Preface
' I ^HE purpose and scope of this book will be rendered ■■■ plainer by a glance at the table of contents than I could hope to make it here, except by anticipating what will be found in the following chapters. And as nobody is likely to be interested in the reasons which led me to undertake the task which is now, at last, ended, if not accomphshed, I should be disposed to write no preface at all. But it is my pleasant duty to thank those who have been good enough to help me in my work. I am greatly indebted to Professor Henry Jones, of Glasgow, and to Professor T. Stanley Roberts, of Aberystwyth, who each read part of the manuscript, and made valuable suggestions. Mr A. R. Waller, of Peterhouse, read the whole of the proofs with a patience and care for which, as I can make no adequate acknowledgment, I must thankfully rest his debtor. For the errors and shortcomings of the book as it now stands I, of course, am alone responsible. That the errors are not more numerous and the shortcomings greater is due to the generous help of the three men whom I have named.
VI PREFACE
I have dealt only with writers who have passed away. The task of selection from among the living is peculiarly invidious ; and the death of Swinburne and of Meredith has greatly reduced the temptation to cross the line which divides the two worlds.
HUGH WALKER.
Lampeter,
December, 1909.
Table Of Contents
) YtoJeii 1
Introduction
I. The New Age i
II. The German Influence : Thomas Carlyle . Z-t . . 23
Part I Speculative Thought
I. Theology 80
II. Philosophy ... 141
III. Science 211
PART 11 CREATIVE ART. A. POETRY
I. The Interregnum in Poetry 240
II. The New Kings: Tennyson and Browning . . 287
III. The Minor Poets: Earlier Period .... 327
IV. Tennyson 374
V. Browning 411
VI. The Turn 01 the Century : New Influences . 444
VII. Later Developments 527 vm TABLE OF CONTENTS
CREATIVE ART. B PROSE FICTION
CHAPS. PAGE
I. After Scott 612
II. Dickens and Thackeray 660
III. The Women Novelists 707
IV. The Later Fiction 753
Part III Et Cetera
I. History and Biography 818
II. Literary and Aesthetic Criticism .... 932 III. Miscellaneous Prose 1624
Index 1055
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY.
This summary is intended to be used closely with the text of the book : without reference to the text the classification would in many c^ses be misleading. The order is the order of treatment in the book. Wljere for any reason a writer has been dealt with along with a group to which he does not naturally belong, the fact is indicated by the use of square brackets. If however the connexion be close, though the writer may not be strictly withinthe group, brackets are not used. ,
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER II. THE GERMAN INFLUENCE. Thomas Carlyle, 179S-1881. ^ Life of Schiller, 1823-1824
Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (Transldiion), 1824. Sartor Resartus, 1833-1834.
The French Revolution, 1837.
Chartism, 1839.
Heroes and Ilero-Worship, 1840.
Past and Present, 1843.
Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, 1845. Latter-Day Pamphlets, 1850.
Life of Sterling, 1851.
Frederick the Great, 1858-1865.
Part I
CHAPTER I. THEOLOGY.
The Evangelicals.
Thomas Scott, 1747-1821.
Charles Simeon, 1759-1836.
Thomas Chalmers, 1780-1847.
Discourses on the Christian Revelation, iSi'j. Thomas Guthrie, 1803-1873.
Robert Smith Candlis'h, 1806^1873. :
Edward Irving, 1792-1834.
John M^Leod Campbell, 1800-1872. , .
- The Nature of the Atoneinent; 1855, Thoughts on Revelation, 1862.
Thomas Erskine, 1788-1S70.
W.
X CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
The Noetics.
Edward Copleston, 1776-1S49.
Renn Dickson Hampden, 1793-1868.
The Scholastic Philosophy in its relation to Christian Theology, 1832. Thomas Arnold, 1795-1842.
The Principles of Church Reform, 1S33.
See also Pavt III, Chapter I.
Richard Whately, 1787-1863.
Logic, 1826.
Rhetoric, 1828.
Essays on some Difficulties in Paul, 1828. Essays on the Errors of Romanism, 1830.
The Kingdom of Christ Delineated, 1841.
The Coleridgeans.
See also Part III, Chapter III.
Charles Kingsley, 1819-1S75.
See also Part II B, Chapter IV.
Frederick Denison Maurice, 1805-1872.
The Kingdom of Christ, 1838.
Prophets and Kings, 1853.
The Doctnne of Sacrifice, 1854., F. W. Robertson, 1S16-1853.
The Broad- Churchmen.
Connop Thirlwall, 1797-1875.
See also Part III, Chapter I.
Benjamin Jowett, 1817-1893.
Epistles to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Romans, 1855. See also Part I, Chapter II.
Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, 1815-1881.
Epistles to the Corinthians, 1855.
Sinai and Palestine, 1856.
Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church, j86l.. Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church, 1863-1865. See also Part III, Chapter, I.
Mark Pattison, 1813-1884.
Tendencies of Religious Thought in England (in Essays and Reviews,
i860).
Isaac Casaubon, 1875.
Milton, 1879.
John William Colenso, 1814-1883.
The Pentateuch and Joshua critically Examined, 1862-1879. Scottish Theologians.
Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 1880. Fundamental Ideas of Christianity, 1900.
The Theologians of the Oxford Movement.
John Keble, i79'2-i866.
Life of Bishop Wilson, 1863.
See also Part II A, Chapter I.
Richard Hurrell Froude, 1803-1836.
Hugh James Rose, 1795-1838.
Discourses on the State of the Protestant Religion in Germany, 1825. John Henry Newman, i8oi-i890.»'
The Avians of the .Fourth Century, 1833
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY xi
John Henry Newman {continued). : , i .
Tracts for the Times (with others), 1833-1841.
An Essay on the Miracles recorded in the Ecclesiastical History of the Early Ages, ,.iii,%. , , , - >• ,
The Development of Christian Doctrine, 1845.
Loss and Gain, 1S4S.
Callista, 1856.
Apologia pro Vita Sua, 1864.
A Grammar of Assent, 1870.
See also Part II A, Chapter III.
Frederick Oakeley, 1802-1880.
Historical Notes on the Tractarian Movement, 1865. William George Ward, 1812-1882.
Jdeal of a Christian Church, 1844.
Henry Edward Manning, 1808-1892. , Nicholas Patrick Wiseman, 1803-1865.
The Connexion between Science and Revealed Religion, 1836.
Fabiola, 1854.
Walter Farqiihar Hook, 1798-1875.
Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, 1860-1876. Samuel Wilberforce, 1805-1873. i ;
Life of William Wilberforce. (with his brother),. 1838.
Agatha, 1839.
Edward Bouverie Pusey, 1800-1S82.
Historical Enquiry into the Causes of the Rationalist Character of German Theology, 1828^1836.
Thomas Mozley, 1800^1893.
Reminiscences of Oriel, 1882.
James Bowling Mozley, 1813-1878.
The Augustinian Doctrine of < Predestination, 1855.
The Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration, 1856.
Lectures on Miracles, 1865.
Richard William Church, 1815-1889.
St Anselm, 1870.
Spenser, 1S79.
The Oxford Movement, 1891, Henry, Parry Liddon, 1829-1890.
The Divinity of Jesiis, 1867.
Life of Pusey, 1 893-1 894, The Cambridpe Theologians. '
Brooke Foss Westcott, 1825-1901.
Joseph Barber Ligbtfoot, 1828-1889.
CHAPTER II. PHILOSOPHY.
The Scottish School.
Dugald Stewart, 1753-1828.
Thomas Brown, 1778-1820.
Inquiry into the Relation of Cause dnd Effect, 1818. James Mackintosh, 1765-1832.
William Hamilton, 1788-1856.
Discussions on Philosophy' and Literature, 1852.
Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, 1859-1861.
Xll CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
Henry Longueville Mansel, 1820-1871.
Prolegomena Logica, 1851.
The Limits of Jieligioui Thought, 1859.
77te Philosophy of the Conditioned, 1 86(5. The Utilitarians.
The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, 1832.
Lectures on Jurisprudence, 1 863.
John Stuart Mill, i8o6-i873.v^
A System of Logic, 1843.
The Principles of Political Economy, 1848.
On Liberty, 1859.
Representative Government, 1861.
Utilitarianism, 1863.
Comte and Positivism, 1865.
An Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy, 1865
The Subjection of Women, 1869. '
Autobiography, 1873. [William Whewell, 1794- 1866.
History of the Inductive Sciences, 1837.
Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, 1840.] Alexander Bain, 1818-1903.
The Senses and the Intellect, 1855.
The Emotions and the Will, 1859.
Henry Sidgwick, 1838-1900.
The Methods of Ethics, 1874. '
The Principles of Political Ecortomy, 1883.
The Elements of Politics, i8gi.
The Positivists.
Richard Congreve, 1818-1899.
George Henry Lewes, 1817-1878.
A Biographical History of Philosophy, 1845-1846.
Comte' s Philosophy of the Sciences, 1853.
Problems of Life arid Mind, 1874-1879.
See also Part III, Chapter I.
George Eliot, 1819-1880.
See also Part II A, Chapter VII, and Part II B, Chapter III. Harriet Martineau, 1802-1876.
Illustrations of Political Economy, 1832-1834.
Deerbrook, 1839.
The Positive Philosophy of Augtiste Comte freely Translated and Condensed, 1853.
See also Part III, Chapter I.
The English Hegelians.
James Frederick Ferrier, 1808- 1864.
Institutes of Metaphysic, 1854.
Benjamin Jowett, 1817-1893.
The Dialogues of Plato, 187,1.
See also Part I, Chapitef I.
Thomas Hill Green, 1836-1882.
The Works of Hume (edited), 1874-1875.
Prolegomena to Ethics, 1883.
CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY xiii
Edward Caird, 183S-1908,
A Critical Account of the Philosophy of Kant, 1877.
The Evolution of Religion, 1893.
The Evolution of Theology in the Greek Philosophers, 1904.
James Mattineau, 1805-1900.
Rationale of Religious Inquiry, 1836. ' Studies of Christianity, 1858.
Types of Ethical Theory, 1885, , ,
The Seat of Authority in Reli^on, 1890.
Francis William Newman, 1805-1897.
Phases of Faith, 1850.
Writers on the Philosophy of History.
Henry Thomas Buckle, 1821-1862. ^
History of Civilisation, 1857-186(5.
Henry Sumner Maine, 1822-1888.
Ancierit Law, 1861.
Village Communities, 1871. ,
The Early History of Institutions, 1S75.
Popular Government, 1885.
Walter Bagehot, 1826-1877.
The English Constitution, 1865-1867.
Physics and Politics, 1872.
Lombard Street, 1873.
The Economists.
John Elliott Cairnes, 1824-1876.
The Slave Power, 1862.
Richard Jones, 1790-1855.
J. E. Thorold Rogers, 1833-1890. l
History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 1866-1887. T. E. Cliffe Leslie, 1827 ?-i882.
CHAPTER III. SCIENCE. Charles Lyell, 1797-1875
Principles of Geology, 1830-1833.
Geological Evidences of the Antiquity pf Man, 1863^ Hugh Miller, 1802-1856.
The Old Red Sandstone, 1840.
Footprints of the Creator, 1849. '...
My Schools and Schoolmasters, 1854,
The Testimony of the Rocks, 1857.
Robert Chambers, 1802-1871. \
Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 1844;' Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903.
Principles of Psychology, 1855 (revised, i876'-i872).
First Principles, 1862.
Principles of Biology, 1864-1867..
Principles of Sociology, 1876-1896.
Principles of Ethics, 1892-1893.
Charles Darwin, 1809-1882.
foumal of Researches during the Voyage df the Beagle, 1839.
The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 1842.
The Origin of Species, 1859.
The Descent of Man, 1871.
The Formation of Vegetdble Mould through the Action of Worms, iSSi.
XIV CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY
Thomas Henry Huxle)', 1825-1895.
Man's Place in Nature, 1863.
Lay Sermons, 1870.
Hume, 1879.
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