Lombard architecture

Front matter

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Chapter I. Bibliographical Foreword . . . 1

Lack of synthetic Analyses of Lombard Architecture — Historians of the XV, XVI, XVII and XVIII centuries— Puricelli—S^roux d'Agincourt and Ferrario — Cordero and the Sacchi — Clericetti — De Dartein — Cattaneo — Rivoira and recent writers — ^Abundance of Monuments — Documentary Evidence — Critical Method.

Chapter II. Master-builders 8

The Myth of the Magistri Comacim — ^the Roman Collegium — Isidore of Seville — Laws of Rotari — Laws of Luitprando — Magistri Antelami — the Building Trade in the Middle Ages — Tendency to become hereditary — Lombard builders — the Miniatures of Modena — Reliefs representing the Building Trades — Sculptures of S. Maria Maggiore at Bergamo — ^the Builders and the Sculptors — Tools and Models — Liberty of the Artists — Asymmetries— Priests and Monks were sometimes Builders — the Master- Builder generally a Layman — Benedictine Monasteries — Cistercian Monasteries.

Chapter III. The Communes And The Ecclesias- Tical Authorities 21

Power of the Communes established at the Expense of the Bishops — Cynicism and Indifference of the Lombards — Popular Enthusiasm for Religion — Satire against Priests — Interference with the Church- Building by Secular Persons — ^the Communes and the Cathedral — the Hierarchy in Lombardy — the Superstans and the Massaro — Reforms.

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APPENDIX. MASONRY 29

Masonry an important Criterion for determining the Date of Lombard Edifices — Local Schools — Apparent Inconsistencies of Style — Stone Masonry anterior to the Year 1100 — Brick Masonry anterior to the Year 1100 — Cross-Hatching of Bricks — ^Ashlar Masonry of the XII Century — Brick Masonry of the XII Century — Polychromatic Masonry.

Book I. The Carlovingian Style

CHAPTER I. CIRCULAR CHURCHES, c. 600-774 ... 49 Architecture of northern Italy Byzantine, at the Time of the Lombard Conquest — Lombard Invasion — Building Activities suspended— Teodolinda — S. Salvatore of Barzano — Baptisteries and circular Churches.

CHAPTER II. BASILICAN CHURCHES, c. 600-774 . 64

S. Stefano at Pavia — S. Pietro in Ciel d'Oro — S. Salvatore at Brescia — Characteristics of this Church.

Appendix I. Development of the Apse .... 55

Raised Choirs — ^their History — ^the Crypt — Enlargement of the Crypt — Deflected Choirs — Variations in the Design of the Apse — Single Apses — Three Apses — Five Apses — Double Apses.

Appendix II. Pilfered Materials ..... 59

Use of pilfered Roman Materials — Pilfered Byzantine Materials — Carlovingian and Lombard Fragments used at Second-Hand.

Appendix III. Windows . . . . . . .61

Stone Tracery — -Wooden Frames — Leaded Glass — Glazed and unglazed Windows — Spacing of Windows.

Appendix IV. Separation of Sexes ..... 65 Women were not relegated to Galleries — Churches divided by a central Screen.

CHAPTER III. CIRCULAR CHURCHES, 774-c. 900 . . 66

The Carlovingian Conquest — Religious Establishments favoured — Charlemagne's Chapel at Aix-la-Chapelle — Germigny-les-Pres —

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S. Zeno at Bardolino — SS. Tosca e Teuteria at Verona — S. Satire at Milan — Persistence of Lombard Features.

CHAPTER IV. BASILICAN CHURCHES, 774-c. 900 . . 70

S. Apollinare at Bjiggio — S. Vincenzo in Prato of Milan — S. Pietro at Agliate — S. Stefano at Verona — the Campanile dei Monaci.

Appendix. Campanili . . . . . . . .71

Use of Bells and Bell-Towers — Campanili of Ravenna — S. Apollinare in Classe — S. Apollinare Nuovo — Cathedral of Ravennacircular Campanili — S. Savino of Piacenza — octagonal and polygonal Campanili — Campanili flanking the Apse — Campanili flanking the Fa9ade — Turrets — Broad Campanili.

CHAPTER V. CIRCULAR CHURCHES, c. 900-c. 1000 . . 77

Decline of Art in the X Century — the Hungarian Invasions — Baptistery at Agliate — Baptistery of Novara — Baptistery of Agrate Conturbia — S. Ponzo Canavese — S. Fedele of Como.

CHAPTER VI. BASILICAN CHURCHES, c. 900-c. 1000 . 80

S. Orso of Aosta — Spigno — Apses of Milan — S. Stefano of Verona — Cathedral at Ivrea.

Appendix I. Ambulatories . . . . . . .81

Early examples — S. Sofia at Padova — Exterior Ambulatories — Lombard Ambulatories — Ambulatories in central and southern Italy.

Appendix II. Transepts ....... 83

Transepts frequently omitted — masked Transepts — western Transepts.

Appendix III. Naves ........ 84

Naves of a single Aisle — ^two parallel Naves — five-aisled Basilicas — Galleries — Triforia — lengthened eastern Bays.

Appendix IV. Duai, Cathedrals ...... 85

CHAPTER VIL COMPOUND PIERS 86

Rectangular Piers — Ambulatory of S. Stefano at Verona — octangular Piers — T-shaped Piers — cruciform Piers — quatrefoiled Piers — further Developments — side-aisle Responds — cylindrical Piers — coupled Columns — coupled Colonnettes.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS BOOK II. THE XI CENTURY

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Chapter I. Transverse Arches 93

Renaissance of the XI Century — transverse Arches in side Aisles — transverse Arches in Naves — LomeUo — Examples in southern Italy and France — Revival of the Construction in the XI Century — Influence of the Cathedral of Modena — S. Pancrazio at Corneto.

CHAPTER II. THE ALTERNATE SYSTEM .... 97 Origin of the alternate System — pilfered Columns and Piers — transverse Arches — Lomello — other Examples — wall Systems — their Development — intermediate unmeaning Systems — Expedients adopted — ^the alternate System and the Rib Vault — alternation of side-aisle Responds.

Chapter III. Barrel Vaults 102

Reasons for vaulting Basilica — ^the barrel Vault known from Antiquity — barrel Vaults in Choirs — ^barrel Vaults in Transepts — transverse Ribs.

Chapter IV. Cloistered Vaults . . .104

Cloistered Vaults introduced from Aachen — Earliest Examples in centralized Edifices — Development of the Lombard Cupola — Squinches.

Chapter V. Undomed Groin Vaults . . .107

Construction inherited from the Romans — avoided at S. Salvatore of Brescia — revived at S. Satiro of Milan — Plater Examples — solid Centering required — ^transverse Arches — ^their Purpose — undomed groin Vaults built without solid Centering.

Chapter VI. Domed Groin Vaults . . . .109

Character of the domed groin Vault— wall and transverse Ribs — loaded transverse Ribs — History of the domed groin Vault — early Examples — Mazzone — Revival of the domed groin Vault in the XII Century — exceptional Constructions — excessive Doming in longitudinal Direction.

Chapter VII. The Rib Vault 114

Constructions of the early XI Century preparing the Way for the Evolution of the rib Vault — Mazzone — earliest Example of rib Vault at Sannazzaro Sesia, 1040 — other early Examples — the alternate System — Return to the uniform System in the XII Century —

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rib Vaults under Towers — rib-vaulted Choirs — Ribs projecting on the Extrados — sexpartite Vaults originated in Lombardy — Vault of Narthex at Casale — Cistercian Vaults — Galleries and Clearstories — rib Vaults of Central Italy — History of the Construction — School of Corneto — Lombard and French Influence — rib Vaults in Provence, northern France, Dalmatia and Hungary.

Chapter VIII. Buttresses 127

Roman Buttresses — Buttresses disliked by the Lombard Builders — earliest Examples — Buttresses used inconsistently and with Hesitation— triangular and prismatic Buttresses — later Buttresses.

Chapter IX. Transverse Buttresses . .131

Transverse Buttresses a Roman Construction — not adopted in Lombardy before the XII Century — earliest Examples — transverse Buttresses used inconsistently and ineffectively.

Chapter X. Tie-rods And Other Constructive Expedients 133

Principle of the Tie-Rod — clever mechanically — lamentable aesthetically— Construction probably originated in Repairs to insecure Vaults — ^wooden Chains — relieving Arches.

CHAPTER XL ROOFING EXPEDIENTS . . . .135

Economy of Wood — Tiles laid directly on the Extrados — Roof of S. Savino of Piacenza — other Roofs without Timber — ^leaden Roofs — unnecessary Weight placed on Vaults.

Chapter I. Lanfranco Of Modena . . . .147

Lack of Unity in Italy — local Sub-Schools in Lombardy — School of Monferrato — School of Parma — School of Pavia — Lanfranco — the Cathedral of Modena — Innovations introduced — ^transverse Arches — classic Influence — Lombard Porch — Influence on later Architecture — great Lombard Churches of the XII Century — School of Modena — School of Milan.

Chapter II. Cluniac Architecture . . . .156

S. Guglielmo — his Life — Reconstruction of St.-Benigne at Dijon — slight Lombard Influence — later Influence of Cluny — Cluniac Edifices in Lombardy — Fruttuaria — ^later Cluniac Priories — no distinctively Cluniac Architecture in Lombardy — Influence of Order on Lombard Architecture exceedingly slight.

CHAPTER IIL CLOISTERS 162

Early Lombard Cloisters — Influence of Provence — new Type evolved at Verona — copied at Bologna—Type of Voltorre — Type of Vezzolano.

Chapter IV. The Transition To Gothic . . .164

Architectural Ideas transmitted by the Master-Builders rather than by the monastic Orders — architectural Relationships between Provence and Piemonte — Proven9al Influence in Piemonte in the XII Century — Influence of the Ile-de-France on northern Italy in the XII Century — the pointed Arch — earliest Examples of Gothic.

Chapter V. Cistercian Architecture . .170

Thesis of Enlart — Abbazia di Albino — Tiglieto — Lucedio — Chiaravalle Milanese — Cerreto — Chiaravalle della Colomba — Rivalta Scrivia — Morimondo — Cistercian Characteristics — Atria — rectangular Apses — ^torical Diagonals — Central Towers — Transept Stairways — St. Bernard — Austerity of Cistercians — ^Augustinian Canons — other Orders — Cistercians did not introduce Gothic into Lombardy.

Chapter I. Capitals 185

Capitals of the VII Century — S. Giorgio di Valpolicella — Renaissance of the VIII Century — S. Pietro in Ciel d'Oro at Pavia — Nonantola — S. Salvatore of Brescia — Diffusion of Type — Capitals of S. Vincenzo at Milan — S. Anastasio of Asti — S. Satiro of Milan — S. Zeno of Bardolino — S. Stefano at Verona — S. Savino at Piacenza — S. Eusebio of Pavia — Isola S. Giulio — other Examples.

Chapter II. Church-furniture 191

Ambones — Choir-rails • — Ciborii — Altars — Pergole — Piscinae— baptismal Fonts — holy-water Basins- — Organs.

Chapter III. Carved Fragments . . . .195

Numerous Fragments of Church-Furniture earlier than 1000 — Strength of the Byzantine Tradition- — refined Character of the Art of the VIII Century — Cimitile — Sarcophagus of Teodote — Tomb of S. Cumiano at Bobbio — S. Abondio of Como — Ciborio of S. Giorgio di Valpolicella — Baptistery of Cividale — S. Maria della Valle — Altar of Ratchis — iconographical Subjects — Altar of Villanova — Ciborio of S. Eleucadio at Ravenna — ^Fragments of S. Lorenzo of Verona — Ciborio of Bagnacavallo — Fragments of Ferrara — Decline of the X Century — Chiesa dAurona at Milan — Renaissance of the XI Century — Slab of Galliano — Slab in Aosta Cloisters.

Chapter I. Cubic Capitals 208

Function of a cubic Capital — early Expedients — Capitals omitted — uncarved Blocks of Stone — octagonal Shafts with chamfered

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Corners — Evolution of the cubic Capital— later Expedients — ^the classic cubic Capital— Development in the XII Century — ornamented cubic Capitals — fan-shaped Capitals — convex Cushions — circular Imposts — concluding Summary.

Chapter II. Other Capitals 213

Corinthianesque Capitals — Evolution — continued classical Influence— Derivation of the Lombard Capital — Capitals of Lodi Vecchio — Influence of S. Ambrogio — Spread of the Type — S. Giorgio of Milan — S. Pietro in Ciel d'Oro of Pavia — ^tardy Survivals of the Type — Spur Capitals.

Chapter III. Grotesques 216

Grotesques not symbolical — Text of S. Bernard — Lombard Inscriptions— Derivation of the grotesque Element — Popularity of Grotesques in the XI Century — Development at S. Ambrogio — Reaction of the XII Century — Obscenities — Caryatids.

Chapter IV. Bases 221

The Attic the standard Type — other Profiles merely Variations of this — Griffes — inverted Capitals used as Bases.

Chapter V. Arched Corbel-tables . . . .224

The arched Corbel-Table does not appear in Lombardy before the XI Century — Cornices of the Cathedral and Baptistery of Ravenna rebuilt — Cornices of S. Vincenzo in Prato of Milan modern — Carlovingian Monuments without arched Corbel-Tables — Date of Bagnacavallo — ^blind Arches of S. ApoUinare in Classe, Ravenna — ^blind Arches adopted by the Lombard Builders at the End of the X Century — S. Stefano of Verona — Spigno — other Examples — Survival of the Motive in later Times — blind Arches in Carlovingian Carvings — blind Niches — Origin of the Motive — second Order supported on Pilaster Strips from the IX Century — Examples — Survival of the blind Niche in the XI and XII Centuries — arched Corbel-Tables derived from blind Arches rather than blind Niches — grouped two and two in earliest Examples — Motive appeared c. 1000 — numerous Instances during early Years of XI Century — gradually Number of Arches in Group increased — fully developed Type evolved c. 1040 — Survival of smaller Groups in later Times — later Developments of the arched Corbel-Table — Carvings and Embellishments — Second Orders — triangular arched Corbel- Tables — double arched Corbel-Tables — flat Corbel-Tables — perhaps derived from Tyrol — S. Michele of Pavia and its relation to northern Churches — engaged Galleries — Evolution of the Motive —

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its History — ^intersecting Arcades — interior Corbel-Tables — other Cornices.

Chapter II. Capitals Transitional To Gothic . 253

Infiltration of French Influence — Origin of the broad-leaved Capital— earliest Lombard Examples — Lombard Capitals fell under French Influence in fourth Decade of XII Century — Cavagnolo — Later Examples — Crockets — Vezzolano — Survival of Lombard Influence— Influence of Provence.

Chapter I. Sculpture Before 1100 . • • ■ 265

Altar of Ratchis — Baptistery at Cividale — S. Giovanni of Asti — bronze Eagle and Saint of S. Ambrogio-^Volvinio's Palio d'Oro — Renaissance of the Year 1000 — Resurrection Capital of Acqui — bronze Doors of S. Zeno — Hildesheim — S. Pietro of Bologna — S. Michele of Pavia.

Chapter II. Guglielmo Da Modena . . . .269

Three Schools of Sculpture active in Lombardy at Beginning of XII Century — ^that of Guglielmo da Modena most important — artistic Personality of Guglielmo da Modena — not to be confused with Nicolo and Guglielmo da Verona — -authentic Works of Guglielmo da Modena — Modena — Cremona — Inscription of Ferrara — Origin of the Art of Guglielmo — Analogies with the School of Languedoc — Cloister of Moissac — Ivory-Carvings — Genius of Guglielmo — Characteristics of his Art — ^jamb Sculptures — peasant Quality — classical Influence.

Chapter III. Nicolo And The School Of Gu- Glielmo Da Modena 277

Importance of Guglielmo — Nicolo his most famous Pupil — authentic Works of Nicolo — his artistic Personality — Influence of the School of Languedoc — Influence of the School of Milan — Nicolo's Lombard Porches — Guglielmo's Assistant in the Porta della Pescheria — Porta dei Principi — S. Celso of Milan — Tympanum of Torre dei Piccenardi — Ambo at Quarantoli — Ambo at Bellagio — Nonantola — Capitals of Parma — Sasso — Cavana — S. Abondio, Como — unknown Sculptor of Almenno — Nicolo's Follower at Borgo — Guglielmo da Verona — Proven9al Influences — Followers of Guglielmo at Cremona — ^Alberto — Sculptures at Castell'Arquato — exotic Influences — artistic Importance of these Works — Ambo at Carpi — PeUegrino — Font at Varese — Influence of Guglielmo in France, Spain, England and Southern Italy.

Chapter IV. The Schools Of Cluny And Pavia . 288

Tomb of S. Alberto at Pontida — Archivolt of Calvenzano — Origins and Characteristics of the Cluniac Sculptor — Development of the School of Pavia — S. Stefano — S. Giovanni in Borgo — S. Fedele of

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Como — Sculptures of Lodi Vecchio — Ambo of Isola S. Giulio — Cloister of S. Orso at Aosta — S. Simpliciano of Milan — S. Antonino of Piacenza and the Cathedral of Lodi.

Chapter V. Benedetto Miscalled Antelami . 292

Origins of the Art of Benedetto — the Prophets of Piacenza — School of Guglielmo and Influence of Languedoc — Influence of Provence upon Benedetto — Influence of the Ile-de-France — Influence of Byzantine Ivory-Carvings — possible Influence of Languedoc— "Antelami" — authentic Works of Benedetto — other Sculptures by his Hand — Characteristics of his Manner — lack of architectural Character — Composition — Anatomy — Psychology— conscientious Finish — Sincerity — Influence of Benedetto — his School.

Chapter VI. Transitional Sculpture . . .300

The transitional School — ^the Palio d'Oro — Influence of Byzantine Ivory-Carvings — Lombard Influences — Influence of Languedoc — Influence of the Ile-de-France — the Ciborio of S. Ambrogio and the stucco Sculptures of Cividale and Civate — Influence of Languedoc and possibly of Spain — Brioloto of Verona — Sculptor of Modena Campanile — Sculptures of Balustrade and Ambo at Modena — naturalistic Sculptures at Parma.

BOOK II. OTHER ARTS

Chapter I. Mosaics 305

Mural Mosaics — Pavement — mosaic Pavements extensively used — recorded in documentary Sources — some Churches never possessed one — Roman mosaic Pavements — Labyrinth at Vienna — Early Christian mosaic Pavements — Pavement at Galliano — Sezze — Acqui — Culmination of the Art c. 1100 — later Examples — unexcavated Pavements.

Chapter II. Frescos . 312

Importance of colour Decoration in Lombard Churches — pure Ornament in Fresco — Sparone — Mazzone — other Examples — figure Frescos — early Examples — S. Orso of Aosta — Spigno — Galliano— Examples of the XI Century — Examples of the XII Century— S. RufliUo di Bologna — Carpi — Frescos of later Date — Beauty of Lombard Colour.

Book I. The Mirror Of Nature Page

CHAPTER I. CHARACTERISTICS OF LOMBARD ICONOG- RAPHY 319

The four Mirrors — Lombard Iconography embryonic — our Ideas necessarily incomplete since Frescos and Mosaics have perished — Tapestries and Hangings — Siccardo's Account of Lombard Iconography— the Nimbus and the Aureole — cruciform Nimbus — hierarchical Precedence — Parallelism — structural Allegory.

CHAPTER II. BESTIARY ANIMALS 324

Popularity of Animals in Lombardy — Menageries — ^the Aspic — ^the Basilisk — the Centaur — ^the Camel — the Stag — ^the Dog — ^the Eagle — ^the Elephant — ^the Fox — ^the Lion — the Ostrich — ^the Panther — ^the Peacock — ^the Pelican — the PhcEnix — -the Siren — ^the Unicorn.

Chapter III. Animals Of Classical And Medieval Myths And Fables 336

Classical Lore in Emilia — Achilles^ — Flight of Icarus — the Labyrinth — Cerberus — Hydra — Chimaera — Hercules — Hermaphrodite — Cupids — Sphinx — Antipodes — Acephalus — Fox and Stork — Cranes — ^Wolf Fables.

Chapter II. Astronomy 350

The Constellations — Nicolo's Sculptures at Sagra S. Michele and Piacenza — Symbolism of the latter — Mosaic Pavement of S. Michele at Pavia — the Sun and the Moon — Benedetto's Deposition and Bicorn Reliefs — other Representations of the Sun and Moon in Christian Art — Symbolism of the Subject — symbolical Representations— ^non-symbolical Representations.

Chapter III. The Months, The Seasons And The Year 354

The Zodiac — Roman Prototypes — the Chronograph of 354 — Isidore of Seville — ^Ausonius — Carlovingian Poems — Wandalbertus — other Poems — Bonvesin de la Riva — ^Alain de LiUe — Commencement of the Year — two Signs for each Month — plastic Representations — January — February — March — April — May — June — July — August — September — October — November — December — Zodiacs without corresponding Months — the Seasons— the Year.

Chapter IV. The Winds, The Sea And The Rivers Of Paradise 366

Subjects represented in Pavements — Symbols of the World — Pavement described by Baudri — S. Salutore of Turin — the Winds — Description of Pliny — Isidore of Seville — Honore of Autun — the Sea — ^the Winds caused by the Sea- — ^the four Rivers of Paradise — their Symbolism — iconographical Representations.

Chapter I. The Virtues And Vices . . .372

The cardinal Virtues — Representations in Lombard Iconography — the theological Virtues — the Psychomachia of Prudentius — Faith vs. Paganism — Modesty vs. Voluptuousness — Patience vs. Wrath — Pride vs. Humility — ^Luxury vs. Sobriety — Generosity vs. Avarice — Discord vs. Faith — Scenes from Psychomachia in Lombard Art — Ennodio — Poem attributed to Ambrose of Benevento — Rutebeuf — Alain de Lille — other Writers — Representations in Lombard Iconography — Avarice — Usury — Patience — Humility — Faith — Justice — Prudence — Vigilance — Magnanimity — Envy — Classification of Virtues in Baptistery of Parma — Genre Scenes — Samson and the Lion — Pavement at S. Savino at Piacenza — Pavement of S. ISIaria Maggiore at Vercelli — Capital at Modena.

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Chapter II. The Wheel Of Fortune . • .384

Conception of Boethius — Dante — Representations in French Iconography— S. Salutore of Turin — S. Zeno of Verona.

Book IV. The Mirror Of History

CHAPTER I. THE FIRST AGE OF THE WORLD . . 386

Ages of the World — Ages of Man — Fall of the rebellious Angels — Cherubim and Archangels — Story of Genesis — Creation of Adam — Creation of Eve — Symbolism of Adam and Eve — the Temptation — Expulsion from Paradise — Shame of Adam and Eve — Labour of Adam and Eve — Sacrifices of Cain and Abel — Murder of Abel — Lamech and Cain.

CHAPTER II. THE SECOND AND THIRD AGES OF THE

WORLD 391

Popularity of Subjects from Genesis in first Half of XII Century— Scenes from the Story of Noah — Symbolism of the Ark — Story of Abraham — its Symbolism — -the Sacrifice of Isaac — Jacob wrestling with the Angel — Symbolism — Scenes from the Life of Jacob — Moses — Scenes from his Life — Samson and the Lion — other Scenes from the Life of Samson.

Chapter III. The Fourth Age Of The World . 396

David the Symbol of Christ — the Dance of David — Literary Sources — ^iconographical Representations — Miniatures and Ivory- Carvings — Mosaic at Cologne — Pavement at Vercelli — Sculptures in Baptistery of Parma — Representations at Modena, Cremona, Vezzolano, S. Zeno of Verona and Toano — Parodies at Berceto and Fornovo — David and Goliath — David as King and Prophet — Solomon and the Queen of Sheba — Symbolism and iconographical Representations— Kings of Juda — the Jesse Tree.

Chapter IV. The Fifth Age Of The World . 404

The Prophets — Isaiah — Jeremiah — Ezekiel — Daniel — three Israelites in Furnace — the Lions' Den — the Angel and Habakkuk — Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah — Jonah and the Whale — Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi — Enoch and Elijah — Hebraic Legends — the Church-Fathers — Symbolism of Elijah — iconographic Representations — David and Ezekiel — Balaam — Aaron — Samuel — Job — Story of Tobias — Scenes from Judith — Scenes from Maccabees.

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Chapter V. The Early Life Of Christ . .411

The Sixth Age of the World — the Annunciation — the Visitation — the Angel appearing to Joseph — the Nativity — the Shepherds — the Magi — ^the Presentation in the Temple — Joseph warned to fly — the Flight into Egypt — the Baptism of Christ — the Temptations of Christ — Christ teaching in the Temple — the Merchants driven from the Temple — the Raising of Lazarus — Mary Magdalen anointing the Feet of Jesus.

Chapter VI. The Sayings And Parables Of Christ 416

The Beatitudes — the Parable of the Vineyard — Symbolism — ^the Works of Mercy — plastic Representation in the Baptistery of Parma — the wise and foolish Virgins.

Chapter VII. The Passion Of Christ . . .419

The Entry into Jerusalem — Jesus washing the Feet of the Disciples— ^the Last Supper — Christ returning from Gethsemane — the Betrayal — Judas receiving the Blood-Money — Christ before Pilate — Peter denying Christ — the Flagellation — carrying the Cross — the Crucifixion — Symbolism — Ivory-Carvings — Representations in Lombard Art — ^the Deposition — Christ in Limbo — the Resurrection — the three Marys at the Tomb — the Feast at Emmaus — ^the Ascension.

Chapter VIII. Lives Of The Saints . . .424

Scenes from the Life of the Virgin — ^the Life of John the Baptist— ^the Stoning of Stephen— St. George — St. Lawrence and S. Ippolito — S. Margherita — S. Giulia — S. Zeno — his Legend — plastic Representations — S. Geminiano — S. Orso — S. Donnino — S. Ambrogio — St. Martin — S. Anselmo — S. Adriano — Theophilus.

Chapter IX. Statues And Images . . .429

The Deity — ^the Hand of God — the Madonna — John the Baptist— John the Baptist and John the Evangelist — the twelve Apostles — the Fathers of the Church — St. Stephen — St. Lawrence — other Martyrs — S. Zeno — S. Nicolo — other Confessors.

Chapter X. Secular Subjects 434

Donors — ^the Trade Corporations — genre Scenes of ecclesiastical Life — genre Scenes of popular Life — Scenes from Romances — Berta — Giovanni Baldesio — ^the Carlovingian Cycle — Aristotle and Campaspe — the Legend of Theodoric — ^the Arthurian Cycle — Romances of Chivalry — Scenes of Combat.

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