A history of the Jewish people during the Maccabean and Roman periods : (including New Testament times)

Front matter

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Contents

PARl^ I

THE MACCABEAN PERIOD OP JEWISH HISTORY

I

II The Causes And Occasion Of The Maccabean Uprising

Section 11. The spiritual forces in conflict. 12. Hellenism in Judea. 13. The uncompromising spirit of Judaism. 14. The increasing antagonism of Judaism to Hellenism. 15. Antiochus Epiphanes and the high-priesthood. 16. The treachery of Menelaus. 17. Jason's venture and its terrible issue in Jerusalem. 18. The Romans meet Antiochus in Egypt. 19. The disastrous result of that meeting to the Jews. 20. Jerusalem's destruction and the flight of many of its citizens. 21.

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The time of sifting ; the impulse toward expanding the canon of Scripture. 22. The faith that would not swerve. 23. The fidelity of Mattathias in Modein. 24. The uplifting of the standard of Judaism. 25. The beginning of the struggle. 26. The company of the Hasideans and the death of Mattathias.

Ill

THE SUCCESSFUL STRUGGLE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

Section 27. The sons of Mattathias. 28. The victories of Judas over ApoUonius and Seron. 29. The army under Nicanor, Ptolemy, and Gorgias that was to root out the Jews. 30. Its double discomfiture. 31. The battle of Bethsur. 32. The restoration and rededication of the temple. 33. Judaism takes fresh courage ; it guards anew the temple and inquires after its sacred writings. 34. Judas devotes attention to neighboring hostile peoples. 85. The successful campaigns in Galilee and across the Jordan. 36. The unfortunate attempt of Joseph and Azarias. 37. The death of Antiochus Epiphanes. 38. The ensuing rivalries in the Syrian court. 39. The battle of Bethzacharias. 40. The second part of the Book of Enoch. 41. Judaism's dark hour. 42. Unexpected deliverance and complete religious freedom. 43. The situation in Judea.

IV The Long Contest For Political Freedom

Section 44. The new reason for conflict ; the high-priest Alcimus. 45. Startling changes in the Syrian court. 46. Bacchides installs Alcimus, and the Hasideans suffer. 47. The mischievous activity of Alcimus. 48. The battle of Capharsalama. 49. The victory of Adasa and "Nicanor's Day." 50. Judas appeals to Rome. 51. An alliance formed and Syria warned, 52. The defeat and death of Judas. 53. The Hellenists triumph for a while; Jonathan chosen leader of the nation. 54. Jonathan repulses Bacchides. 65. Alcimus again shows hia

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Hellenistic aims. 66. The Hellenists conspire against Jonathan, who affects an alliance with Bacchides. 57. Jonathan makes Michmash his capital and cements his power.

THE ATTAINMENT OF INDEPENDENCE

Section 58. A court comedy in Syria in which Jonathan has a part. 59. Jonathan's splendid gains from rivalries in Syria. 60. Jonathan defeats ApoUonlus near Jamnia. 61. Demetrius II. becomes King of Syria. 62. Jonathan obtains more territory and privileges. 63. Jonathan's proof of friendship to Demetrius. 64. Antiochus, son of Alexander, wins the support of Jonathan, who afterward defeats Demetrius. 65. Jonathan renews friendship with Rome and Sparta. 66. The land is guarded against Demetrius. 67. The citadel cut off by a wall. 68. Tryphon's treachery and Jonathan's imprisonment. 69. Simon takes the leadership; Jonathan murdered. 70. The national situation at this time. 71. Judea gains political independence.

VI JUDAISM m SYRIA AND EGYPT

Section 72. The twofold relationship of the Jews in Antioch and Alexandria. 73. The flight of Onias to Egypt. 74. The temple near Leontopolis. 75. The relation of this temple to the temple in Jerusalem. 76. The real reason for building the temple in Egypt. 77. The true genius of Egyptian Judaism. 78. The two facts which help to explain the character of nearly all GrsBCO-Jewish literature. 79. The acquaintance of the Jews with the literature of the Greeks. 80. The philosophic interest of the Alexandrian Jews. 81. The work of Aristobulus. 82. The general character of the Book of Wisdom. 83. Its great theme. 84. Wisdom in its relations to' God. 85. The comprehensiveness of the term on its human side. 86. The teachings of the book about God and the life beyond. 87. The message of the Sibyl. 88. Outline of Book HI. of Sibylline Oracles and the purpose of the book.

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THE HAPPY DAYS OF SIMON'S REIGN Sections 89-98. Pages 87-96 Section 89. Simon's vigorous action in capturing Gazara, Bethsur, and the citadel in Jerusalem. 90. Changes attendant upon the capture of the citadel and Simon's successful administration of affairs. 91. His encouragement of commerce and agriculture. 92. The unparalleled honor given him by the people. 93. Renewed alliance with Rome ; its value. 94. Simon's coinage of money. 95. Fresh troubles in Syria, in which Simon becomes involved. 96. Jonathan and Judas, sons of Simon, defeat a Syrian army. 97. The treacherous murder of Simon and his sons. 98. The record of First Maccabees.

TERRITORIAL EXPANSION UNDER JOHN HYRCANUS

Section 99. John Hyrcanus, Simon's son, becomes leader and seeks to avenge the murder of his father. 100. Antiochus Sidetes besieges Hyrcanus in Jerusalem, but concludes a treaty of peace. 101. The probable influence of Rome. 102. The changes in Syrian affairs give Hyrcanus opportunity to establish himself in power. 103. He engages foreign troops, makes several successful expeditions, and destroys the Samaritan temple. 104. Compels the Idumeans to be circumcised. 105. He lays siege to Samaria and carries the northern boundary of the kingdom to Carmel and Scythopolis.

IX

INTERNAL DIVISIONS AND THE GROWTH OF PARTIES

Section 106. The effect of territorial expansion upon the varied interests of the nation. 107. The party of the Pharisees. 108. Their doctrine of Providence. 109. Their doctrine of the future life. 110. The party of the Sadducees. 111. Their doctrines of Providence and of the future life. 112. The effect

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of their creed upon their political activity. 113. The Essenes.

114. The origin of the peculiar teachings promulgated by them.

115. The breach of Hyrcanus with the Pharisees. 116. The method by which he opposed them. 117. The general character of his administration.

THE REVIVAL OP HELLENISM AND THE STRUGGLE OF PARTIES

Section 118. The leading question of the time. 119. Aristobulus, the son of Hyrcanus, usurps the rulership and favors anti- Pharisaic tendencies. 120. His brief reign of one year ended by a fatal illness. 121. He is succeeded by the infamous Alexander Jannseus. 122. His unsuccessful wars by which all the gains of the past were imperilled. 123. The timely interference of Cleopatra. 1 24. Successful expeditions to the east of the Jordan and into Philistia. 125. Jannaeus insults the people at the Feast of Tabernacles, and a terrible massacre follows. 126. The Pharisees stir up rebellion against him; civil war for six years. 127. Jannseus is defeated at Shechem and becomes relentless against the Pharisees. 128. He becomes involved in Syrian troubles. 129. A period of successful campaigns is followed by his death in 78 B.C. 130. The results of his reign.

XI

FATAL DISSENSIONS AND THE COMING OF THE ROMANS

Section 131. Alexandra and the Pharisees. 132. How the interests of the law were furthered. 133. The revengeful spirit of the Pharisees. 134. Threatened invasion of Tigranes of Armenia. 135. Aristobulus and the Sadducees get possession of strongholds. 136. Alexandra dies. 137. Aristobulus compels Hyrcanus II., the rightful successor, to give him the rulership, and the Pharisees are ignored. 138. Antipater, the Idumean, interferes, and Aristobulus is besieged upon the temple mount. 139. Scaurus, the Roman general, sides with

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Aristobulus. 140. Hyrcanus, Aristobulus, and the people make appeal to Pompey. 141. Pompey, being resisted by Aristobulus, resolves to take the city by force. 142. Aristobulus seizes the temple mount, but is finally overcome by the Romans. 143. The administrative changes which made void the work of years. 144. The estimate of it all by the Pharisees. 145. The Psalms of Solomon ; their teaching regarding the Messiah. 146. Their teaching about the resurrection and immortality of the righteous.