The fisheries and fishery industries of the United States. Prepared through the co-operation of the commissioner of fisheries and the superintendent of the tenth census

Front matter

no

Anne na a a

ANH

Prefatory Note

U. S. CoMMISSION OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Washington, May 30, 1884.

In July, 1879, an arrangement was made with General Francis A. Walker, Superintendent of the Tenth Census, by which an investigation of the fisheries of the United States was undertaken as the joint enterprise of the United States Fish Commission and of the Census Bureau. It was decided that this investigation should be as exhaustive as possible, and that both the United States Fish Commission and the Census should participate in its results. The preparation of a statistical and historical monograph of the fisheries, to form one of the series to be presented by the Superintendent of the Census in his report, was from the first the main object of the work, but in connection with this work extensive investigations into the methods of the fisheries, into the distribution of the fishing-grounds, and the natural history of useful marine animals were inaugurated and carried on.

The direction of this investigation was placed in the hands of Mr. G. Brown Goode, Assistant Director of the National Museum, who had already been engaged for a number of years in a systematic, historical, and statistical investigation of the American fisheries, and who as early as 1877 had drawn up a scheme for an exhaustive exploration of the coast, quite as elaborate as that now adopted and not essentially different. .

The first step taken was to secure the co-operation of as many as possible of those persons who had in the past given attention to the subject of the fisheries, and this was so successfully accomplished that it is safe to say that every one who has been of late years prominent in such

. Studies has taken part in the preparation of this report.

The plan of the proposed investigation was drawn up by Mr. Goode before beginning the work, and was published in an octavo pamphlet of fifty-four pages, entitled ‘‘ Plan of Inquiry into the History and Present Condition of the Fisheries of the United States.” Washington: Government Printing Office; 1879.

The scheme of investigation divided the work into the following departments:

I. Natural history of marine products—Under this head was to be carried on the study of the useful aquatic animals and plants of the country, as well as of seals, whales, turtles, fishes, lobsters, crabs, oysters, clams, etc., sponges, and marine plants and inorganic products of the sea with reference to (A) geographical distribution, (B) size, (C) abundance, (D) migrations and movements, (E) food and rate of growth, (F) mode of reproduction, (G) economic value and uses.

II. The fishing grounds.—Under this head were to be studied the geographical distribution of all animals sought by fishermen, and the location of the fishing-grounds; while, with referencee vi PREFATORY NOTE.

to the latter, are considered: (A) location, (B) topography, (C) depth of water, (D) character of bottom, (E) temperature of water, (F) currents, (G) character of invertebrate life, ete.

III. The fishermen and fishing towns.—Here were to be considered the coast districts engaged in the fisheries, with reference to their relation to the fisheries, historically and statistically, and the social, vital, and other statistics relating to the fishermen.

IV. Apparatus and methods of capture —Here were to be considered all the forms of apparatus used by fishermen; boats, nets, traps, harpoons, etc., and the methods employed in the various branches of the fishery. Here each special kind of fishery, of which there are more than fifty in the United States, is considered separately with regard to its methods, its histery, and its statistics. .

V. Products of fisheries—Under this head were to be studied the statistics of the yield of American fisheries, past and present.

VI. Preparation, care of, and manufacture of fishery products—Here were to be considered the methods and the various devices for utilizing fish after they are caught, with statistics of capital and men employed, etc.: (A) preservation of live fish, (B) refrigeration, (C) sun-drying, (D) smoke-drying, (E) pickling, (F) hermetically canning, (G) fur dressing, (H) whalebone preparation, (I) isinglass manufacture, (K) ambergris manufacture, (L) fish guano manufacture, (M) oil rendering, etc.

VII. Economy of the jfisheries—Here were to be studied: (A) financial organization and methods, (B) insurance, (C) labor and capital, (D) markets and market prices, (E) lines of traffic, (F) exports, imports, and duties.

The fishery industry is of such great importance, and is undergoing such constant changes that a visit of a few days or weeks to any locality, even by the most competent experts, has invariably proved unsatisfactory. We were able therefore to collect only the most important facts, selected with special reference to the needs of the report in contemplation, leaving many subjects of interest undiscussed.

The field-work, and the correspondence in connection with it, was carried on by the followingnamed special agents, and approximately between the dates below mentioned : ,

I.—Coast of Maine, east of Portland. Mr. R. Edward Earll and Captain J. W. Collins, August 1 to October 31, 1879; July 29 to October 20, 1880; January 1, 1881, to January 1, 1883. : II.—Portland to Plymouth (except Cape Ann) and eastern side of Buzzard’s Bay. W. A. Wilcox, September 2, 1879, to March 1, 1881.

Iil.—Cape Ann. A. Howard Clark, September 1, 1879, to November 1, 1880; July, August, and September, 1883.

IV.—Cape Cod. Frederick W. True, July 1 to October 1, 1879; September 1 to October 31, 1880; Vinal N. Edwards, October 1, 1880, to July 31, 1882. *-V.—Provineetown. Captain N. E. Atwood, August 1, 1879, to August 1, 1880. VI.—Rhode Island and Connecticut, west to the Connecticut River. Ludwig Kumlien, August 16 to October 16, 1880.

VII,—Long Island and north shore of Long Island Sound, and west to Sandy Hook. Frederick Mather, August 1, 1879, to July 1, 1881.

VIII.—New York City. Barnet Phillips, January 1, 1880, to July 1, 1881. 1X.—Coast of New Jersey. R. Edward Earli, December, 1880.

X.—Philadelphia. C. W. Smiley and W. V. Cox, November, 1880.

XI.—Coast of Delaware. Captain J. W. Collins, December, 1880.

PREFATORY NOTE. vii

XII.—Baltimore and the oyster industry of Maryland. R.H. Edmonds, October 1, 1879, to

é October 1, 1880.

XITI.—Atlantic coast of Southern States. R. Edward Earll, January 1 to July 25, 1880. XIV.—Gulf coast. Silas Stearns, August, 1879, to July, 1880.

XV.—Coast of California, Oregon, and Washington. Professor D. S. Jordan and C. H. Gilbert, January, 1880, to January, 1881.

XVI.—Puget Sound. James G. Swan, January, 1880, to January, 1881. XVII.—Alaska fisheries. Dr. T. H. Bean, June to October, 1880.

XVIII.—Great Lakes fishery. Ludwig Kumlien, August, 1879, to August, 1880. XIX.—River fisheries of Maine. C.G. Atkins, January 1, 1880, to July 3, 1882. XX.—The shad and alewife fisheries. Colonel Marshall MacDonald, October, 1879, to January 1, 1883.

XXI.—Oyster fisheries. Ernest Ingersoll, October 1, 1879, to July 1, 1881.

XXII.—Lobster and crab fisheries. Richard Rathbun, January 1, 1880, to January 1, 1882. XXIII.—Turtle and terrapin fisheries. Frederick W. True, October 1, 1880, to January 1, 1882. XXIV.—The seal, sea-elephant, and whale fisheries. A. Howard Clark, November 1, 1880, to

February 1, 1881.

In addition to the field assistants already mentioned a staff of office assistants were employed in carrying on correspondence, searching past records, and preparing the report for publication. Mr. C. W. Smiley, Mr. James Temple. Brown, and Mr. George S. Hobbs were connected with the work from its start, and subsequently Mr. J. E. Rockwell, Mr. C. W. Scudder, Mr R. I Geare, Mr. G. P. Merrill, Mr. W. S. Yeates, and others were thus employed. A number of clerks were temporarily detailed for this work by the Superintendent of the Census; at one time as many as twenty.

A portion of the clerical force was placed under the immediate direction of Mr. C. W. Smiley, who had in special charge the distribution of circulars and the compilation of their results, and the compilation of summary tables from the records of the Treasury Department.

The expense of the field-work from July 1, 1879, to July 1, 1881, was for the most part borne by the Census, together with a large amount of compilation office-work carried on by clerks detailed from the Census Office in Washington.

The expense of the preparation of the report, final tabulation of statistics of production, and preparation of illustrations has been mainly at the cost of the Fish Commission. Since February, 1881, Mr. Goode’s relation to the work has been that of a volunteer, and his services in the preparation of the reports and in connection with their publication have been rendered without compensation, in addition to his regular duties as Assistant Director of the National Museum. In the same manner a large share of the most important work upon special parts of the report has been done as volunteer labor by officers of the National Museum and Fish Commission, in addition to their regular duties. A number of employees of the Fish Commission have been detailed from time to time for special work upon this report, for periods varying from four months to two years.

The participation of the Census Office and the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries has involved the expenditure of probably nearly equal amounts of money, and the division of the results, so far as they are represented in reports ready for the printer, has been arranged to the satisfaction of both. The extent of the material collected has, however, been much greater than was anticipated, and the portion assigned to the Fish Commission being too bulky for publication in the annual reports, application was made to Congress for permission to print as a separate special report an illustrated work in quarto upon the Food Fishes and Fisheries of the United States.

one

Vill PREFATORY NOTE.

This permission was granted in a joint resolution, worded as follows, which passed the Senate July 16, 1882: é

Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That the Public Printer be, and is hereby, instructed to print, in quarto form, a report by the U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, upon the food fishes and fisheries of the United States, the engravings to be in relief, and to be contracted for by the Public Printer, under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing, and to receive the approval of the Commissioner before being accepted; the work to be stereotyped, and 10,000 extra copies printed, of which 2,500 shall be for the use of the Senate, 5,000 for the use of the House, and 1,500 for the use of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. There shall also be printed 1,000 extra copies for sale by the Public Printer, under such regulations as the Joint Committee on Printing may prescribe, at a price equal to the additional cost of publication and 10 per cent. thereon added. ;

The manuscript for the entire report is for the most part ready for the printer, and several hundred drawings for the illustrations are finished. Part I was placed in the hands of the printer in August 1882, and would have been published more than a year ago but for the absence of Mr. Goode in England. The contents of these reports, it is proposed, shall be approximately as follows, though it is probable that other topics may be added to the discussion before the work is - completed :

THE Foop FISHES AND FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

PART I.—The Natural History of Useful Aquatic Animals. Part IJ.—The Fishing-Grounds

Part IIJ.—The Fishing-Towns, containing a geographical review of the Coast, River, and Lake Fisheries. Part IV.—The Fishermen.

Part V.—The Apparatus of the Fisheries and the Fishing-Vessels and Boats. Part VI.—The Fishery Industries, a discussion of methods and history. Part VII.—The Preparation of Fishery Products.

Part VIII.—Fish Culture and Fishery Legislation.

Part IX.—Statistics of Production, Exportation, and Importation. Summary Tables. Part X.—The Whale Fishery ; a special monograph.

Part XI.—A Catalogue of the Useful and Injurious Aquatic Animals and Plants of North America. Part XII.—A list of Books and Papers relating to the Fisheries of the United States. Part XIII.—A general Review of the Fisheries with a statistical summary.

The report prepared for the Superintendent of the Census, the manuscript of which is now for the most part in his possession, is divided into the following sections:

A REPORT UPON THE STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES AND FISH TRADE OF THE UNITED STATES.

INTRODUCTION (giving a comprehensive abstract of the matter contained in the quarto report referred to above).

Part I.—A Review of the Fisheries of the Atlantic Seaboard, with statistics of production and manufacture.

Part II.—A Review of the Fisheries of the Pacific Coast, with statistics of production and manufactures.

Part III.—A Review of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes, with stat.stics of production and manufactures.

Part IV.-—A Review of the River Fisheries of the United States. (Prepared by C. W. Smiley.)

Part V.—A Review of the Consumption of Fish by Counties, with an estimate of the extent and value of the inland fisheries. (Prepared by C. W. Smiley.)

Part VI.—A Review of the Fish Trade of cities of the United States having a population of more than 10,000 in 1880. (Prepared by C. W. Smiley.)

Part VII.—Statistics of Importation and Exportation of Fishery Products from 1730 to 1880.

Part VIII.—List of the Fishing-Vessels of the United States in 1880, giving tonnage, value, number of crew, name of owner, branches of fisheries engaged in, together with other important details.

Part IX.—Monograph of the Seal Islands of Alaska. By Henry W. Elliott. (Already in type; 171 pages. 4to.)

‘Part X.—Monograph of the Oyster Fisheries. By Ernest Ingersoll. (Already in type ; 251 pages.)

The Census volume thus is arranged to include all compilations from circulars, and the results of the work performed by clerks detailed from the Census Office, together with much derived from

PREFATORY NOTE. ix the archives of the Fish Commission. The first three sections are mainly made up from the material collection by the special agents in the field, and the form is as nearly as possible that in which it was originally collected; much, however, has been added from the archives of the Commission.

By the plan just detailed, the statistical matter gathered by the joint efforts of the two organizations is assigned to the Census, together with a sufficient amount of descriptive and explanatory text to make the statistics fully intelligible, while the descriptive, historical, and natural history papers are taken by the Fish Commission, these being enriched by a sufficient amount of statistical detail to render them as useful as possible for the class of readers and students for whom they are intended.

The statistical results of the investigation have already been published in a preliminary way. A series of special statistical tables appeared in the Bulletins of the Census Office, as follows :

(1.) Census BULLETIN No. 176.—[Preliminary Report upon the Pacific States and Territories] prepared by Mr. Goode from returns of Special Agents Jordan, Swan, and Bean. Dated May 24, 1884. 4to. Pp. 6 (+2).

(2.) CENSUS BULLETIN No. 261.—Statistics of the Fisheries of the Great Lakes. Prepared by Mr. Frederick W. True from notes of Special Agent Kumlien. Dated September 1,1881. 4to. Pp. 8.

(3.) Census BULLETIN No. 278.—Statistics of the Fisheries of Maine. Prepared by Mr. R. E. Earll from his own notes and those of Capt. J. W. Collins and Mr. C. G. Atkins. Dated November 22, 1881. 4to. Pp. 47 (+1).

(4.) Cunsus BULLETIN No, 281.—Statistics of the Fisheries of Virginia. Prepared by Colonel Marshall MacDonald. Dated December 1, 1881. 4to. Pp. 8.

(5.) CENSUS BULLETIN No. 295.—Statistics of the Fisheries of Massachusetts. Prepared by Mr. A. Howard Clark from returns of Special Agents Wilcox, Clark, True, Collins, and Atwood. Dated March 1, 1882. 4to. Pp.35 +1.

(6.) Census BULLETIN No. 291.—Statistics of the Fisheries of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. Prepared by Mr. A. Howard Clark. Dated April 5, 1882. 4to. Pp. 7(+1.)

(7.) Census BULLETIN No. 297.—Commercial Fisheries of the Middle ‘States. Prepared. by Mr. R. E. Earll and Colonel M. MacDonald. Dated June 5, 1882. 4to. Pp. 14.

(8.) CeNsuS BULLETIN No. 298.—Commercial Fisheries of thé Southern Atlantic States. Prepared by Mr. R. E. Earll and Colonel M. MacDonald. Dated June 5,1882. 4to. Pp.18. (This bulletin includes statistics of No. 4 (C. B., No. 281).

In all 148 pages, quarto. In addition to these certain special tables have appeared.

(10.) StaristicaL TABLE.—Statistics of the Fisheries of the United States in 1880. {Prepared by Messrs. Goode and Earll from the reports of special agents.] Printed in Compendium of the Tenth Census, p. 88. Pp. —. Republished in Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, Vol. IIi, 1883, pp. 270-71, and in Preliminary Catalogue, International Fisheries Exhibition, January, p. 5.

(11.) STaTISTICAL TaBLE.—Table showing by States the quantity of Spanish mackerel taken in 1880, and the total catch for the United States. By R. Edward Earll. Report United States Fish Commission. Part VIII, 1880, p. 416,

(12.) Statistica, SuMMARY.—Statistics of the Davis Strait Halibut Fisheries. By Newton P. Scudder. Report United States Fish Commission. Part VIII, pp. 190-192.

(13.) StaTisticaL SUMMARY.— Statistics of the Swordfish Fishery. By G. Brown Goode. Report United States Fish Commissioners. Part VIII, pp. 361-367.

(14.) Statistica, SUMMARIES.—Statistics of the Mackerel Fishery in 1880. By R. Edward Earll. Report United

States Fish Commission. Part IX, pp. [124]-[127.] [Statistics of the Mackerel Canning Industry.] By R. Edward Earll. Ibid, p.[131.] Statistics of the Inspection of Mackerel from 1804 to 1880. By A. Howard Clark. Ibid, pp. [162]-[213.] Vessels in the Mackerel Fishery in 1880. Ibid, p. 418.

Catch of Mackerel by Americans in Canadian waters. 1873~81. Ibid, p. [430.]

(15.) INTRODUCTION to Section B., U. §. Catalogue International Fisheries Exhibition, London. (Collection of Economic Crustaceans, Worms, Echinoderms, and Sponges.) By Richard Rathbun. Pp. [3]-[20.] Crabs, p. [3]: Lobsters, p. [6]: Crayfish, p. [10]: Shrimp and Prawns, p. [11]: Sponges, p. [18], etc.

Xx PREFATORY NOTE.

(16.) INTRODUCTION to Section D., U. 8. Catalogue Int. Fisheries Exhibition. (Catalogue of the Economic Mollusca and the apparatus and appliances used in their capture and preparation for market, exhibited by the U. 8. National Museum.) By Lieut. Francis Winslow, U. 8. N., pp. [3] to [58]. Aggregate table of production, p. [3]: Special tables and statistical statements throughout.

(17.) INTRODUCTION to Section k., U. 8. Catalogue Int. Fisheries Exhibition. (The Whale Fishery and its Appliances. ) By James Temple Brown, pp. [3]-[25.]

(18.) Statistics of the Whale Fishery. By A. Howard Clark, in the preceding, pp. [26]-[29.]

(19.): A Review of the Fishery Industries of the United States, etc. By G. Brown Goode. An address at a conference of the International Fisheries Exhibition, June 25, 1883. 8vo., pp. &4. Numerous statistical statements, summaries, and tables.

(20.) ADMINISTRATIVE REPORT.—Method and results of an effort to collect statistics of the fish trade, and consumption of fish throughout the United States. By Chas. W. Smiley. Bulletin U. 8. Fish Commission, vol. ii, 1882, pp. 247-52.

Two special reports have also been published, as follows:

(21.) A Monograph of the Seal Islands of Alaska. By Henry W. Elliott. 4to., illustrated. Pp. 172. An edition of this report with substitutions on pp. 102-9 was also issued as a Special Bulletin of the Fish Commission, No. 176. (22.) The Oyster Industry. By Ernest Ingersoll. 4to., illustrated. Pp. 252.

The general results of the investigation, from the statistician’s stand-point, may be briefly summarized as follows:

In 1880 the number of persons employed in the fishery industries of the United States was 131,426, of whom 101,684 were fishermen, and the remainder shoresmen. The fishing fleet consisted of 6,605 vessels (with a tonnage of 208,297.82) and 44,804 boats, and the total amount of capital invested was $37,955,349, distributed as follows: Vessels, $9,357,282; boats, $2,465,393 ; minor apparatus and outfits, $8,145,261; other capital, including shore property, $17,987,413.

The value of the fisheries of the sea, the great rivers, and the Great Lakes, was placed at $43,046,053, and that of those in minor inland waters at $1,500,000—in all $44,546,053. These values -were estimatedupon the basis of the prices of the products received by the producers, andif average wholesale prices had been considered, the value would have been much greater. In 1882 the yield of the fisheries was much greater than in 1880, and prices both “at first hand” and at wholesale were higher,'so that a fair estimate at wholesale market rates would place their vulue at the present time rather above than below the sum of $100,000,000.

The fisheries of the New England States are the most important. They engage 37,043 men 2,066 vessels, 14,787 boats, and yield products to the value of $14,270,393. In this district the principal fishing ports in order of importance are: Gloucester, New Bedford, the center of the whale fishery, Eastport, Boston, Provincetown, and Portland.

Next to New England in importance are the South Atlantic States, employing 52,418 men, 3,014 vessels (the majority of which are small, and engaged in the shore and bay fisheries), 13,331 boats and returning products to the value of $9,602,737.

Next are the Middle States, employing in the coast fisheries 14,981 men, 1,210 vessels, 8,293 boats, with products to the amount of $8,676,579.

Next are the Pacific States and Territories with 16,803 men, 56 vessels, 5,547 boats, and products to the amount of $7,484,750. The fisheries of the Great Lakes employ 5,050 men, 62 vessels, and 1,594 boats, with products to the amount of $1,784,050. The Gulf States employ 5,131 men, 197 vessels, and 1,252 boats, yielding products to the value of $545,584.

SPENCER F. BAIRD,

Commissioner of Fisheries.

WASHINGTON, May 30, 1884.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, Washington, July 18, 1882.

Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith, for approval and for publication, Section I of a general work upon THE FISHERIES AND FISHERY INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES, consisting of an illustrated history of the useful aquatic animals of the United States. This work is intended especially for the use of the reading public, and technical zoélogical discussions and descriptions have therefore been intentionally avoided.

I desire, in this place, to express my high appreciation of the manner in which the gentlemen associated with me in the preparation of this work have performed the tasks which they had undertaken, their work having been in large degree voluntary and unremunerated.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, * G. BROWN GOODE.

Professor SPENCER F. BAIRD, : .

United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.

A._THE

Table Of Contents

Part L—MAMMALS.

WHALES AND PORPOISES. By G. BRown GoopE.

« The Sperm: Whales sccncceeccwserennseces secce eects tee ecenuese esas sake eneceewe . The Blackfishes or Pilot Whales. ..-.....---.. side wenioeseReeereeEe one seeaee aes . The Grampuses or Cowfishes.....----. 0.2.2. oe eee cece cee ee cee ne cece ee cee eee . The Harbor Porpoises or Herring Hogs........-.------ cee eee eee cee ce eee eens a Ee Doo lip Dia a aasstaretee meyshs siete wins iiticcn a: nib ie cis icin ti inie eieiaieterdcieeaidinisaie seiccwleeawee sauce . The Killer Whales or Orcas.... ..-. 02.222 eee cece eee cen cee eee cee e eeeee . The Sperm Whale Porpoise .. .......-.---. 02-222 cece eee ee cee eee ebeeersteeube . The White Whale or Beluga........ 20202 cee cece cece cere cece cece nee eeeee . The Narwhal..-......--. s SUSAR Sees ee mein ose eAmsmies Sethe s Sesase nes eeae . The Greenland, Bowhead, or Polar Whale.............-.--. ecee cece ee cee eee cee 3 THO Right! Wihalesis o.oo <a 2 = Sarseccye sciacs oS acieiiisicidis aiwisin aiwenedia gaiaietnieieemadonereneusains . The Humpback Whales. ........-....-.. picieinieiaias cre case sascisicce a tice ciel win MEa tw eicialnianeiaiee . The Sulphur Bottom Whales.......-. 2.2.02. eee ee eee e cee e ee cece cone ee cones rasta » Whe Finback WIE «..:.1.10:sioccceicccisieinwias oh oteie decease cesrecisncete eocewaeuisaigte.s is PHS SEAR WHA wees irmsvnsaisrera scctainse aie mnie wie weyarntie sala meri Oaienwaee eee euneteekeeees . The California Gray Whales.........----- PIPER ODOR EOE Ran Ue ate en

Part II.—REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

By FREDERICK W. TRUE.

E.—THE ALLIGATOR AND THE CROCODILE: 33. The Alligator and the Crocodile .........-.--..----- ceccee cecene cee c ee cen eee cecees seen ceneneeees 141

F.—TORTOISES, TURTLES, AND TERRAPINS:

The Marine Turtles in general ...-....-.--2. 2222 -e2 eee eee ee ee ee ee B cmenibeebucinewceeeta anges 147 The Loggerhead Turtle .......-- Sy "visio le wimiiaalatinnsia 4.9 bteimieeheibinin stb, sip'pigte Seie's Wisiaie Sede Gases emer seemEn oti 147 The: Hawk’s-bill Durtless.ci< <4 « s/s sinisieajels. ws o's 2, etoile elarwiemeusldinisicials alnicic ‘gielete tein eee Screams wse siateceiarwe 149 Phe: Green wl Urtles: se jasscis eo wietalevetare:e tro anetaraje vy eect. esos Aiotetulela)a Biain's (anjets we siesiesin Seles a eith'e eae eree aaa 150 The: Soft-shelled: tortoises. deen xcevetscnance ae se wesleaseed saan: qewoeeie vesseueeucusldsdes aeeouaess 152 The Snapping Turtles ccs. came cesawvcnisnes vmnw cane wiewe exceeds s cilem smeissesesecceiyees'steisieecels 153 The: Musk Tort0iseGicwws 22% scemeeniqass wees eee reece ee tea ees bsie os siehadee dem eerie eeiimegeleeccawices LOF ‘The Freshwater Perrapinel-.a- secesnsoeane ssedcecoeanemets mies tee eee cekoreebcie seed doesctindasle estes 155 The Diamond-back or Salt-water Terrapin ............ 122-22 eee ce ee cee ce cee eee tee nee cee 156 The Pond Tortoises ...........---2- 2 eee eens eee e eee ahem eee ee te See we eR SEE Reeeeseaeeis! oe 157 The Box Tortoises ac 5 2 sue sxeywessars eee sd cee ee eeees Wese ew ce seed eee ees eee mecine Seisiaiele sees 158 G.—THE AMPHIBIANS: The Bull -fr0@ siciwas sec eee sy sce Setiten bb Gigs void seen hidie naire Wide Se aibele beeen ieee ties wails YS 159

Part IIL—FISHES.

By G. BRown GoopDE.

WITH DISCUSSIONS OF THE PACIFIC SPECIES BY DAVID S. JORDAN AND TARLETON H. BEAN, NOTES ON THE FISHES OF THE GULF OF MEXICO BY SILAS STEARNS, AND CONTRIBUTIONS FROM JOSEPH W. COLLINS, N. E. ATWOOD, MARSHALL MACDONALD, R. EDWARD EARLL, LUDWIG KUMLIEN, AND OTHER AUTHORITIES.

H.—THE FILE FISHFS, PIPE FISHES, AND ANGLERS:

46. The Ocean Sun Fishes (Orthagoriscida) ......---- 22-2. cece eee ce nee eens cone coc eee cone ceneee 169 47. The Porcupine Fishes (Diodontida) .. 0.2.02. 22. -.0. sec cee cceceececeee seececes coceceseeecececeuces 170 48. The Bellows-Fish Family (Tetrodontid@) ..---.- .-. 22. 2-20 cece e come ee cee cone cee cece ee cee cence 170 49. The Trunk Fishes (Ostraciontid@) .....2.-. 2 eee eee en cece cece cece e cece ee ce ne tecene secene cece 170 50. The File-Fish Family (Balistid@) ..-.-.....--- 000... ceee ee cece cece ee cece ee cece ee cece ceeeeeeees 171 51. The Sea-Horse Family (Hippocampida) ........-.2--- 200+ cee eee cece ee cece ee cee eee nace ee cee eee cence 172 52. The Pipe. Fish Family (Syngnathida) ...-.. 22-0. cacceececeee coeeee caceee cecceeceeces ceeeeceecess 172 53. The Devil Fishes (Antennariide and Maltheid@) ........2 002.2 cece cece ee cece en cece ee eee eee cece cece 173 54. The Goose Fish (Lophius piscatorius)...-.. 02.02. ce ceee cece en cece en cece ee cee ees cee c ee ene eee cence ee 173 I—THE FLAT FISHES AND FLOUNDERS: 55. The American Soles (Soleida@) ......... 20. 2.222 cece cee cee cece ce ee ee cece cee ene cen can tecuue cccces 175 56. The Plaice (Paralichthys dentatus) .... 2222... ceee eee cence cece ee cote ee veces cece wees eee cee eee cee 178 57. The Bastard Halibut (Paralichthys maculosus) .......2.. 0.0.20 cee cee cee ee cece en cence ceccec eecccce 182 58. The Flat Fish or Winter Flounder (Pseudoplewronectes americanus) .....-.. 20. eee cece cane ceeeee eee 182 59. The Flat Fishes and Soles of the Pacific Coast ........002. 000. c2ee cece ceee wees eee cece ceecccec ce 184 60. The Halibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris) .... 2... cee. cece cece lene cece cece cece eens cuca cece cuecce cece cee 189 61. The Sand Dab or Rough Dab ( Hippoglossoides platessoides) ...... 0... 0-20 cooe sene cece coccececcece 197 62. The Greenland Turbot (Platysomatichthys hippoglossoides) .... 62. eee cece eee ee eee eee cen e cece cee 197 63. The Pole Flounder or Craig Flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) .... 2.0... -c.ececceecececececeee 198 64. The Spotted Sand Flounder (Lophopsetta maculata) .... 2... .... 0.00 cece cnen cece caceccececccceceee. 199

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

J.—THE COD FAMILY AND ITS KINDRED:

The Cod (Gadus morrhua)... 22... 2-2. 0220 ee eee cee eee eee eee The Tom Cods (Microgadus feiaeed and. MM. progtmus) wos snas ins esc caieie ainiarsiseinelsisuie sivas vise ov cece eee The Haddock (Melanogrammus eglefinus) ...... 222-222-202 oe ee ee ce eee cee cece eens

The Pollock (Pollachius carbonarius)....-.....--220 --20-------

The Cusk ( Brosmius brosme). . Sia salats ayerd S16. vIe aupssiecersys ei muse tabase cia manayere inne oiare Siaeuciee

The Hakes (Phycis chuss, none Sxialalsdvelawacianalemecraiia ob aroterel anton sierarouet

The Burbot (Lota maculosa). By TARLETON H. BEAN.......----..----------- bog cee cen sas The Silver Hake and the Merluccio...--.-..-.. 2-2-2. o-oo cee ee eee ee cece ee nen nenn ee eaenes

The Lant, or Sand Eel ( Ammodytes lanceolatus)........--..---.-.

K.—WOLF-FISHES, SCULPINS, AND WRASSES:

86. 87.

94. The Angel-Fish Family (Chetodontid@),. .......----- --eee eens cece cece ee eee cence eee L.—THE MACKEREL AND ITS ALLIES:

95. The Mackerel (Scomber scombrus).. ....---.--- 02+ -20 ee ne nee e ee cone eee eee sie seaeaes 96. The Chub Mackerel (Scomber colias).... 2.2... 002202 cece cee cee cee nee cece 3 deereeenes 97. The Frigate Mackerel (Ausxis thazard)......-.---- +--+ 200+ -0--- is a busier ene 98. The Spanish Mackerel and its Allies..........-.---.---+2----- 2-2 eee dasa sate 99. The Bonito (Sarda mediterranea). .... .-- 2-2 -20-20 cece ee cee ence eee nee ee eee ene cee e ne tees 100. The Horse Mackerel, Tunny, or Albicore (Orcynus thynnus)........----.2.-.+02005- oats 101. The Little Tunny or Albicore (Orcynus alliteratus)..........- +202. 202-22 _ 102.. The: Silver Moon-Fish ea :oisisi = siersios scsi vinisls isis Wee wieis 00 be sis Se ste are ne beebleweeiey seleajssiae ge yyes's Sea 2 103. The Cavally, the Scad, andi tha Fouls. daleioeees ee. bx@ eee seh oc eee ee bbilomese Hs Mem eaeeeeMaE Eee dees 104. The Pompanos (Trachynotus carolinus, etc.).-...-..--- cee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 105, The Pilot Fish (Nauerates ductor). ..-..-...2-- 0-00 cane cccces socces acces mane cane eee n scence uacces 106. The Amber Fishes and the Leather Jackets.........---.- 2220 coe eee eee eee eens cee ee eee nee