Life of Gregory the Seventh ; preceded by a sketch of the history of the papacy to the eleventh century

Front matter

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Book The Fourth. 1075—1077

p New Preparationa for the Subjection of Saxony — Repetition of the.

Local Rising — Opening of the Cffluncil at Rome, Feb. 23, 1075 — Threatening tone of the Pontiff — Development of the Rebellion in Saxony under the Influence of the Bishops — ^Militaiy Successes of Henry : his Victorious Return to Worms — His Abuse of Power, in particular against the Church, and in the Sale of Ecclesiastical Dignities — Protestations and Threatening Messages of Gregory VII. ■ — His Danger in Rome — Attack of Cinci — His Deliverance by the People — Reflections on that Event — Cinci takes Refuge at Henry's Court — The Diet of Worms — Deposition of Gregory VII. — Council of Rome — The Emperor defeated — Excommunications, Fundamental Articles promulgated by Gregory VII

Book The Fifth. 1076—1077

CoNPiDENCE of the Pontiff in his Cause — His Numerous Partisans in Italy — The Attachment shown to him by the Empress Agnes — Letter of Gregory VII. to the Nobles of the Teutonic Kingdom — Troubles in the Churches of Germany — Secession of several of the Bishops — Endeavour of Henry to appease the new Risings in Saxony — Many Saxon Princes restored to Liberty — Death of William, Bishop of Utrecht — Formation of a new Confederation against Henry — ^Letters from the Nobles of Germany to the Pontiff at Rome — Situation of Gregory — Death of the Empress Agnes — Death

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PAOK

of Beatrice — The Assembly of Spires — Perplexity of Henry — He is summoned by the Nobles of the Kingdom to appear before them at a General Diet, the following year — His Desperate Situation — He determines to go into Italy — The Difficulties of his Journey — His Arrival in Lombardy — Zeal of the Lombard Clergy in his Cause — He goes to Canossa — His Interview with the Countess Matilda — His Penance — He is admitted to the Pope's Presence : his Absolution — He dares not accept the Communion — Parting of Henry and Gregory VH. — Stay of ttie King in Lombardy — Diet of Forsheim , ^^

Book The Sixth

PbepIiBXIties of the German Nobles — Messages to Gregory "VII. and to Henry — Conduct of the Legates — Election of Rudolph — Situation of Gregory VIL at Canossa — New proof of the pious Attachment of Matilda — Return of the Pontiff to Rome — Henry enters Bavaria — His Success — Change in Public Opinion — Rudolph's Danger and Forced Retreat — His Coronation at Mayence : Sedition in the City — His Army disbands — He reaches Saxony, and is received with Great Honours — Policy of Gregory VII. — He manifests his intention of coming to Germany as Arbiter between the two Kings — The Saxons dissatisfied with the Pope — Admirable Letter addressed to him to their Bishops — Arming of the Saxons — Advance of Rudolph to Wurzburg — Movements of Henry — The two Armies meet on the Necker — Negotiations — Truce, and Provisional Division of the Empire — ^Fruitless Assembly of Mayence — Henry, excommunicated, arrives at Goslar — Death of the Empress at Rome — New Embassy from Henry to the Council of 1078 — New Negotiations — Henry marches into Saxony — Battle of Melrischald_ , , . 141

Book The Seventh. 1078—1080

Retreat of Henry — ^He holds a Diet at Ratisbon, and resumes his March on Saxony — Excesses committed by the Bohemians in his Army — ^Desperate Defence of the Saxons — Council held at Rome by Gregory VU. in 1078— The Pontiff still holds the Balance between the two Rivals — Continuation of the War — Retreat of Henry to

Mayence — Expedition undertaken by Rudolph — His Sickness

Message of the Saxons — The Conference of Fritzlar — New Council at Rome, February, 1079 — Sentence and Retraction of Berengarius — A Safe-conduct granted to him by the Pope — Reception of the

THE SECOND VOLtTME. vii

Ambassadors of Rudolph and of Henry — Their Arguments before the Council — Oaths taken by the two Embassies— Other Sentences pronounced by the Council : Excommunication of Thierry, Duke of Lorraine — Negotiations with Germany — Conferences of Wurzburg —Henry again carries the War into Saxony— Battle of Fladeokeim — Relations of Gregory VII. with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Hungary, and Bohemia — Excommunication of Boleslas, King of Poland — Resistance of William the Conqueror — Council of 1080 — Gregory VII. deposes the Emperor, and gives the Crown to Rudolph 190

Book The Eighth

CoKKESPONDENCB of Gregory VII. with William the Conqueror— His Advances to Robert Guiscard — Continuation of the War in Germany — Councils of Mayence and Brixena — Sentence of Deposition pronounced against Gregory VII. — Message of the Pope to Guiscard — Simon de Crfipy, son of the Count of Vermandois, chosen by the Pope as his Negotiator — Interview between Gregory VII. and Robert Guiscard — Alliance and promised Succour — New Events in Germany — Continuation of the War — Rudolph's Victory and Death 230

Book The Ninth. 1081—1084

AirsvAZ Srtroi) — Negotiations of Gregory VII. with the Saxons — Condition of Holy See in regard to Rudolph's Successor — Negotiations with the Normans — Mission of Didier, Abbot of Monte Cassino, to Robert Guiscard — Henry enters Lombardy — ^Invasion of the States of Matilda — Resistance of the great Countess — Henry at Lucca and Ravenna — Si©ge of Rome — Henry crowned Emperor by Guibertj under the Walls of Rome — ^He quits the Siege, and repairs to the North — Hermann elected by the Saxons— Civil War in Germany — Henry abandons the Siege of Rome — Expedition of Guiscard against the Greek Empire — Alexis seeks the Alliance of Henry— ^ Reverses experienced by Guiscard — Battle of Durazzo — Guiscard puts Alexis to Flight — Henry reappears before Rome (1082) — His attempts fruitless : he once more retires — Constancy of Matilda — Third March of Henry on Rome — He obtains Possession of the Leonine City, and convokes a Synod — Gregory VII. from the Castle of St. Angelo makes a desperate Appeal to Guiscard — Indecision of Henry: he negotiates with Gregory — Truce for the Holding of

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a new Council — Gregory's Demeanour there — Henry returns to Rome— Expedient proposed by Gregory VII. — Henry makes Alliance with Alexis: becomes finally Master of Rome, and is crowned there — ^Henry summonses before him the Abbot Didier, of Monte Cassino, and claims his Allegiance : Didier's Reply— Guiscard, in reply to Gregory's pressing Messages, marches to Rome, delivers the Pontiff, and gives over the City to Pillage- Intervention of Gregory to stay the Slaughter — New Council, and new Excommunication of Henry and Guibert — Gregory VII. leaves Rome with Guiscard— Matilda's Exertions in Favour of the Pope — Letter of Matilda 263