — ^Attempt to drown Agrippina — Other Measures decided on — ^Nero's Remorse — Nero's return to Rome — Nero appears on the Stage — Quinquennial Games instituted — Appearance of a ^ Comet — Successes of Corbulo — Puteoli made a Colony — Insurrection in Britain — ^The Britons under Boadicea — Defeat of Boadicea — Forgery of a Will — Murder of a Master by his Slave — ^Antistius con- ^ demned — Seneca calumniated — Seneca's Interview with Nero — Power of Tigellinus — Sylla and Plautus assassinated — ^Artifice of Poppsea — Octavia put to Death , 353-395

BOOK XV.

Armenia invaded by Vologeses — Paetus sent to AiTuenia/— Incapacity of Paetus — ^The Roman Legions besieged — Paatus retreats from Ar-

^i CONTENTS.

meDia — Decree concerning Adoptions — Nero's Daughter, Augusta — Corbulo enters Armenia — ^Treaty with the Parthians — Nero appears on the Public Stage — Prodigality of the Times — Great Fire at Rome — The City rebuilt — The Christians accused by Nero — A Conspiracy formed — Progress of the Conspiracy — The Plot discovered — The Conspirators impeached — Death of Piso — ^Last Momenta of Seneca — Fenius Rufus impeached — Vestinus put to death — Nero assembles the Senate 396^43

BOOK XVI.

Report of hidden Treasure — Nero performs on the Stage — Fate of Cas. sius and Silanus — L. Vetus, Sextia, and Pollutia — Anteius and Ostorius — Character of C. Petronius — ^Thrasea accused — Thrasea requests a Hearing — ^The Senate intimidated — Soranus and his Daughter aceused — Thrasea prepares to die 443-464

THE ANNALS OF TACITUS.

Book I

1. Kings held dominion in the city of Eome from its foundation : Lucius Brutus instituted liberty and the consulate.i Dictatorships were resorted to in temporary emergencies:

' In tliis introduction Tacitus gives us a compendious view of the Roman government, in all, its various forms, and every deviation from its first principles, from the foundation of the city to the establishment of the Caesars. The several forms were as follows : —

I. The regal government, which lasted, under seven successive kings, above two hundred and forty years, and ended at last by the expulsion of Tarquin.

II. The consulship, and the republican government established by Brutus, A.u.c. 245 ; before the Christian era 509. .

III. The supreme authority of the dictator, created in pressing exigencies, and for a limited time. This office was first instituted, according to Livy, A.L'.o. 253.

IV. The decemvirs appointed to frame a body of laws. They were the only magistrates. The government, which was transferred from kings to consuls, was now vested in the decemvirs. Their code of laws was finished within two years. It was called the Twelve Tables. The well-known tyranny of Appius brought upon them the name of the "Ten Tarquins." Their magistracy ended a.u.c. 306.

V. The military tribunes, in a violent contention between the patricians and commonalty, invested with the authority of the consuls, and exercising all the functions of those two magistrates, A.Tj.t;. 310. In the following year the consular government was once more restored.

VI. The usurpation of Cinna, A.u.c. 667.

VII. The domination of Sylla ; who assumed the power of dictator, A.u.c. 672, and continued in that station till the year 675, when he made a voluntary abdication, and retired to lead the life of a private citizen.

VIII. The triumvirate of Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Csesar, a.u.o. 699. This was a faction, not a legal institution.

IX. Caesar perpetual dictator, A.u.c. 706.

X. The triumvirate of Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus, a.u.c. 711.

XI. The supreme power vested in Augustus, A.u.o. 724. Such were Vol.. I.— A

2 THE ANNALS. [b. i.

neither the power of the decemvirs continued in force beyond two years, nor the consular authority of the military tribunes for any length of time. The domination of Cinna did not continue long, nor that of Sylla : the influence of Fompey and Crassus quickly merged in Csesar : the arms of Lepidus and Antony in Augustus, who, with the title of prince, ^ took under his command the commonwealth, exhausted with civil dissensions. But the affairs of the ancient Koman people, whether prosperous or adverse, have been recorded by writers of renown. Nor were there wanting authors of distinguished genius to have composed the history of the times of Augustus, till by the spirit of flattery, which became prevalent, they were deterred. As to Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, while they yet reigned the histories of their times were falsified through fear ; and after they had fallen, they were written under the influence of recent detestation. Thence my own design of recounting a few incidents respecting Augustus, and those toward the latter part of his life ; and, after that, of giving a history of the reign of Tiberius and the rest ; uninfluenced by resentment and partiality, as I stand aloof from the causes of them.

2. When, after the fall of Brutus and Cassius, there remained none to fight for the commonwealth ; when Sextus Pompeius was utterly defeated at Sicily ; and Lepidus being deprived of his command, and Mark Antony slain, there remained no leader even to the Julian party but Octavius ; having put off the name of triumvir, styling himself consul, and pretending that all he aim^d at was the jurisdiction attached to the tribuneship for^the protection of the commons ; when he had cajoled the soldiery by donations, the people by distribution of corn, and men in general by the charms of peace, he (Octavius) began by gradations to exalt

the various changes of government which Tacitus has enumerated -with his usual comprehensive brevity. Each of them forms an important era, and all, well developed, would furnish a complete political history

' That is. Prince of the Senate ; a title well known in the time of the old repuhlic, and always given to the senator whose name stood first on the censor's roll. "When the consul called upon the fathers for their opinions, he began with the Princeps Senatus. Under that constitutional name, Augustus seemed rather to accept than to arrogate to himself the management of the state.

0. 3.] THE FAMILY OF AUGUSTUS. 3

himself over them ; to draw to himself the functions of the senate and of the magistrate, and the framing of the laws ; in which he was thwarted by no man ; the boldest spirits having fallen in some or other of the regular battles, or by proscription ; and the surviving nobility being distinguished by wealth and public honors, according to the measure of their promptness to bondage ; and as these innovations had been the cause of aggrandizement to them, preferring the present state of things with safety, to the revival of ancient liberty with personal peril. Neither were the provinces av-erse to that condition of affairs ; since they mistrusted the government of the senate and people, on account of the contentions among the great and the avarice of the magistrates : while the protection of the laws was enfeebled and borne down by violence, intrigue, and bribery.

3. Moreover, Augustus, as supports to his domination, raised his sister's son, Claudius Marcellus, a mere youth, to the dignity of pontiff and curule aedile; aggrandized by two successive consulships Marcus Agrippa, a man meanly born, but an accomplished soldier, and the companion of his victories ; and soon, on the death of Marcellus, chose him for his son-in-law. The sons of his wife, Tiberius Nero and Claudius Drusus, he dignified with the title of Imperator,^ though there had been no diminution in the memljers of his house. For into the family of the Csesars he had already adopted Lucius and Caius, the sons of Agrippa ; and though they had . not yet laid aside the puerile garment, vehement had been his ambition to see them declared princes of the Roman youth, and even designed to the consulship ; while he affected to decline the honors for them. Upon the decease of Agrippa, they were cut off, either by a death premature but natural, or by the arts of their step-mother Livia ; "^Lucius on his journey to the armies in Spain, Caius on his return from Armenia, ill of a wound : and as Drusus had been long since dead, Tiberius Nero was the only survivor of his step-sons.

' The title of Imperator implied no more than the commander of an army. It -was usually given by the soldiers in their, camp, or in the field after a victory, to the general whom they approved. Augustus, and the following emperors, granted the name to their favorites as an honorable distinction, Tiberius reserved it for the emperor only. See Annals, book iii. b. 74.

4 THE ANNALS. [p- '■

On him every honor was accumulated ; (to that quarter all things inclined ;) he was by Augustus adopted for his son, assumed colleague in the empire, partner in the tribunitian authority, and presented to the several armies ; not from the secret machinations of his mother, as heretofore, but at her open suit. For over Augustus, now very aged, she had obtained such absolute sway, that he banished into the isle of Planasia his only surviving grandson, Agrippa Posthumus ; a person destitute indeed of liberal accomplishments, and a man of clownish brutality with great bodily strength, but convicted of no heinous offense. The emperor, strange to say, set Germanicus, the son of Drusus, over eight legions quartered upon the Rhine, and ordered that he should be ingrafted into his family by Tiberius by adoption, though Tiberius had then a son of his own on the verge of manhood ; but the object was that he might stand firm by having many to support and protect him. War at that time there remained none, except that in Germany, kept on foot rather to blot out the disgrace sustained by the loss of Quintilius Varus, with his army, than from any ambition to enlarge the empire, or for any advantage worth contending for. In profound tranquillity were affairs at Rome. The magistrates retained their wonted names ; of the Romans, the younger sort had been born since the battle of Actium, and even most oMhe old during the civil wars : how few were then living wno had seen the ancient .free state!

4. The character of the government thus totally changed ; no traces were to be found of the spirit of ancient institutions. The system by which every citizen shared in the government being thrown aside, all men regarded the orders of the prince as the only rule of conduct and obedience ; nor felt they any anxiety for the present, while Augustus, yet in the vigor of life, maintained the credit of himself and house, and the peace of the state. '\But when old age had crept over him, and he was sinking under bodily infirmities, — when his end was at hand, and thence a ne^ source of hopes and views was presented, — some few there were who began to talk idly about the blessings of liberty : many dreaded a civil warothers longed for one ; while far the greatest part were occupied in circulating various surmises reflecting upon those who seemed likely to be their masters: — " That Agrippa was c. 5.] CHARACTER OF TIBERIUS. 5

naturally stern and savage, and exasperated by contumely; and neither in age nor experience equal to a task of such magnitude. Tiberius, indeed, had arrived at fullness of years, and was a distinguished captain, but possessed the inveterate and inherent pride of the Claudian family ; and many indications of cruel nature escaped him, in spite of all his arts to disguise it; that even from his early infancy he had been trained up in an imperial house; that consulships and triumphs had been accumulated upon him while but a youth. Not even during the years of his abode at Khodes, where under the plausible name of retirement, he was in fact an exile, did he employ himself otherwise than in meditating future vengeance, studying the arts of simulation, and practicing secret and abominable sensualities. That to these considerations was added that of his mother, a woman with the ungovernable spirit peculiar to her sex; that the Romans must be under bondage to a woman, and moreover to two youths,^ who would meanwhile oppress the state, and, at one time or other, rend it piecemeal."

5. While the public mind was agitated by these And similar /uiscussions, the illness of Augustus grew daily more serious, and some suspected nefarious practices on the part of his wife. For some months before, a rumor had gone abroad that Augustus, having singled out a few to whom he communicated his purpose, had taken Fabius Maximus for his only companion, had sailed over to the island of Planasia, to visit Agrippa; that many tears were shed on both sides, many tokens of mutual tenderness shown, and hopes from thence conceived that the youth would be restored to the household gods of his grandfather. That Maximus had disclosed this to Martia, his wife, — she to Livia; and that the emperor was informed of it: and that Maximus, not long after, dying, (it is doubtful whether naturally, or by means sought for the purpose,) Martia was observed, in her lamentations at his funeral, to upbraid herself as the cause of her husband's destruction. Howsoever that matter might have been, Tiberius was scarce entered Illyrium when he was summoned by a letter from his mother, forwarded with speed; nor is it fully known whether, at his return to Nola, he found

' DiTisus (the son of Tiberius) and Germanicus, who, at that time, commanded the legions on the 'Rhine.

6 THE ANNALS. [=■ i-

Augustus yet breathing, or already lifeless. For Liyia had carefully beset the palace, and all the avenues to it, with vigilant guards; and favorable bulletins vi^ere from time to time given out, until, the provisions which the conjuncture required being completed, in one and the same moment were published the departure of Augustus, and the accession of Tiberius.

6. The first atrocity of this new reign was the murder of Posthumus Agrippa: the assassin, a bold and determined centurion, found him destitute of arms, and little apprehending such a destiny, yet was scarce able to dispatch him. Of this transaction Tiberius avoided any mention in the senate ; he pretended that orders had been given by his father, in which he enjoined the tribune appointed to the custody of his person, " not ^o delay to slay Agrippa whensoever he himself had completed his last day." It is very true, that Augustus, having made imany and vehement complaints of the young man's demeanor, had obtained that his exile should be sanctioned by a decree of the senate; but he never hardened himself to the extent of inflicting death jipon any of his kindred ; neither is it credible that he murdered his grandson for the security and establishment of his step-son. ) More probable it is, that Tiberius and Livia, the former from motives of fear, the latter impelled by a step-mother's aversion, expedited the destruction of this joungjaaji, the object of their jealousy and hatred. J When the centurion, according to the custom of the army, acquainted Tiberius " that his commands were executed," he answered, " he had commanded no such execution, and that he must appear before the senate, and be answerable to them for it." When this came to the knowledge of Sallustius Crispus, who shared in his secret counsels, and had sent the centurion the warrant, he dreaded that he should be arraigned on a false charge of the assassination ; and perceiving it to be equally perilous to confers the truth or invent a falsehood, he warned Livia "that tJie secrets of the palace, the counsels of friends, and the ministerial acts of soldiers, should not be divulged ; that Tiberius should not enfeeble the force of princely authority by refcrrinji all things to the senate; that such were the conditions oi' sovereign authority, that an account should not stand good otherwise than if it were rendered to one alone."

0. 7.] ACCESSIOlSr OF TIBERIUS. 7

7. Now at Home, consuls, senators, and knights were rapidly degenerating .into a state of abject servitude ; and the higher the quality of any, so much the more false and forward ; all carefully framing their countenances so as not to appear overjoyed at the departure of the prince, nor oversorrowful in the commencement of a new reign, they intermingled tears with gladness, and wailings with adulation. Sextus Pompeius and Sextus Apuleius, at that time consuls, took first an oath of fidelity to Tiberius ; then administered it to Seius Strabo and Caius Turranius ; the former, captain of the prcetorian guards,^ the other, intendant of the public stores ; next, to the seprate, to the people, and to the soldiery : for Tiberius began qjl things by the consuls, as if the ancient republic still subsisted, and he were yet unresolved about assuming the sovereign rule ; even his edict for summoning the senate, he issued not but under the title of the tribunitian power, received by him under Augustus. The words of the edict, too, were few, and extremely modest. It imported that " he should consult them on the funeral honors proper to be paid his father : for himself, he would not depart from the corpse ; and that this alone of the public functions he took upon himself." Yet when Augustus was dead, he had given the word to the preetorian cohorts,^ as imperator; sentinels were stationed about the palace ; had soldiers under arms,- and ail the other appendages of a court ; went guarded into the forum, guarded to the senate ; wrote letters to the armies in the style of one who had obtained princedom ; nor did he ever hesitate, but when he spoke to the senate. The chief cause proceeded from fear lest Gerroanicus, who was master of so many legions, numberless auxiliaries, of the allies, who

' In every Roman camp the general's tent, or pavilion, -was called tlie Prsetorium, because the ancient Latins styled all their commanders. Praetors. Scipio Africanus formed a praetorian cohort, or a body of select men, who -were stationed near his pavilion, holding themselves in readiness to attend their general in all sudden emergencies. In the time of Augustus, the emperor's tent was called Prsetorium Augustale. The name was continued by his successors ; and the soldiers, who formed the emperor's body-giiard, were called the prsetorian cohorts, under the command of an officer, instituted with a special commission, in which he was styled Prsefeetus Prajtorii. The soldiers were for some time quartered at I^ome, till Sejanus, in order to forward his own dark designs, persuaded Tiberius to form a pratorian camp at a small distance from the city. See Annals, book iv. s. 2.

8 THE AXNALtf. ["■ '•

was wonderfully in favor with the people, might wish rather to possess the empire than to wait for it: he likewise sacrificed somewhat to fame, that he might seem chosen and called to the empire by the voice of the people, rather than to have crept darkly into it by the intrigues of a wife, and by adoption from a superannuated prince. It was afterward found, that this irresolution was counterfeited, that he might also penetrate into the designs and inclinations of-the great men : tor warping their words and their looks into crimes, he stored them up in his heart.

8. On the first day the senate met, he would suffer no other business to be transacted but that about the funeral of Augustus, whose last will, brought in by the vestal virgins, appointed Tiberius and Livia his heirs. Livia was adopted into the Julian family, and dignified with the name of Augusta : in the second degree of succession he appointed his grandchildren and their children ; and in the third degree he had named the great men of Rome, most of them hated by him : but out of vainglorj^, and for future renown. His legacies were not beyond tSa measure of a Konian citizen ; except that he left to the JKoman people 435,000 great sesterces, part to them as a pody, and part to bo distributed individually : to every somier of the prEetorian guards a thousand small sesterces ; to 4very soldier of the Eoman legions, and to every man in the cohorts of Eoman citizens, three hundred. The funeral honors werfr next considered. Of these, tlie most 'signal appeared the following: Asinius Gallus moved, that "the funeral should pass through the triumphal gate :" Lucius Arruntius, " that the titles of the laws which he had made, and the names of all the nations which he had conquered, should be carried before the corpse :" Valerius Messala added that " the oath of allegiance to Tiberius should be renewed every year ;" and being asked by Tiberius, " whether at his instigation he had made that motion V Messala said " he spoke it of his own accord ; nor would he ever be determined by any but his own counsel, in things which concerned the commonweal ; even though with the hazard of giving offense." This was the only form «f flattery which was left to the a^e. -The senators then concurred in a loud cry, " that upon their own shoulders they must bear the body to the pile." Tiberius granted the request with modest insolence, and cautioned the

>-. 9.] CKiTlClfe^iIS ON AUGUSTUS. 9

people by an edict, " that they would not insist that the corpse of Augustus should be burnt rather in the forum, than in the field of Mars, which was the place appointed, and act as they did on a former occasion, when from an excess of zeal they had disturbed the funeral solemnities of the sainted Julius." On the funeral day the soldiers were stationed as for a guard, I a circumstance which excited deep derision in those who had / either seen, or had -received from their fathers, a description' of that day of slavery yet crude and immature, and of liberty I unsuccessfully reclaimed, when the assassination of the dictator Caesar was regarded by some as a deed of unexampled atrocity, by others an achievement of superlative glory; "that now an aged prince, who had been long in possession of power, after having provided resources for hi^eirs, to be employed against the commonwealth, — that such'an one, foi'sooth, must be protected by a guard of soldiers in order that his interment might be undisturbed !"

9. Much discourse concerning Augustus himself followed : the multitude expressing their wonderment at things of no importance; "that the last day of his life, and the first of his reign, was the same ; that he died at Nola, in the same house, and in the same chamber, where his father Octavius died. Even the number of his consulships, equal to those of Valerius Corvinus and of Caius Marius together, was much talked of: that he had exercised the power of the tribuneship seven-and-thirty continued years : that he was one-and-twenty times proclaimed imperator; with otherjionors Repeated to him, or .created for Jiim." / OnTEe other hand, by men oF deeper discernment, his life was variously lauded or censured. His admirers said, "that by his filial piety to his father Cassar, and the necessities of the republic, where the laws no longer governed, he had been driven into civil war; which can_ never be begun or carried on by just and gentle rneans._jr^- deed, provided- he might t)e irevenged on tiieTnurderers of his father, he had made many sacrifices to Antony; many to Lepidus: but when Lepidus became torpid with sloth, and Antony was lost in sensuality, there was then no other remedy for his distracted country than the sovereignty of one: that the republic, however, had not been settled by him in the form of a kingdom or a dictatorship, but placed under the government of one with the title of prince ; that by him the

10 THE ANNALS. [b- i-

empire was fenced in. by the ocean and rivers far remote ;^ \the legions, the provinces, the navy, and all things were sysxematically connected; justice was dispensed to the citizens, moderation observed tovi^ard the allies, and Eome herself was adorned with magnificent structures : in a very few instances had force been employed, and in those only to secure the peace of the whole."

. 10. In answer to this it was urged, that "his filial piety, 'and the exigencies of the republic, were laid hold of as a pretense ; but that from an ardent lust of reigning, the veteran soldiers were worked upon by means of his largesses : and though a private youth, he had levied an army ; had corrupted the legions of the consul; that his interest _wi^lLthe_partyL of_Fom£evjTOs simuIatedj3tliaFsoon after, when, in virtue of a decree of the senate, he possessed himself of the fasces and the authority of the prtetorship, when Hirtius and Pansa, the two consuls, were slain, he had seized both their armies : (whether it was that the consuls fell by the enemy, or whether Pansa was killed by pouring poison into his wounds; and Hirtius cut off by his lown soldiers, and Csesar the contriver of this treason :) that by terror he had extorted the consulship in spite of the senate ; and turned against the commonwealth the very arms with which the commonwealth had intrusted him for her defense against Antony. To these were added his proscription of citizens ; the divisions of lands ; which were not commended even by the very persons who carried out the measure. But admitting that the deaths of Cassius and the Bruti were sacrifices offered to his father's hate of them, (though eternal justice demanded that he should have made personal j.niiaflsitigs.j deld to p ublic^goodjTyenLeTetrayed Pompey by the phantom of a peaceTXepidus by a specious show of friendship. And afterward, that Antony, having been ensnared by treaties, those of Tarentum and Brundusium, and by the marriage of his sister, paid with his life the penalty of that insidious alliance. After these things no doubt there was peace, but it was a bloody peace. There were, too, the disasters of Lollius, and of^Varus ; ..and at Eome, the Varrones, the Egnatii, the Juli, put to' death." Nor was his domestic life spared upon this occasion. "The abduction of