In the days of the councils a sketch of the life and times of Baldassare Cossa

Front matter

BOUGHT WITH Tl^rlMCOME OF THE

SAGE EISipOWMENT FUND

THE GIFT OF

Introduction

This work is an attempt to tell the story of the first part of the life and times of one of the most picturesque and remarkable men of the Middle Ages, Baldassare Cossa, who on the 17th May 1410 became Pope John the Twenty-third. In order accurately to appreciate the career and character of this churchman, it is necessary to have in the first place a clear perception of the state of the Church at the end of the fourteenth century, and in the second to realise its position with regard to the Empire. For the continued existence of the Holy Roman Empire and its connection with the Holy Roman Church are the two cardinal points of mediaeval history in Europe. In the days of Constantine the Great, and for some centuries after, the Empire and the Church were practically conterminous ; they represented the same body of people under different aspects; they were the civil and religious sides of Christendom. Later on they were typified as the Sun and the Moon in the heavens, as the Two Swords delivered to Saint Peter ; but the theory of their interdependence was not fully worked out until their connection was no longer unchallenged as formerly. The connection of the Empire and the Church gave rise to those two wonderful fictions known as the Donation of Constantine and the Translation of the Empire. Wiien Constantine the Great moved the seat of Empire to Byzantium (327), it was said that he gave Italy, some even maintained that he made over all the nations of Western Europe, to Pope Sylvester and his successors ; this was the so-called Donation of Constantine. Again, when nearly five hundred years later the Empire became vacant on the death of Constantine the Sixth, who was succeeded by the woman Irene, the Empire was transferred from the Greeks to the Franks, when Charles the Great was crowned vi IN THE DAYS OF THE COUNCILS

Imperator Augustus at Rome on Christmas Day 800; this was the Translation of the Empire. As the claims of the Papacy widened, the former fiction was found to be rather inconvenient ; but nevertheless a belief in the Donation and in the Translation remained part of the faith of most orthodox churchmen in the days of Baldassare Cossa. But the course of history had gradually made the theory of the interdependence of the Church and Empire no longer tenable in its entirety; instead of mutual co-operation there had been deadly feud; and the former relative position of the two powers had become seriously altered. It is necessary therefore to commence by giving a brief sketch of the status of the Holy Roman Empire at the outbreak of the Great Schism. It will then be advisable to describe the state of the Church at this time, having regard to the efforts at internal reform; for the life of Baldassare Cossa was spent in the midst of these endeavours. They were unsuccessful; and their want of success paved the way for, and rendered necessary, the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century. The origin of the Great Schism will then be briefly noticed, and a slight description given of the civil condition of the more important nations of Europe at that time, as introductory to the years when Baldassare Cossa first appeared in the arena of political life ; after which the events of his life and times will be treated more in detail. The story will be one of Church History ; but it will be necessary to gather up the threads of the history of other countries so far as they are connected therewith, the history of the diff^erent states of Italy, and of the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, and France ; in other words, as Carlyle says, ' We shall be obliged (what is our grand difficulty in this History) to note, in their order, the series of European occurrences ' in so far as they are connected with the story of the life of Baldassare Cossa. In the main the chronological sequence of events has been observed ; but this has been impossible in every instance ; and for a similar reason it has been impossible to avoid referring to some few events twice over. I have finished the story, for the present, at the death of Pope Alexander the Fifth ; and although with the advent of a new ruler of the Holy

INTRODUCTION vii

Roman Empire a great change comes over the spirit of the action, still I am painfully aware that I have merely reached a ' conclusion in which nothing is concluded.' It is my hope in the future, if life and health are spared, to complete the story of the Life and Times of Pope John the Twenty-third ; but the material is abundant, and opportunity intermittent. As regards what I have done, I may use the words of one who wrote four hundred years ago : ' How be it, I truste my symple reason hath ledde to the understandynge of the true sentence of the mater . . . desyrynge all the reders and herers therof to take this my rude " work " in gre, and yf any faute be, to laye it to myn unconnynge and derke ignoraunce, and to mynysshe, adde or augment as they shall fynde cause requysyte. And in theyr so doynge I shall pray to God that after this vayne and transytory lyfe he may brynge them unto the perdurable joye of heven. Amen.'

EUSTACE J. KITTS.

EVERSLEIOH, HeENE,

Worthing.

LISTS OF RULERS

THE POPES

Nicolas I. .

Gregory vn.

Victor III. .

Urban ii.

Paschal ii. .

Gelasius ii. .

Calixtus II. .

Honorius ii.

Innocent ii.

Celestiue ii.

Lucius II.

Eugenius iii.

Hadrian iv. .

Alexander iii.

Lucius III. .

Urban iii. .

Gregory vin.

Clement iii.

Celestine iii.

Innocent iii.

Honorius iii.

Gregory ix.

Celestine iv.

Innocent iv.

Alexander iv.

Urban iv.

Clement ix.

Gregory ix.

Innocent v.

Hadrian v. .

John XIX.

Nicolas III. .

Martin iv. .

Honorius iv.

Nicolas IV. .

Celestine v.

Boniface viii.

Benedict x.

The Popes

Clement v. .

John XXII. .

Benedict xii.

Clement vi.

Innocent vi.

Urban v.

Gregory xi.

at Avignon.

N.B. — Anti-popes omitted in the above list.

THE POPES DURING THE SCHISM The Popes at Rome.

X IN THE DAYS OF THE COUNCILS

Clement vii. .

Benedict xiii.

Alexander v.

John XXIII.

The Popes at Avignon.

The Popes of the Council.

Kings of Germany.

Kings of France.

Otto I.

936-973

Hugh Capet

987-996

Otto II.

973-983

Robert

996-1031

Otto III.

983-1002

Henry i.

1031-1060

Henry n.

1002-1024

Philip I.

1060-1108

Conrad ii.

1024-1039

Louis VI.

1108-1137

Henry iii.

1039-1056

Louis VII.

1137-1180

Henry iv.

1056-1106

Philip Augustus .

1180-1225

Henry v.

1106-1125

Louis vin. .

1225-1226

Lothair ii.

1125-1138

Louis IX. (Saint) .

1226-1270

Conrad iii.

1138-1152

Philip III. .

1270-1285

Frederic i.

1152-1190

Philip IV. (the Fair)

1285-1314

Henry vi.

1190-1196

Louis X.

1314-1316

Otto IV.

1196-1215

John I.

1316-1316

Frederic ii.

1215-1250

Philip V. .

1316-1322

Rudolf (Habsburg)

1276-1292

Charles iv. .

1322-1328

Adolf (Nassau) .

1292-1298

Philip VI. .

1328-1350

Albert i.

1298-1308

John II.

1350-1364

Henry vii. .

1308-1313

Charles v. .

1364-1380

Louis (Bavaria) .

1313-1347

Charles vi. .

1380-1422

Charles iv. .

1346-1378

Kings of Nap

LBS.

Kings of Hun

3ABY.

Charles i. (of Anjou)

1265-1285

Carobert

. 1310-1342

Charles ii. (the Lame)

1285-1309

Louis the Great .

1342-1382

Robert

1309-1343

Maria .

1382-1385

Joanna i. .

1343-1382

Charles (Durazzo)

1385-1386

Charles iii. (Durazzo)

1382-1386

Sigismund

. 1387-1437

Ladislas

1386-1414

Kings of Casi riLE.

Kings of Ar^

GON.

Peter (the Cruel)

1360-1369

Peter iv.

. 1336-1387

Henry ii.

. 1369-1379

John I.

. 1387-1395

John I.

1379-1391

Martin

. 1395-1412

Henry m. .

1391-1407

John II.

. 1407-1454

GENEALOGICAL TREES

XI

GENEALOGICAL TREES

THE HOUSE OF LUXEMBURG

Henry vn., Emperor (1308-1313).

John of Bohemia, d. 1346.

Charles iv. Bona, m. John ii. John Henry of Mor- Wenzel of Luxem-

Emperor of France. avia, m. Margaret burg.

I I I

Wenzel. Sigismuud. John of Goerlitz.

I

Elizabeth, m.

Anthony of

Brabant.

Jost.

Prokop.

I

Charles vi.

(1380-1422),

m. Isabel of

Bavaria.

THE VALOIS LINE

I

Louis I. of Anjou, d. 1384.

I

I

1"

Jean, D.

Berri.

Philip, D.

Burgundy.

Isabella, m. Gian Galeazzo.

Louia, D.

Orleans, m.

Valentine

Visoonti.

I I

Louis II. of Jean sans Feur, Anjou. D. Burgundy.

I

Antony of Brabant,

m. Elizabeth of

Goerlitz.

KINGS OF NAPLES AND OF HUNGARY

Charles i. (brother of Louis nc.) of Anjou (1265-1285). Charles ii. the Lame (1285-1309), m. Mary of Hungary.

(Hun gary )

(Naples) (Tarentum)

I

Charles Martel (1290-1301).

I

Robert r.

(1309-1.343).

I Philip II.

Carobert Charles of Louis, m.

(1310-1342). Calabria. Joanna i.

I I of Naples.

Louis the Great Andrew, m. Joanna i. (1343-1382), m.

(1342-1382).

! I

Maria, m. Hedwig, m.

Sigismund of Jagellon, alias

Hungary. LaJislas of Poland.

1) Andrew of Hungary. 'S) Louis of Tarentum.

3J James of Majorca. (4) Otto of Brunswick.

(Durazzo)

I John.

Louis of Gravina.

Charles of Durazzo.

Margaret, m. Charles ni. (1381-1386).

I Ladislas.

Joanna ii.

xii IN THE DAYS OF THE COUNCILS

MEMORANDUM OF ABBREVIATIONS

N.B. — The following abbreviations have been uaed for the authorities more frequently cited in the notes and references.

A.S.I. Archivio Storico Italiano, 1843.

Ammibato. Ammirato, Scipione : Istorie Florentine. 7 vols.^

AscHBAOH. Aschbachj Joseph : Geschichte Kaiser Sigmunds.

Barante. Barante, M. de : Histoire des Dues de Bourgogne de

la Maison de Valois. 14 vols., 1826.

Bess. Bess, Bernhard : Frankreichs Kirchenpolitik, 1891.

Bonet-Maury. Bonet-Maury, G. : Gerard de Groote, 1878.

a I' histoire de France : tome vi. — Livre des f aits du bon Messire Jean le Meingre, dit Boucicaut.

taining — ix., X. Sauerland : Cardinal Johannes Dominici. xxi. Blumenthal : Johann XXIII.

XXV. Bess : Frankreich und sein Papst von 1378

BURCKHABDT. Burckhai-dt, Jacob : The Civilisation of the Renais-

sance in Italy ; tr. Middlemore. 1904.

Bbyce. Bryce, James : The Holy Roman Empire. 1904.

Capes. Capes, W. W. : The English Church in the Four-

teenth and Fifteenth Centuries. 1900.

Capponi. Capponi, Gino : Storia della Repubblica di Firenze.

Chastenet. Chastenet, Bourgeois de : Nouvelle Histoire du Orni-

cile de Constance. 1718.

Chhistophe. Christophe, L'Abbe J.-B. : Histoire de la Papaute

CoviLLE. Coville, Alfred : Les Gabochiens et I'Ordonnance de

1413. 1888.

ABBREVIATIONS xiu

Cbeiohton. Creighton, M. : History of the Papacy. 6 vols.,

1897.

Decameron. Boccaccio, Giovanni : The Decameron ; tr. Rigg.

2 vols., 1906.

De Schismate. Theodorici de Nyem de Schismate Libri tres ; ed.

Georgius Erler. Leipzig, 1890.

Duchesne. Duchesne : lAber Pontificalis. 2 vols., 1886-92.

Ehrle. Archiv fuer Litteratur- und Kirchen-Geschichte des

Mittelalters, 1889-1900, containing — Ehrle : Aus den Aden des A/terconcils Perpignan,

1408 ; Neue Materialien zur Oeschichte Peters von

Luna ; and Die kirchenrechtlichen Schri/ten Peters

von Luna.

Erler. Erler, Georg : Dietrich von Nieheim. 1887.

1896.

Fbati. Frati, Lodovico : La Vita Privata di Bologna. 1900.

Freeman. Freeman, Edward A. : Historical Essays. 1886.

Froissart. Froissart, The Chronicles of; tr. Berners (Tudor

Translations). 6 vols., 1901.

Gardner. Gardner, Edmund G. : Saint Catherine of Siena.

1907.

Ghirar. Delia Historic di Bologna del R. P. M. Cheruhino

Ghirardacci Bolognese. Bologna, 1657.

Gibbon. Gibhon, Edward : Decline and Fall of the Roman

Empire; ed. Smith. 8 vols., 1881.

Kaiserzeit.

GoELLBR. Goeller, Emil : Koenig Sigismunds Kirchenpolitik.

1902.

Liber. 1690.

Gbegorovius. Gregorovius, Ferdinand : History of the City of

Rome in the Middle Ages ; tr. Annie Hamilton.

8 vols.

Gbube. Grube, Karl : Gerhard Groot und seine Stiftungen.

1883.

Hallam. Hallam, Henry : View of the State of Europe during

the Middle Ages. 3 vols., 1872.

Hahdt. Hardt, Hermann von der : Rerum Concilii Oecu-

Hazutt. Hazlitt, W. Carew : The Venetian Republic. 2 vols., xiv IN THE DAYS OF THE COUNCILS

Hbfelb.

Hebgenroether.

Hist. GSn.

HODQKIN.

HOEFLER.

HuEBNER.

Hunger.

Janus.

Jabry.

Kehrmann.

Lavisse.

Lea.

Lenfant.

Lindner {H. and L.).

Lindner ( W. ).

Mansi.

Martene.

Martin.

Matthew Paris.

MiCHELET.

MiLMAN.

Monstrelet.

MUR.

Palaoky,

Joseph von Hefele; sechster Band, xweite Auflage,

gesehiehte. 2 vols., 1902.

Histoire G^n^rale du iv" siecle a nos jours : Lavisse et

Ramhaud. 12 vols., 1893.

Hodgkin, Thomas : Italy and her Invaders. 8 vols.,

1892.

Hoefler, Karl Adolf Konstantin : Buprecht von der

Pfalz. Freiburg, 1861.

Huebner, Johann : Genealogische Tabellen. 1725. Hunger, Carl : Zur Geschichte Papst Johanns XXIII.

1876.

Le Pape et le Concile. Par Janus (Doellinger) ; tr.

Giraud-Teulon. 1869.

Jarry, E. : La Vie politique de Louis de France, Diic

d' Orleans. 1889.

Kehrmann, Carl : Frankreichs innere Kirchenpolitik.

1890.

Lavisse, Ernest : Histoire de France. 9 vols.,

1905.

Lea, Henry Charles : History of the Inquisition of the

Middle Ages; 3 vols., 1906.

Lenfant, Jaques : Histoire du Concile de Pise. Amsterdam, 1724.

Lindner, Theodor : Deutsche Geschichte unter

den Habsburgern und Luxemburgern. 2 vols.,

1890.

Lindner, Theodor : Geschichte des deutschen Reiches

unter Koenig Wenzel. 2 vols., 1876.

1717.

Martin, Henri : Histoire de France. 17 vols.,

1885. yiaXi'hew'Paxis's English History; tr. Giles. 3 vols.,

1852.

Michelet : Histoire de France. 19 vols. Milman, Henry Hart : History of Latin Christianity.

9 vols., 1883.

Monstrelet : Ghronique de 1400 a 1444. 1848. Ludovicus Antonius Muratorius : Rerum Italicarum

Scriptores. Milan, 24 vols., 1738.

Palacky, Franz : Geschichte von Boehmen. 7 vols.,

ABBREVIATIONS

XV

Pastor. Pastor, Ludwig : History of the Popes ; ed. Antrobus.

6 vols., 1899.

Platina. Platina, Baptists : Lives of the Popes ; tr. Rycaut.

1688.

Poole. Poole, Reginald Lane : Illustrations of the History of

MeditBval Thmght. 1884.

Rashdall. Rashdall, Hastings : The Universities of Europe in

the Middle Ages. 2 vols., 1895.

von Raumer. Leipzig, 1889 : containing Erler,

Schisma.

1766.

Reinke. Reinke, Georg : Frankreich und Papst Johann XXIII.

1900.

que du Religieux de Saint-Denys ; ed. Bellaguet.

6 vols., 1842.

1899.

Paepste. Leipzig, 1874.

RocQUAiN. Rocquain, Felix : La Papaute au Moyen Age.

1881.

Roem. Quart. Roemische Quartalschrift, 1894: containing Schmitz,

L. : Die Quellen zur GescMchte des Konzils von

Cividale, 1409.

Sabatier. Sabatier, Paul : Vie de S. Frangois d' Assise.

1906.

Salembier, Salembier, Ludovicus : Petrus ah Alliaco. 1886.

Sauerbrei. Sauerbrei, Moritz : Die italienische Politik Koenig

Sigmunds. 1893.

Schwab. Schwab, Johann Baptist : Johannes Gerson. 1868.

SisMONDi (F.). Sismondi, Simonde de : Histoire des Franfais. 33

vols.

SiBMONDi (/. JB.). Sismondi, Simonde de : Histoire des R^publiques

Italiennes du Moyem Age. 10 vols., 1840. Stevenson. Stevenson, Francis Seymour : Robert Grosseteste,

1899.

Sauerland, H. B. : Gregor XII. von seiner Wahl

Symonds. Symonds, John Addington: Renaissance in Italy:

The Age of the Despots. 1897.

Tabtini. Rerum Italicanim Scriptores. Florence, 1770 : con-

taining Cronica di Piero Minerbetti, xvi IN THE DAYS OF THE COUNCILS

TsoHAOKERT. Tschackert, Paul : Peter von Ailli. 1877.

Ullman. Ullman, C. : Reformers before the Reformation; tr.

Menzies. 2 vols., 1860.

Valois. Valois, Noel : La Frame et le Grand Sehisme d'Occi-

dent. 4 vols., 1896.

Wylie. Wylie, James Hamilton : History of England under

Henry the Fourth. 4 vols., 1884.

Yriarte. Yriarte, Charles: Un Condottiere au acif sieele.

Table Of Contents

THE INTRODUCTION, containing the plan of the work,

LISTS OF RULERS The Popes, . ' .

Kings of Germany, Kings of France, Kings of Naples, Kings of Hungary, Kings of Castile, Kings of Aragon, .

Chapter I

Charles the Great. The Holy Roman Empire. The Donation of Constantine and the False Decretals. Otto the Great. The AVorld-Empire and the World-Religion. The emblem of the Soul and the Body. Rise of the Papacy. Hildebrand. The humiliation of Canossa. The Donation of Charlemagne and the strife as to the Investitures. Frederic Barbarossa. Innocent the Third and the plenitudo potestatis. Frederic the Second and the Fall of the Hohenstaufen. The Great Interregnum. The Bull Vnam Sanctam. Pretensions of

b

XVIU the Papacy pushed to the uttermost. Boniface the Eighth and Philip the Fair. Pierre du Bois and John of Paris. Jordan of Osnabruck and Dante. Lupoid of Bebenburg. The Babylonish Captivity. John the Twenty-second and Louis of Bavaria. The sentiment of nationality. Marsiglio of Padua and the Defensor Pacts. Louis of Bavaria at Rome. William of Ockham. Death of Louis of Bavaria. The Emperor Charles the Fourth. The Golden Bull, 1

CHAPTER II THE HOLY ROMAN CHUKCH (/) Its Popular Side

The universal religion. The universal language. The Holy Roman Church in the days of its greatest splendour and glory. The Church as a temporal power. The Church as landowner. Its power in Germany. Courts spiritual. Employment of the clergy. Church festivals. Feast of the Ass. German village festivals. The Church as Schoolmaster. The Church as Physician, . . . .36

(//) Seculars and Regulars

Effects of Hildebrand's reforms. The thirteenth century. The Papacy at Avignon. Social and moral corruption. Financial needs of the Pope. The Papal revenues. Moral reputation of the Popes. Character of the Cardinals. The Bishops. Worldly character of the Bishops. The necessity for 'Caesarian clergy.' The Bishops in Germany. The Archdeacons. The rural Deans. The spirit of insubordination. The beneficed clergy. The parish priests. Parish priests in England. The Monasteries. The Nunneries. The Friars of the Four Orders, . . 65

(///) Heresy and Reform

Heresy in the twelfth century. Albigenses, Paterines, or Cathari. Waldenses or Poor Men of Lyons. The Franciscans. Destruction of heresy in France. Heresy in Spain. Heresy in Italy. John Wyclif. Heresy in Germany. The Flagellants, Dancers, Beghards, and others. The German mystics. Reason and faith. Gerhard Groot. His teaching. The Brethren of the Common Life. Florentius Radewin. The Canons of the Common Life. Conrad ^Faldhauser. Milic. Mathias of Janow. The University of Paris, . 82

TABLE OF CONTENTS xix

Chapter III Paok

Death of Gregory the Eleventh. Necessity for the return to Rome. Peace conference. Election of the new Pope. Urban the Sixth. The Great Schism. Its effect on the political and ecclesiastical worlds. France and the Schism. The Cardinals and the Schism. State of Western Europe. Three young Kings. Insanity of the French King. Sloth of King Wenzel. Civil schism in Germany. Social and moral condi^on of Italy. Political development of Italy. The Kingdom of Naples. 'Pax vobiscum.' Society in the Middle Ages. Social condition of France, Germany, and England. The Black Death and after. Duty of the Emperor in reference to the Schism. Plan of General Council. Difficulties. Scepticism and mistrust consequent on the Schism. Anti-papal spirit in the University of Paris. Theology of Pierre d'Ailly, . . .105

Chapter IV

Neapolitan nobility. Family of Baldassare Cossa : his birth. Piracy in early life. Habit of late rising. Choice of the Church as a profession. The ' way of fact.' The expedition of the first Duke of Anjou. Urban the Sixth and Charles of Durazzo. Death of Urban the Sixth. The University of Bologna. Cossa at Bologna. His contemporaries. Election of the new Pope. Boniface the Ninth. Expedition of the second Duke of Anjou. Costliness of the 'way of fact.' Theological Faculty of the University of Paris. Overtures of Boniface. Coffer in the Cloister of the Mathurins. Death of Clement the Seventh. Election of the new Pope at Avignon. Cossa, Archdeacon of the University of Bologna. Politics of Bologna. Cossa in the field. Cossa private chamberlain. The Jubilee. Cossa's work as private chamberlain. John of Nassau. First black score against King Ladislas. Character of Ladislas. Dietrich von Niem. Cossa's simony and sensuality. His real character, . . 140

XX IN THE DAYS OF THE COUNCILS

Chapter V The Way Of Cessiok

PAGE

Three parties in Church politics in France. Benedict the Thirteenth. Altered relations between France and the Pope. ' Way of cession.' Embassy of the royal dukes. Benedict refuses to accept the 'way of cession.' Results of the embassy. Justification of the refusal of the ' way of cession.' The ' way of convention.' French embassies to other European courts. Want of continuity in French policy. Robert the Hermit. Embassy of the three Kings. Diet of Frankfurt. Meeting of Wenzel and Charles : embassy of Pierre d'Ailly. D'Ailly at Rome. The subtraction of obedience. Froissart's account of ]!)'Ailly's mission to Avignon. Palace of the Popes at Avignon. Siege of the Palace. The siege raised. Cardinals in Paris. Effects of the subtraction of obedience. The White Penitents. Deposition of King Wenzel. Rupert^ King of the Romans. The schism in the Empire. Rupert's unsuccessful invasion of Milan. Rupert's election confirmed by the Pope. The restitution of obedience. Escape of Pope Benedict. Obedience restored. Reconciliation with the Pope, ..... 171

Chapter VI

Appointment of Baldassare Cossa as Papal Legate at Bologna. Gian Galeazzo sole Lord of Lombardy. Acquires Pisa and other cities. Bentivoglio becomes Lord of Bologna. Gian Galeazzo acquires Bologna. Death of the Duke of Milan. The army of the allies before Bologna. Bologna restored to the Church. Discontent of Florence. Description of Bologna. Work and taxes. Games of chance. Women of pleasure. Unpopularity of the Legate. The heirs of the Duke of Milan. Treason in Bologna. Purchase of Faenza. Pope Benedict after his imprisonment. ' Via conventionis.' Gerson's New Year's sermon. Benedict's embassy to Rome. Death of Boniface the Ninth. Negotiations before the election of a new Pope. Cosmato de' Megliorati. Extension of the obedience of Benedict. Benedict's journey to Genoa. Papal exactions in France. Fourth council of the clergy at Paris. Speech of Pierre d'Ailly. Renewal of the subtraction of obedience. Reign of Pope Innocent the Seventh. Cossa at Bologna. War with the Constable. Rise of the party of neutrality in Germany under John of Nassau. Benedict in the Riviera, ..... 210

TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi

Chapter VII

Plan The election of the new Pope at Rome. Angelo Corrario. Gregory's initial resolution to resign. Bologna as a meeting-place for the Popes. Gregory's letter to Benedict. The embassy to Benedict. The Treaty of Marseilles. Probable result of a convention. The embassy from Paris. Savona. French embassy reaches Aix. Received by Benedict at Marseilles. Public audience. Demand for a Bull. Ambassadors in a quandary. Benedict's reason for refusing a Bull. Departure of the embassy. Bull of excommunication prepared. T^e nephews of Pope Gregory. French embassy at Rome. Gregory's want of money. Negotiations with the French embassy. Final reply of the Pope. Benedict observes the Treaty of Marseilles. Attempt of Ladislas on Rome. Gregory goes to Siena. His embassy at Savona. Assassination of the Duke of Orleans. Porto Venere. Pope Gregory at Lucca: negotiations. Rome taken by Ladislas. The news reaches Lucca. Predominance of Ladislas. Gregory creates new cardinals. The old cardinals desert Gregory. Benedict and Boucicaut. Breach with France. Pope's Bull torn to pieces. Benedict sends four cardinals to Leghorn. Original proposal for a General Council. Misapprehension of Benedict as to the proposal. Benedict leaves Porto Venere. Gregory's cardinals withdraw their obedience. Gregory leaves Lucca. 'Way of a Council.' Baldassare Cossa the author of the Council of Pisa. Florence offers Pisa for the Council. The rival Popes invited, 247

Chapter VIII

Attitude of the Popes. The ' conclusions ' of the University of Bologna. Pierre d'Ailly and Jean Gerson on the proposed Council. Opposition. Rupert, King of the Romans. The Diet at Frankfurt. King Wenzel. The University of Prague. Ladislas of Naples. Ladislas in league with Gregory. League of Florence with Baldassare Cossa. Negotiations with Ladislas. Cossa and Filargi at Florence. Gregory excommunicates Cossa. Provincial Council at Florence. Ladislas prepares to invade Tuscany. His banner. 'King Waste-crop' in Tuscany. Exertions of Sigismund on behalf of Gregory. The right of convocation. Sigismund's xxii IN THE DAYS OF THE COUNCILS

Pi.O£

negotiations. Carlo Malatesta, Sigismund, and the Venetian Republic. Desertion of Pope Gregory. French support of the Council of Pisa. Benedict declines to recognise the Council of Pisa. Opening of the Council of Perpignan. Proceedings of the Council. Proceedings of the Council held by Gregory at Cividale. Gregory escapes to Ladislas. Adherents of the rival Popes. Attitude of England. France and the Council, . . . . .289

Chapter IX Pisa

Pisa. Its situation. Transferred to Florence by Gabriel Maria Viscontl. Revolt of the Pisans. Surrender to Florence. Occupied by Florentine troops. Importance of the Council of Pisa. The city at the time of the Council. Assemblage of representatives. Ecclesiastics at the Council. ' De auferibilitate Papae ab Ecclesia.' Opening ceremony, . . 323

Chapter X

First general Session. Second and Third Sessions. Easter. King Rupert's embassy. Fourth Session : ' Pax Vobis. ' Commission to consider the German objections. Flight of the German embassy. Carlo Malatesta at Pisa. His unsuccessful negotiation with the Council. Fifth general Session : Commission appointed to investigate the charges against the Popes. Arrival of French and English ecclesiastics. Sixth Session : Bishop Hallam's sermon. Seventh Session : answer to the German objections. Recognition of Wenzel as King of the Romans. Approaching arrival of Benedict's ambassadors announced. Eighth Session : Announcement of the oecumenical character of the Council. Ninth Session : withdrawal of obedience ; the importunate Englishman. Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Sessions : evidence read ; further evidence to be taken. Bulls from Pope Benedict. Evidence as to heresy. Bishop of Novara's assembly and the Thirteenth Session. Fourteenth Session : further evidence read. Fifteenth Session : Deposition of the rival Popes. Spread of the news. Preparations for the election of a new Pope. Arrival of Cardinal de Chalant. Sixteenth and Seventeenth Sessions : arrival of Cardinal Baldassare Cossa. Eighteenth Session : arrival of Benedict's ambassadors. Commission at Saint Martin's to hear the embassy. Last Session of the Popeless Council. The election of the new Pope, . . . 342

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