Front matter
BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE
SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND
THE GIFT OF
Author's Preface
The development of every science is determined within certain laws^ which cannot be transgressed without risk of the inquirer's losing himself in a bottomless abyss. At all times there have been men who have pursued the comprehensive, rational, inductive method in the study of pathology ; and it is a pity that at certain periods these have been replaced by mere hypothesis-mongers. The anatomico-chemicophysical method of research at present followed in the cultivation of pathology has opened out a rich mine of results. The adoption of the pathologico-histological course pursued in this work has only of late been rendered possible with the aid of the microscope and of the advanced state of knowledge in normal histology, — an acquaintance with which is here presupposed. But our progress in this direction has not, as yet, been so far successful as to allow of the erection of a complete system ; an incompleteness which is indicated in the title selected for the book — viz., "Rudiments of Pathological Histology."
The object of the work embraces a morphology of anomalous tissues, with due regard to their development, the observations being based chiefly upon original researches. The labours of others, whose names are cited, have been vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
copiously employed ; and the reason why the literature of the subject has not received more particular notice lies in our allotted space, which, even without that, has been overstepped. As the work is intended for study, the author has conceived that the object would be best attained if the various subjects were described as much as possible in an objective way, by means of instances accompanied with the requisite illustrations ; thinking, also, that the book would thus be rendered more attractive to the practitioner. The technical execution, moreover, has, throughout, received due attention.
The plan followed in the work has been the giving, in the first place, as a methodical foundation, general morphological views and theories of development with respect to exudations, atrophy, hypertrophy, the formation of inorganic and of organic substances, and particularly of new-formed elementary organs and their various combinations.
In the Special Part, the subjects treated of are arranged in Families : I. Inorganic formations ; II. Atrophies ; III. Hypertrophies ; IV. Exudations ; V. New-formations ; VI. Parasites. The processes are described as manifested in the various organs ; but in this no strict anatomical or physiological order has been observed, those organs being taken first which had been more especially investigated, or which, in their anomalous structural conditions, were found more particularly adapted to afford useful results. In the extensive family of " new-formations " the respective pathological structures are arranged in divisions, ideal forms, or categories, not very strictly defined, — the opinion at the same time being held that, although such an arrangement and nomenclature might be requisite for the proper appreciation
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. vii
of the subjects, they should by no means be taken to represent a logical, systematic classificationj inasmuch as one category passes into another.
In all the original measurements" the French scale, as most convenient to every one, has been adopted.
With respect to the illustrations, which, in a subject of this kind, are so indispensably necessary, the author would remark that no time nor trouble were spared to render the drawings clear and correct. With the exception of six figures belonging to the parasites, the 203 illustrations are all original, some having been made by the author's brother, but most by himself. The zylography was executed by A. Rosenzweig, who devoted sixteen mouths to the troublesome task.
It is obvious that the publication of an illustrated work requires considerable time ; and the delay in the appearance of the present book is thus partly accounted for, and partly, also, because it was preferred that it should appear complete, and not in Parts, These considerations are adverted to by the author in apology for his not having paid more regard to several recent works in the same field.
CARL WEDL.
Vienna, July, 1853.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
The object and scope of the present work are siiflBcieutly shown in the Author's preface and in the table of contents ; it is needless, therefore, to say more than that it does not profess to be a complete system of ' Pathological Histology' ; the time for the completion of such a work not having yet arrived. General Histology, of which, in fact, that of morbid productions is merely a part, though undoubtedly much advanced of late years, is still, as the author says, in many respects far too defective to allow of the production of anything that can be considered a complete and satisfactory system. Observation shows more clearly, day by day, that the doctrine respecting the formation of pathological products, is subordinate to that which embraces the development of all organized tissues — that the mode of development, so far as it proceeds, is the same in both; the difference between the two consisting merely in the varied impulse under which it starts in either case. Whatever, therefore, of truth or error may exist in the received opinions respecting the formation of tissues in general — will apply as well to that of pathological, as of normal products. Among the more important of these views are those which relate to the doctrine or theory of cell-formation. The almost blind obedience at present paid to
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. ix
the doctrines of Schwann and Schleiden, has apparently acted, for some time, as a damper upon original thought on the subject. Attention, however, having of late been directed, more particularly by Mr. Huxley,' to the foundation upon which this doctrine is based, and to the many and weighty objections to which it is obnoxious, will, it is to be hoped, awaken a more scrutinizing and independent spirit of inquiry — when, and not till when, we may hope to see General, and with it Pathological, Histology, placed on a firm basis.
At present, therefore, the chief value of any work on the subject will consist in the amount of original information in the shape of facts which it may contain ; and, in this respect, credit is eminently due to Dr. Wedl's labours. The extent of original information and of original illustration in his work will always entitle it to a high place. His views also, especially with respect to cancer and new-formations in general, are comprehensive and suggestive ; and his treatment of the subject, though not altogether the most simple, is, upon the whole, as good and perhaps more philosophical than most others hitherto propounded.
In this edition, it is necessary to remark, that a few of the observations, or rather directions, concerning the means to be employed in histological and microscopical research, and in the preservation and preparation of specimens have been curtailed, as needless, in the presence of special works, at any one's command, on such manipulatory matters.
Several of the detailed cases, also, have been omitted, when they appeared superfluous for the strengthening of a
' ' Brit, and For. Med.-Chir. Review,' vol. xii, p. 285. (1853.)
X TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
statement J as well as the entire chapter on the subject of Parasites — one apparently quite out of place in a work devoted, not to General Pathology, but, simply, to Pathological Histology.
The measurements, in the original, are given in parts of the French millimetre, but in the translation (with a few exceptions from inadvertence) they have been reduced to terms of the Paris line ('") (0-088 inch) and inch (")• To render the book more convenient for reference, an Index has been appended, in addition to a copious table of ' contents.'
The descriptions of the figures, usually placed at the bottom of the pages, are here given together at the end of the book — ^^an arrangement which it is hoped will be found convenient for reference.
G. B.
CHAPTER II. Pathological chan'Ges connected with the circulation
. 15
Congestion .....
ib.
Experiments in animals ....
ib.
Blood-stasis .....
. 17
Dilatation of capillaries ....
. ib.
Rupture of walls of v^sels ....
Influence of nerves upon the contractile power of arteries
. 19
Effects of impeded circulation ....
Pathological transudation and exudation .
Exudations organizable and inorganizable
Serous or hydropic exudations ....
Fjbrino-serous exudations ....
Fibrinous, semifluid, or coagulated.exudations
Varieties of fibrinous exudations
Organizability of exudations ....
ib.
Coagulated fibrinous exudations
Flocculi ......
ib.
"Fibrinous flakes" .....
Albuminous exudations ....
Colloid exudations .....
Unorganizable exudations ....
Resorption of ditto ....
ib.
Obsolescence and tuberculization of ditto .
39-40
Fatty degeneration of ditto ....
Cretification ......
Gangrene ......
ib.
Causes of diversity in exudations xu
CONTENTS.
Blood-crasis, doctrine of .
Increased amoant of fibrin in .
Of albumen in Of water
Of white corpuscles (leukhcemia) Of fat Of urea Colouring matter of bile Sugar Exudations, effect of, according to situation Capillary apoplexies
Contagions nature of some
PAGE
Chapter III
nutritive material depend
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF NORMAL CELLS . . 50
Conditions upon which the quantity and quality of Cells, hypertrophy and atrophy of .
Differences between .
Cell-contents, pathological metamorphoses of .
Fatty degeneration .
Pigmented degeneration
Dropsical or aqueous degeneration
Increased amount of albumen .
Colloid in .
Diminution of .
Cell-membrane
Lamellar deposits on
Corrugation of .
Cell-nucleus, participation in pathological metamorphoses of cell
Degeneration of Cells, coalescence of Cytoblastema subject to changes similar to those observed in the cell-contents
Pigmented degeneration of
Serous or watery degeneration of
Development of gas in Elementary organs, death of
Ketrograde metamorphosis
Partial and total hypertrophy of
•57 ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
lb.
ib.
Chapter IV. Pathological New-formed Cells
Formative material or plasma
Cells the basis of the tissue of all pathological new-formations
Forms assumed by newly-developed cells
CONTENTS.
xiii
PAGE
tfodes of development of new-formed cells . . . . ib.
Free and by division
Schwann's view of .
ib-
Nucleus, formation of, in a grannlar protoplasm, H. v
Mohl and Nageli on
ib.
Granular globules of Lebert, vrithout nucleus
Division or multiplication of cells
ib.
Parent and secondary cells
ib.
Division by constriction
Nucleus, division of .
ib.
Mode of formation of cells in the pathological plasm
I identical with that
in the normal
ib.
Fundamental forms of the young cell
ib.
Discoid
Caudate
ib.
Conical
ib.
Fusiform
Stellate
ib.
Size of
ib.
Malformations of .
ib.
Involution of new-formed cells
Shapes of ditto
ib.
Cancer-cells, what are they ?
. ib.
No special character belonging to new-formed cells
ib.
Connexion of new-formed cells
. ib.
Their secondary arrangement .
. 67
Areolar ....
ib.
Papillary, villous or clavate
These two types pervade the entire group of compound vegetations
. 70
Chapter V. Formation Of Fibres .... 71-74
Fibrin, appearances presented in . . . .71
Coagulation of . . . . . . ih.
Mucin, produced in pus, &c., by the addition of acetic acid . . 72
Fibres of connective tissue . . . . . ib.
Schwann's description of the process of development of connective (cellular)
tissue . . . . . . ib.
Elastic fibre, development of . . . . .73
Characters of
. 74
Chapter VI. Formations Of The Areolar Tissues And Of The Papillary
Areolated cellular tissue, constitution of . . . .75
Mode of origin of . . . . . . ib.
Essentially the same in the pathological and normal condition . ib.
xiv CONTENTS.
PAQE
Fibre cells, diversities in, and mode of formation pf . • 74-75
Fibrous framework of areolar tissue developed from cells by spontaneous
multiplication or by the coagulation of a fibrinous or raucous stroma . 78
Fibre cells developed in a spiral . . . ■ .79
Hollow clavate processes or papillse of Rokitansky . . . ib
Mode of formation of . . . • • 79-80
Chapter VII. Formation Of Vessels .... 81-83
Multiplication of . . . . . .81
Schwann's observations on the multiplication of the capillaries in the
germinal membrane of the hen's egg Capillaries, free development of . . .
Germinal sacs of Engel ....
Size of pathological new-formed capillaries rapidly diminishes Their simple structure ....
New-formation of blood in vessels
Mode of ramification of vessels in new-formed tissues ib. 82 lb. 83 ib. ib. ib.
Chapter VIII. Formation Of Cysts .... 84-89
Definition of the term cyst . . . . .84
The cyst consists in an excessive augmentation of volume of the areolae of the areolar tissue and of the papillaiy new-formations . . ib.
Favorable conditions for the origination of cysts
May take place in any organ .
Structure of cysts
Membrane
Contents .
Areolae, constitution of
Occlusion and accumulation of transudation in
Cysts of the first, second, third, &c., orders, mode of production of
Pedunculate cysts .....
Modifications in origination dependent on the special anatomical structure
of an organ. C. Bruck's notion with respect to the origin of cysts That of Rokitansky .....
CHAPTER I. SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS . . . , gj.gn
§ 1. 1. Famht.— INORGANIC FORMATIONS . . .91
Uric acid ■ ■ . . . ib.
CONTENTS.
XV
PAGE
Uric acid, crystals of, various forms of . . .
. 92
Genesis of .
. 94
In the blood
. 95
Urate of ammonia ....
. 96
Forms of .
. 97
Urate of soda .....
. 98
Hippuric acid .....
. ib.
. 99
Phosphate of magnesia ....
. 100
Triple phosphate of magnesia and ammonia
. 100
Oxalate of lime ....
Carbonate of lime
Sulphate of lime ....
Phosphate of lime ....
Easily soluble salts ....
Fat .
ib.
Fat-globules, various appearances of .
ib.
Metamorphosis of protein-compounds Into fat .
Source of fat .
ib.
Cholesterin ......
Ill
Margarin and margaric acid
ib.
Colouring matters ....
Hiematoidin or xanthose ....
Crystalline form of . . . . 11
3-115
Amorphous. ... . .
Haematin ....
Forms of ..... .
ib.
Microscopical characters of ... .
Urerythrin or red colouring matter of the mine
ib.
Bile-pigment ......
Black pigment or melanin . . . .
ib.
Concretions . . . . .
Modes of formation of . . . . 11
9-123
Forms of, conditions upon which they depend .
Microscopical analysis of an intestinal concretion
Chapter II
. Family.— ATROPHIES .... 12
3-186
Atrophy, definition of . . .
Causes of ..... .
ib.
Morphological changes attending ....
Always attends exudative processes ....
ib.
Virchow's views respecting . . . .
§ 1. Atrophy of the Blood .....
ib.
Of blood retained within the organism
Of blood still circulating .....
XVI VI
CONTENTS.
J 2. Adipose and Cellular Tissue
Fat cells filled with brownish-yellow contents
Containing crystals of margarin Serum
Thickening of wall of cells
Other metamorphoses of .
Atrophy of cellnlar (connective) tissue § 3. Cartilage
Fatty or pigmented cartilage cells
Pigmentation of the intercellular substance
Its fibrillation .
Cretification
Mode in which this atrophy takes place
Atrophy of the thyroid cartilage in cystic bronchocele In perichondritis larpnffea In caries of the bones § 4. Osseous Tissue
Retrograde metamorphosis of the medulla and of the periosteum
Causal influences of atrophy
Structural changes in atrophied bone
Fatty degeneration of bone § 5. Muscle
Textnral changes in atrophied muscle
Pigmentation
Diminished cohesion
Fatty degeneration
Local atrophy, various causes of
Atrophy of organic muscular fibres § 6. Vessels
Fatty degeneration of the elementary tissues of In the capillaries Larger arteries
Veins, atrophy of
Virchow on partial vesicular dilatation of the smaller vessels
His cavernous ectasis
Teleangiectasis § 7. Skin and Mucous Membranes .
General atrophy of the skin
Partial
Of mucous membranes' § 8. Lungs.
Emphysema, nature and causes of
Atelectasis § 9. Teeth
Premature involution of .
Caries, dry and moist § 10. Liver
GONTEI^S.
xvii
PAGE
Fatty liver . . . .162
Yellow atrophy of . . .
ib.
Nutmeg liver, two kinds of
Serous degeneration of
§11. Blood-vasculab Glands
ib.
Spleen
ib.
Thyroid and thymus
Premature atrophy of thymus
ib.
§13. Female Sexual Organs
ib.
Premature atrophy of ovaries and uterus
ib.
Atrophy of placenta
Of umbilical cord
(Edema of villi of placenta
ib.
Dropsy of the amnion
Vesicular oedema of the umbilical cord
Apoplexies in the placenta and chorion
Atrophy of the mammary glands
§ 14. Nerves
Divided nerves . . i
Partial atrophy of nerves produced by an increase of the
interstitial
connective tissue
Atrophy of the ganglia
ib.
Cataract ....
ib.
Atheromatous deposits in vessels of ciliary processes
Cornea, fatty degeneration of
ib.
CHAPTER III. Family.— HYPERTROPHIES . . . 187-198
Definition, causes, plethora
. 187
Of the adipose tissue
Epidermis
Dark-coloured navi matemi, Ichthyosis
Elephantiasis
ib.
Of connective tissue
Bone
ib.
Striped muscular fibre
Organic muscular fibres
Blood-vascular, and true glands
CHAPTER IV. Familv.-EXUDATIONS .... 199-283
§ 1. In Serous Membranes
. 199
XVlll
^\ji.y i. riii i. o.
page
1. Fibrinous .....
. 199
Pericardium ....
. 200
Peritoneum ....
. 201
2. Gelatinous .....
. 202
Colloid ...
. 203
Cartilaginous
il).
Cretified . ...
. ib.
Opacities of serous membranes
. 204
Variola .....
ib.
Pemphigus. ....
Prurigo, Eczema
Haemorrhoids .....
ib.
On ulcers .....
In cholera .....
ib.
Croupose exudations ....
Morphological changes in the villi, accompanying exudations
Polypi of the mucous membrane . . . ,
Enlargement of solitary and Peyerian glands .
Ulceration of mucous membranes
Vasa vasorum .....
ib.
Atheromatous deposits
Aneurism .....
Endocarditis .....
Phlebitis ......
ib.
Periostitis . . • . .
ib.
Nodes ....
Chimmata . . . .
Osteoporosis .....
Osteomalacia ....
Osteitis . . . . .
ib.
Collection of pigment within the sarcolemma
Suppuration ......
7. Blood-vasoulab Glands
ib.
Thyroid ...
ib.
Thymus .....
Spleen ••....
Cells containing blood-corpuscles . . . .
ib.
Cells containing pigment in ... .
Conical deposits in .... _ ib.
In pneumonia .....
ib.
In catarrhal pneumonia ....
CONTENTS.
XIX
In what is termed typhoid pneumonia
(Edema of the lungs § 9. LlVEH ....
Diffuse and limited exudations in the
Yellow atrophy of Rokitansky
Lardaceous liver
Yellow tuTgescent liver of jaundiced new-born infants
Acute oedema of . . .
Metastatic inflammatory deposits in § 10. Kidney ....
Diffuse exudations in Bright's diseases
Fibrinous cylinders
Epithelium of tubuli uriniferi in the urine
Anatomical changes in the kidney at the commencement of a diffuse exudation
Fatty degeneration of the epithelium
Radiated colloid bodies
Lardaceous kidney
Fibrinous deposits in § 11. Sexual okqans
Prostate
Concentric colloid bodies in . .
Uterus ....
Change in substance after parturition
Placenta, exudations in the § 12. Bkain and Spinal cord
Yellow softening of the brain
Diffuse exudation in tetanus
Fibrinous exudations on the free surface of the arachnoid
Albuminous, on the pia mater
Red softening of the brain
Corpora amylacea § 13. Eye .
Cornea
Iritis .
Choroiditis
Colloid bodies in the choroid .
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