Young India; an interpretation and a history of the nationalist movement from within

Front matter

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Foreword

Mr. Lajpat Rai, the author of this book, is one of the most widely known, most honoured and most influential public men in India. For more than twentyyears he has been a leading member of the bar in Lahore, the capital city of the large province of the Punjab, and has long been prominent in public affairs both local and national.

From almost the beginning of the National Indian Congress he has been an active leader in that body, which is the most important political organization in the country. The last time I was in India (two and a half years ago) I found that he was being widely talked of for the Presidency of the Congress at its approaching yearly meeting.

Conspicuous in Indian educational work and a founder of the large and flourishing Anglo-Vedic College in Lahore, he has for a dozen years or more held the position of either Vice-President or Honourary Secretary of the College, and also that of Lecturer in History.

He started The Pimjabee, a leading paper in the province, published in English, and has edited a monthly magazine and a weekly paper printed in the vernacular, besides writing for other Indian periodicals and for reviews in London.

The Arya Samaj, an important, fast growing and viii FOREWORD

influential movement of religious reform in India, which rejects idolatry and caste and is active in promoting education, social reforms and the elevation of woman, counts Mr. Rai among its honoured leaders.

He has organized relief work during periods of famine in India, and has for some years led in an extensive movement for the elevation of the " Depressed Classes," that is, the forty millions of " outcasts " or " untouchables " whose condition is so miserable. Several years ago I attended a National Conference to promote this work, at which he presided and delivered a powerful address.

Mr. Lajpat Rai has made three or four extended visits to England and three to America. In England he has spoken in many cities as a delegate from the National Indian Congress, for the purpose of acquainting the British public with the real condition of things in India, and to urge upon the British Government the granting to the Indian people of certain important political reforms. In America he has made a careful study of our history and institutions, our industrial and social movements, our political and religious life, and especially our schools and universities, and our educational systems and methods. He is impressed with the leadership which the United States is attaining in the world of education, particularly education in scientific, industrial, technological and agricultural directions, and he finds much here which he desires to see introduced into his own country.

From the beginning of the New National Move-

FOREWORD ix

ment in India, Mr. Rai has been one of its most prominent leaders. He is an ardent patriot, is proud of his country, her civilization, her literature and her great place in the world's history, and he believes she is destined to have a great future, commensurate with her great past. But now she is a subject land, ruled by a foreign power, her own people having practically no voice in the direction of their own national affairs or the shaping of their future destiny. This deeply grieves and galls him, as it does a large part of the Indian people. The Nationalist Movement, of which he gives an account in this book, is a protest against present political conditions, and a demand for larger freedom and independence. Indeed, its aim is self-rule ; not necessarily severance of connection with the British Empire, but partnership in the Empire, — home rule inside the Empire like that enjoyed by Canada, Australia and South Africa.

The British Government of India frowns upon this Nationalist Movement, tries to suppress it, and places its leaders under ban. This is the way despotic governments always treat subject peoples as soon as they grow restive in their bonds and try to loosen them or throw them off. Mr. Lajpat Rai has had to pay heavily for his patriotism. In 1907 he was seized by the Government and, without trial or even being told what was his offence, was secretly sent away to prison in Burmah, and kept there six months. He was suspected of disloyalty and sedition, but not the slightest evidence was found against him. His only crime was that he was a Nationalist, x FOREWORD

and was working in perfectly open and legal ways to secure greater liberty for his country. After his release from prison, he brought legal suits against two newspapers, one in India and one in London, that had published charges of sedition against him ; and, notwithstanding the fact that the powerful influence of the Government was on the side of the papers, he won both suits, — so clear was his case.

For a full dozen years India has been seething with unrest, seething with dissatisfaction over present political conditions. During the past ten years there has been not a little bomb throwing and not a few signs of revolution. When the present European war broke out there were at once increased outward expressions of loyalty ; but the unrest has remained. When the war is over what will happen? That will depend, Mr. Lajpat Rai believes, upon the course pursued by the British Government. If the Government in a generous spirit meets India's just demands, there will be no revolution. If the Government blindly and obstinately refuses, the worst may happen.

While Mr. Rai is an ardent and uncompromising advocate of the Nationalist Cause, he has always counselled procedure by evolutionary and not by revolutionary measures, by vigorous and determined agitation and not by bomb throwing. Throughout his entire career he has striven by every means, through speech and the press, in India and in England, to move the British Government to prevent revolution, in what he believes is the only possible

FOREWORD xi

way, namely, by inaugurating and carrying out honestly a policy of justice to the Indian people.

There is in sight an Indian Renaissance. There is a " New India in the Making." Indeed the stirrings of new life in India are hardly less marked, less profound or less revolutionary, than in Japan or China. Of this the book gives a vivid and reliable picture, — and, what is of great importance, a picture from the inside.

We have many books which portray Indian conditions as foreigners see them, — particularly as they are seen by Christian missionaries and by the British rulers of the country. At last we have a book which gives us the life, the experiences, the wrongs, the sufferings, the hopes, the aims, the motives, and, what at the present time is most important of all, the political ideals and ambitions of the Indian people themselves, portrayed by one of their own number, a leader who has been in the very heart of the struggle from the beginning, and who has felt it all in his own life and his own soul.

It is a message to every man and woman in America, and in Great Britain, too, who loves justice and hates oppression, and who wants to know about one of the most heroic struggles for liberty now going on in the world.

My own intimate acquaintance with India for many years gives me a greatly increased sense of the value of Mr. Rai's book. Perhaps nothing in the volume will be found more surprising or more interesting to Americans than the overwhelming evidence of the dissatisfaction of India with her presxii FOREWORD

ent political condition, and the fact that the Indian people want home rule, want it more earnestly than they want anything else, and that probably nothing less than this will keep them loyal to Great Britain. This feeling, which had been growing fast for years before the war broke out, has since sprung into a passion. And we may be sure that the flame will not burn with less intensity when the soldiers return who have been risking their lives for Great Britain in Turkey and Egypt and France, and who have been learning new lessons of self-reliance, freedom and independence from their contact with the great world.

It is hardly possible today to take up an Indian periodical of any kind, Hindu or Mohammedan, secular or religious (I myself regularly subscribe for and read nine, two of the number making a specialty of a monthly summary of Indian press opinion), without being brought upon some expression of this universal desire for self-rule. The people are disposed to be patient and considerate, and make no demands upon the Government that will be embarrassing so long as the war lasts. But everything indicates that when peace comes they will be in nq mood to be treated like children and put off with the usual vague and meaningless promises.

Since India has borne faithfully and loyally her part in the war, one of the distinct stipulations in the treaty of peace at the end should be the granting to her of home rule. This is as much her right as is autonomy the right of Belgium or Poland. This right is recognized by not a few Englishmen ; it

FOREWORD xiii

should be recognized by the whole nation, and put into effect generously, freely, without waiting for struggle and bloodshed. The advantage to Great Britain would be incalculable. It would remove from her as a nation her most threatening danger, and it would give to her Empire a solidity and permanent strength such as it cannot otherwise secure.

While India wants freedom to shape her own affairs, her wisest minds do not desire separation from England. They recognize many strong ties between the two countries which they would not see broken. While they are determined not much longer to lie prostrate beneath England's feet, they would gladly stand by her side, arm in arm with her, firmly united for great ends of mutual welfare and mutual strength. An Anglo-Indian Empire is one of the splendid possibilities of the future, binding Britain and her colonies and her great Asiatic possession together into a powerful world-spanning federation of free peoples. Something like this is the dream of India's greatest leaders, as it is also the dream of not a few of Britain's most far-seeing minds. -

When this world-revolutionizing war is over, Great Britain must reshape after a larger and more adequate pattern her whole scheme of Imperial Government. She must become a Federated Empire. There must be self-government at home, not only for Ireland but also for Scotland, Wales and England. And there must be self-government abroad, not only for Canada, Australasia and South Africa, but, as not less imperative and not less wise, for India also, to be followed in time, as conditions can be xiv FOREWORD

made favourable, by self-rule more or less complete for all of Britain's more important dependencies.

The danger is that Britain may forget India or thrust her aside, as in the past, to the position of a mere dependency. If she does this she will plant a cancer in the heart of her Empire, she will create a volcano under her throne. It will take courage and large statesmanship to give India home rule, as it took large statesmanship and courage to give home rule to South Africa. But the splendid venture must be made. And, made in the right spirit, it will succeed as perfectly as it did in South Africa.

Has Great Britain statesmen sufficiently farsighted, with adequate genius and courage, to do to India the splendid justice of giving her the home rule which is her right, and then to create a worldcircling federation of free peoples with India a partner in it, — a real Anglo-Indian Empire? It would be the most brilliant, constructive and noble work of statesmanship known to the modern world.

Now that Canadians, Australians, New Zealanders and South Africans as well as Englishmen, Scotchmen, Welshmen and Irishmen have fought side by side with the soldiers of India, shedding their blood in a common cause, why should they not all gladly welcome those heroic and loyal men of the East to a place by their side in the Empire which they have helped to save ?

Need England shrink from the risk? This is her path of least risk. Under present conditions India is her peril. The one thing that will transform India from a source of ever-increasing danger

FOREWORD xv

to a bulwark of strength, is to trust her as South Africa has been trusted. She is certainly as worthy of trust as South Africa was. Thus to trust her, and to lift her up to a responsible place in the Empire, will appeal to India's pride as it has never been appealed to, will create in her an enthusiasm of loyalty equal to anything seen in any of the self-ruling colonies, will bind her to Great Britain with bands of steel.

Is it said that India is incapable of ruling herself? That was said of South Africa; that was said of Canada ; that was said of the American Colonies when they broke off from Great Britain and set up a Government of their own ; that is what England has long been saying of Ireland. That is what every nation that loves power always says of every section of its people that wants more liberty.

The truth is, the safest Government in the world for every people of any intellectual and moral development at all (and India is advanced, both intellectually and morally) is self-government. No rule so completely destroys the fibre of a nation as rule by a foreign power. India can rule herself far better than any foreign nation can rule her.

If India is incapable of self-government today, what an indictment is that against England! She was not thus incapable before England came. Has one hundred and fifty years of British tutelage produced such deterioration? India was possessed of a high civilization and of developed Governments long before England or any part of Central, Western or Northern Europe had emerged from barxvi FOREWORD

barism. For three thousand years before England's arrival in the Orient, Indian Kingdoms and Empires had held leading places in Asia, and that means in the world. Some of the ablest rulers, statesmen, generals and financiers known to history, as well as many of the greatest thinkers and writers of mankind, have been of India's production. How is it, then, that she suddenly becomes imbecile and unable to stand on her own feet or conduct her own affairs as soon as England appears on the scene?

To be sure, at the time when England came, India was in a peculiarly disorganized and unsettled state ; for it should be remembered that the Mogul Empire was just breaking up and new political adjustments were everywhere just being made, — a fact which accounts for England's being able to gain political power in India at all. But everything indicates that if India had not been interfered with by European nations, she would soon have been under competent Governments of her own again.

A further answer to the assertion that India cannot govern herself — surely one that should be conclusive — is the fact that, in parts, she is governing herself now, and governing herself well. It is notorious that the very best Government in India today is not that carried on by the British, but that of several of the Native States, notably Baroda and Mysore. In these States, particularly Baroda, the people are more free, more prosperous, more contented, and are making more progress, than in any other part of India. Note the superiority of both these States in the important matter of popular edu-

FOREWORD xvii

cation. Mysore is spending on education more than three times as much per capita as is British India, while Baroda has made her education free and compulsory. Both of these States, but especially Baroda, which has thus placed herself in line with the leading nations of Europe and America by making provisions for the education of all her children, may well be contrasted with British India, which provides education, even of the poorest kind, for only one boy in ten and one girl in one hundred and forty- four.

The only ground at all that exists for the claim that the Indian people are not able to govern themselves lies in the fact that the British Government during all its history in the land has deprived them, and still continues to deprive them, against their constant protest, of practical experience in Government management. They had such experience before the British came, but since that time they have been robbed of it to their great injury. Of course, under present conditions, if the British should leave India in a day, with no body of men trained to take their places, for a time there would be confusion, just as there would be confusion in England if everybody there accustomed to Government management should leave that country in a day.

But the Indian people do not ask England to leave India in a day, or to leave at all ; what they ask is for England to associate with herself the competent men of India in the government of their own country, and thus give them the experience in self-rule which is their right and of which they never ought xviii FOREWORD

to have been deprived. With such opportunities for practical experience extended to them for twenty years, or even for ten years, they would be ready for the full responsibilities of home rule.

Among the tens of thousands of India's educated men, and men of natural capacity for leadership, there is no lack of material to fill, and fill well as soon as they are given experience, every kind of official position. Many of the highest judgeships are now filled with great efficiency by Indians. In no department of the Government where Indians have been adequately tried have they been found wanting.

The truth is, not one single fact can be cited to show that India cannot govern herself well if given a chance. It would not be difficult to form an Indian Parliament today, composed of men as able and of as high character as those that constitute the fine Parliament of Japan. India has public men who, if they lived in England and belonged to the English race, would unhesitatingly be adjudged not only of Parliamentary but of Cabinet rank. For twenty years before his recent lamented death Mr. Gokhale was confessedly the equal in intellectual ability and in moral worth of any Englishman in India, not excepting the three Viceroys under whom he served. It is no exaggeration to declare that Mr. Justice Renade had qualifications fully fitting him for the position of Viceroy, or if he had lived in England, fitting him for the position of Premier.

This is only another way of saying that among the leaders of the various States and Provinces of

FOREWORD xix

India there is abundant material to form National and Provincial Governments little, if at all, inferior in ability and in moral character to the Governments of the Western world.

J. T. Sunderland.

New York, June, 1916.

Contents

CHAPTER

Foreword, by J. T. Sunderland Introduction

II. The General Viewpoint of the Indian Nationalist

First Invasion of India .

Chandra Gupta and Asoka

India Practically Independent Up to the Twelfth Century . .

Muslim Rule

Muslim Rule in India not Foreign

India Under the British

Political Disqualification of the Indians .

Indians May not Carry Arms

Loyalty of Ruling Chiefs

Middle Class Desires Political Freedom

India from 1757 to 1857 . .

Conflict of French and English in India . How British Rule in India Was Established Methods of Consolidation of British India . British Public Ignorant of Facts . Conquest of India Diplomatic, not Military The Great Indian Mutiny of 1857 .... How the Mutiny Was Put Down . . .

III. India from 1857 to 1905 109

PAGE

. vii 1

67 68 69

Part. I. From 1857 to 1885. The Bengalee Babu 109

Forces Resisting Denationalisation 114

Political Disappointments 115 xxii CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

Lord Ripon 118

Lord Dufferin . . . 121

Part II. The Birth of the Indian National Congress. Indian National Congress an English Product . . 122

Hume, a Lover of Liberty . 124

Congress to Save British Empire from Danger . . 126 The Congress Lacked Essentials of a National Movement 138

Hume's Political Movement . 141

Congress Overawed 142

Congress Agitation in England 144

Causes of Failure of the Congress 145

Part III. The Birth of the New Nationalist Movement. Swadeshi and Swaraj 148

Men Who Have Inspired the Movement . . . .152

Lord Curzon and Indian Education 156

Lord Curzon's Secret Educational Conference . . 158

Indians and Lord Curzon at Cross Purposes . . 158

The Congress Deputation to England in 1905 . . 159

The Congress of 1905 . 160

Object of the Passive Resistance Movement . . . 162

IV. The First Years of the Nationalist Movement 167

Partition of Bengal 167

Boycott of British Goods . 167

Government's Reply . . . 170

The Second Move of the Bengalees: The National

University 170

Arabinda Ghosh 172

The Nationalist Press ... 176

Military Measures against Boycotters 177

Lord Minto 179

Indian Press Gagged . . 180

Deportation of Lajpat Rai . . 181

Disaffection Driven Underground 183

Lord Hardinge Bombed 184

CONTENTS xxiii

CHAPTER PAGE

V. Types of Nationalists 187

The Extremists 187

A Few Nihilists .... 189

Religious Extremists . . . 189

The Mother Worshippers . 190

Vedantists . . . . . 191

Advocates of Organised Rebellion 195

Har Dayal 195

Hardayalism : Advocation of Full Swaraj . . . 199

Political Freedom the First Condition of Life 200

Arabinda Ghosh — Vedantist and Swarajist . 205

Ganesh Vinayak Savarkar .... ... 210

The Terrorists ... 211

Advocates of Constructive Nationalisation . . . 212

Independence, but not at Once 212

Preparing the Nation for Freedom . ... 213

Preparatory Work from Below . . 214

Brahmo Samaj ; Arya Samaj ; Ramakrishna Mission . 215

The Moderates 216

Gokhale 216

Congress Leaders 219

Passive Resisters ... 219

VI. Indian Nationalism and the World-Forces . . 221

Inspiration through European Nationalism . . 221

History of Modern Europe Tabooed in Universities . 221

Italian-Turko War 222

Interpretation of India to Western World .... 223 Tagorism 223

VII. The Religious and the Communal Elements in

Indian Nationalism . .... 225

Mohammedan Revulsion of Feeling against the British 226

Pisaffection among the Sikhs 228 xxiv CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

VIII. The Future 230

Change in Indian Life and Depth of Nationalism . 230 Nationalism Fertilised by Blood of Martyrs . 232

Wave of Indian Nationalism is on 233

Propitiation and Petty Concessions Futile . . . 234 Internal Division no Valid Plea for Continuance of

British Rule .... 235

Illiteracy the Fault of the British and no Bar to Self-government .... 237

Internal Troubles 238

Unfitness of Orientals for Representative Institutions 238 Nationalism Has Come to Stay . .... 238 Curzons, Macdonnels, Sydenhams, Responsible for Bombs and Revolvers 240

A Short Bibliography of Books in English .... 241

Feudatory Chiefs Powerless 243

Gross Insults to Indians 243

Industrial Ruin of India; Gokhale 244

India a Mere Possession; Gokhale 244

Masses Starved ; Sir C. A. Elliot, Sir W. W. Hunter,

William Digby 244

Seventy Million Continually Hungry People in British India ; William Digby . ... 245

Total Area under Cultivation 245

Famines of Money ; not Food ; Lord George Hamilton 245

Causes of Famines 246

Drain ; Montgomery Martin and Digby 246

Enormous Foreign Tribute ; Rev. J. T. Sunderland . 246 Government Assessment too High; Sir W. Hunter . 246 The Ryot ; Herbert Compton . .... 246

Indian Plunder ; Adam Brooks 247

Swami Abhedananda 247

Mfred Webb 247

CONTENTS

XXV

PAGE

" Narrow and Shortsighted Imperial Policy

R. Colquehoun Taxation; Lord Salisbury Plague, Deaths from Death Rate Indian Finance Land Tax .

Income Tax Customs

Trade Figures for 1913 to 1914 Personnel of the Government .

Figures About Education and Literacy The Flogging of Political Prisoners .

Sir A.

248 248

ILLUSTRATIONS

biece

Ram Mohan Roy

Facing page

III Swami Vivekananda a it

Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak it it

Arabinda Ghosh it it

Lajpat Rai a tt l8l

Har Dayal it ti

G. K. Gokhale

(t tc

XXVI

Introduction

During my travels in the world, the one point that has struck me most forcibly and most painfully, is the lack of true knowledge about the affairs of India among the " civilised " nations of the globe. Even the best educated among them know very little about India and what little they know is not always right. The sources from which the ordinary stay-at-home Westerner derives his knowledge about India are the following: (a) missionaries who have been to India, (b) English writers of the class of Rudyard Kipling and Sir Valentine Chirol, (c) British officials, (d) serious students of Indian history or Indian literature like the late Professor Max Miiller, the late Miss Noble, and the late Professor Goldstucker.

Now unfortunately for India most of these people, except those coming under the last heading, have generally an axe to grind and can not be accepted as disinterested, well-informed, impartial authorities. Their reading of Indian history is often perverted and their observations of Indian life partial and distorted. They go to India with definite aims, look at persons and things from their own particular angle, and pose as authorities on matters far beyond the scope of their observations and studies. With rare exceptions most of the Westerners who go to India go with the presumption that the people of India belong to an inferior level of society; that they are heathens, worshippers of stocks and stones; that they are hopelessly divided into castes and classes; that these castes and classes are always at each other's throats ; that they have never had a settled or civilised form of government; that the British have for the first time in their history given them a settled government; and that India would go to pieces if British government were to withdraw.

Writers about India may again be broadly subdivided into two classes: (a) those of British origin, (b) those of non-British origin. Those of British origin are in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred tainted with the imperial bias. They can only look at things from the imperial or British point of view. Even the best and the most fair-minded of them do not altogether succeed in freeing themselves from this bias. The bias acts even against their will. The second class of writers are affected by the racial and the colour bias. Moreover, nine out of ten amongst them are made to look at things from the British point of view. As soon as they land at an Indian port, they are taken in hand by the British residents, officials and non-officials, and practically the whole of their trip is arranged for them by the latter. They only see things which the ruling community want them to see and they only hear and know what these allow them to hear or know. The few who resolutely refuse to be thus " programmed " do sometimes see things in their true light, as the late Mr. Keir Hardie, M.P., and Mr. H. W. Nevinson did.

In this connection I think the following remarks of the latest American writer on India, Professor Pratt of Williams College, Massachusetts, in his book on " India and Its Faiths " are very pertinent. Professor Pratt begins by warning the reader against " the point of view of the native " himself, as well as against " those European writers who seek to give an ultra ' sympathetic ' picture of India." But his observations about the other two of the four sources of information mentioned by him are extremely interesting. He says :

" Much greater is the danger that we, with our Western ideals and customs so different from those of India, should go to the other extreme and take one of the two remaining points of view that I referred to above. One of these is that which characterises a certain type (now happily decreasing) of earnest but narrow-minded missionary." The fourth source of information, which, according to Professor Pratt, " one should regard with distrust," comprises " the superficial tourist or the non-missionary European resident in India." In his opinion this source is particularly dangerous, for " it is so natural to suppose that one of our own race who has travelled in India (and especially one who has lived there 'twenty-two years') will be in a position to know all about it. . . . The tourist's ignorance is not surprising, but it is not easy to understand the ignorance of the average European resident in India." Professor Pratt's remarks about the " average European resident," who has been " twenty-two years " in India, are prefaced by an eulogistic tribute to the British administration of justice in India, which may be accepted with a little salt. The administration of justice in India is impartial and as fair as it can be under the circumstances, except when one party is a native and the other a Britisher. What concerns us here, is Professor Pratt's opinion about the resident Englishman's knowledge of India. In his opinion " most of the Englishmen " whom he met seemed to him " singularly lacking in curiosity or interest " about " Indian thought, religion, traditions and ways of viewing things."

" The Anglo-Indian," adds he, " is surprisingly indifferent towards almost everything native." Professor Pratt illustrates his conclusions by actual facts which came under his observation. One English gentleman who had lived in Calcutta and other parts of the East for many years, said to the professor : " The natives are all just a lot of animals, don't you think so?" No wonder that the professor had to say that his impression was quite different. For him it was hard to conceive how one " could stay any time among them without finding them a truly lovable people, and without imbibing genuine respect and admiration for the simple dignity of their lives, the quiet courtesy of their manners, their uncomplaining endurance of hardships, their unbounded hospitality, and the feeling for spiritual value, which in spite of gross superstitions is unmistakable in the Indian atmosphere." Professor Pratt's " Englishman " had never heard of a Dr. Bose, " one of the greatest botanists living," and he did " not think much " of Tagore's poetry. " This lack of interest in native life as such," continues Mr. Pratt, " and the proud manifestation of conscious superiority that goes with it, shows itself in the coarser natures in a contempt for the ' black man ' and ' a constant swagger of putting him in his place.' As a result of this indifference to and contempt for the natives, most of the Anglo-Indians that I know anything about are very ignorant concerning the religions of India, and decidedly prejudiced against them. Personally I think that the opinions of nine Englishmen out of ten on the subject of Indian religions are entirely untrustworthy." l