The law of nations considered as independent political communities

Front matter

CORNELL

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

Chapter I

NATIONS AS SUBJECTS 0? LAW.

§ I . Nations Independent Political Communities i

a. International Jurisprudence a

3. Element of Roman Law 3

4. Definition of a State adopted by Grotius 3

5. PuffendorFs Definition of a State 4

6. Christian de Wolff 5

7. VatteFs Definition of a State 5

8. Growth of Natural Society 6

9. Natural Society of Nations 8

10. Nationalisation and Denationalisation of States 9

11. Hobbes^ view of Political Society 10

1 3. Equality of Nations 11

13. Perfect and Imperfect Rights of Nations 13

14. Rights incidental to the Right of Self Preservation 13

15. ObKgations corresponding to Rights 13

16. The Good Ofiices of Nations discretional 13

17. Right of Coalition 14

CHAPTER n.

INCIDENTS- AND MODIFICATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL LIFE.

18. Continuity of International Life ] 6

19. Determination of International Life 18 xiv CONTENTS.

§30. International Recognition of Independence 19

31. International Life not determined by Political

Changes within a State. Personal Treaties 30

33. Real Treaties 31

33. Sovereignty distinct from Independence 33

34. Semi-Sovereign States a Solecism 24

35- Conventional Independence of States 35

36. Independent States under Protection 37

37. The Principality of Monaco 28

38. The Lordship of Kniphausen 30

39. The United States of the Ionian Islands 33

30. Neutrality of a Protected Independent State ^^

31. The Free City of Cracow 36

33. Its Internal Constitution a subject of Treaty 37

^^. Cracow and the Ionian Islands 40

34. The extinct Republic of Poglizza 41

^^. The RepubUe of Andorre 43

^6. The Republic of San Marino 44

Chapter III. National State-systems Of Christendom

37 . Single or United States 4^5

38. Personal Union of Independent States 46

39. Real Union of Independent States 47

40. Federal Union of Norway and Sweden 49

41 . Diversity of Federal Unions C2

43. The United States of America cq

43. The Constitution of 1787 _54

44. The Articles of Confederation of 1778 cc

45. The Confederate States of America of 1861 ^6

46. The Argentine Confederation ^8

CONTENTS. XV

Page

§47. A Single State decentralised 59

48. The Constitution of the Argentine State 60

49. The Argentine Provinces 61

50. The Swiss Confederation of 1648 61

51. The Helvetic Confederation of 1 815 6a

52. The League of Sarnen of 1 83a 64

53. The Swiss Confederation of 1 848 65

54. Analogy between the Swiss Confederation and the

United States of America 67

^^. Origin of the Germanic Confederation 68

56. Federal Act of 1815 70

Sy. Final Act of 1820 71

58. The Ordinary Assembly of the Diet 75

59. The Plenum or Full Chapter of the Diet 77

60. Permanent Character of the Germanic Confederation 80

Chapter IV. The Ottoman Empieb

61. The International Relations of the Mahommedan

World 82

62. Admission of the Porte into the Fellowship of Eu-

ropean Nations. Treaty of Paris^ 30 March 1856.

Declaration of Maritime Law 84

6^. Constitution of the Ottoman Empire — Christian and

Mahommedan dependencies — Exceptional position

of Tunis 86

64. The States on the Barbary Coast — Treaties with

Algiers 88

6^. Early Treaties with the Sublime Porte — The Barbary

States in practice hereditary Regencies 90

66. Paschalik of Egypt— Treaty of London, 1 5 July 1840 92 xvi CONTENTS.

§ 67. Principality of Servia — Treaties of Sistova, Bucharest, Adrianople, Ackermann 94

68. The Principalities of Walachia and Moldavia

— ^Treaty of Carlowitz 97

69 . Treaties of Kutschauk-Kainardji^Bucharest, Adrian-

ople, St. Petersburg 100

70. Convention of Balta-Liman 102

71. Treaty of Paris 104

73. The Danube and the Dardanelles — The Neutralisation of the Black Sea 105

73. Principality of Montenegro — Treaties of Carlo-

witz, Passarovitz, and Sistova — Congress of Paris 106

Chapter V. Sources Of The Law Of Nations

74. Natural and Positive Law no

75. Natural Law of Nations iii

'^6. Positive or Voluntary Law of Nations 112

7 7 . Vattel's Subdivision of Positive Law 113

78. Customary and Conventional Law 115

79. Identity of the Law of Nations with the Law of

Nature according to Hobbes and Puffendorf ... 116

80. The Law of Nations a Special Science according to

De WoliF and Vattel 117

8 1 . Essential Difference between Nations and Indivi-

dual Human Beings n8

83. The Law of Natm-e 118

83. Identical Natural Law of Rude and Civilised Na-

tions 119

84. Growth of the Positive Law of Nations 1 30

CONTENTS. xvii

Page

§85. Study of the Law of Nations in England 122

86. Courts of the Law of Nations 123

87. Customary or Consuetudinary Law of Nations ... 124

88. Relations with Non-Christian Powers exceptional 126

89. The Diplomatic Science 128

90. Conventional Law of Nations 129

9 1 . Views of Martens and others contrasted with those

of Schmalz and others 130

92. Ortolan's View of the Effect of Conventions on

General Law 132

93. Wheaton's Earlier and Later Views 133

94. Illustration as to Contraband of War 1 34

95. Preambles and Recitals of a Declaratory Character 138

96. Objections to the Idea of any Law properly speak-

ing between Nations 139

97. International Morality distinct from the Law of

Nations 140

Chapter VI. Right Of Self-preservation

98. Absolute and Conditional Rights of Nations 143

99. Right of Self-Defence 144

100. Treaty-Limitations of such Right 145

loi. Right of Self- Aggrandisement 146

103. Right of anticipating Attack 148

103. Right of Confederation 150

104. The Balance of Power 152

PART 1.

xviii CONTENTS.

Chapter VII. Right Of Acquisition

Page § 105. Establishment of a Nation in a Country 156

106. Juridical Notion of Possession i57

107. Possession as founding a Eight of Property 158

108. Primitive and Derivative Acquisition 1 60

109. Settlement of a Nation 161

1 10. Right of Occupation 161

1 1 1 . Right of Discovery 162

113. Notification of Discovery 163

113. Acts confirmatory of Occupation 165

114. Discovery followed by Settlement constitutes a

Perfect Title 166

1 15. Extent of Right of Discovery 168

116. Extent of Right of Occupation 169

117. Principles of Law advanced by the United States

of America 170

118. Discovery of the Mouth of a River 172

119. Conflict with acknowledged Law 174

1 20. Right of Settlement .' 175

121. Usucaption or Prescription 177

122. Territory of the Hudson's Bay Company 178

1 23. Right of Contiguity 179

1 24. Arcifinious States 1 80

125. Discovery of the New World 182

126. Settlements in the New "World 183

127. Possessory Right of Native Indians 1 85

128. Agriculture in relation to pasture 1 85

129. The Indian Title 186

1 30. Derivative Acquisition 189

131. Title by Cession 101

CONTENTS. xix CHAPTER VIII.

RIGHTS OP POSSESSION.

. Page

*l^6. The Territory of a Nation 193

137. Extension of Territory 194

138. Empire a primary Territorial Right 195

139. Empire distinct from Domain 195

140. Empire over things which cannot be appropriated. 196

141. Empire over Territorial Rivers 197

143. Modifications of Right of Empire by Compact 200

143. Empire over Frontier Rivers 20 1

144. Treaty stipulations as to use of Frontier Rivers .... 202

145. Conventional Law of Europe as to the Great

Rivers 205

146. The Thalweg or Midchannel of a River the boun-

dary of Conterminous States 206

147. Right of Alluvion 209

148. Prescriptive Rights over Rivers 209

149. The Stade or Brunshausen Toll 210

Chapter IX. Eight Op Jurisdiction

150.. Incidents of the Right of Empire 214

151. National Sovereignty properly Territorial 215

152. The Jus Civile of a State operative only within its

Territory 216

153. The Comity of Nations sometimes gives effect to

Foreign Law 218

154. Personal, Real, and Mixed Statutes 220

155. Growth of Private Liternational Jurisprudence 222

* In numbering paragraph 136 in the Text, the Continuity of the Serie.^ has been accidentally broken.

XX CONTENTS.

Page

§156. Exceptional j^osition of Europeans whilst resident

amongst Asiatics 223

157. Personal Actions of Foreigners 225

158. Extra-Territoriality of certain Foreign Persons and

Things 228

159. Merchant Vessels are subject to the Territorial

Law 229

160. Right of Emigration 231

161. Domicil, the criterion of National Character 233

162. Jurisdiction and Remedies 234

163. Comity of Nations in regard to Personal Property. 236

164. Domicil of Origin and Domicil of Choice 238

Chapter X. Right Of The Sea

165. The use of the open Sea common to all mankind. . . 241

166. A Common Law of the Sea 242

167. Affinity to the Roman Law in certain matters 243

168. Origin of the Admiralty Jurisdiction 344

169. Its connection with that of the Consules Maris . . . 346

170. Piracy justiciable everywhere 247

171. Concurrency of Admiralty with National Juris-

diction 248

172. National Jurisdiction over the open Sea 248

1 73. Maritime Jurisdiction of a Nation 249

174. Territorial Seas distinguished from Jurisdictional

waters 250

1 75. Prescriptive Right over portions of the Sea 252

176. Right of Fishery on the High Seas 253

177. Neutrality of Jurisdictional Waters 254

178. Right of Maritime Toll in respect of Lighthouses

and Sea-marks 2^7

CONTENTS. XXI

Page

§179. Prescriptive Right of Sea-tolls. The Sound Dues. . . 258

180. The Straits between the Mediterranean and the

Black Sea a6o

181. The Comity of Nations in matters of Revenue and

Quarantine 261

182. Right of Fishery in Jurisdictional Waters 264

183. Ceremonial of the High Seas 266

1 84. Ceremonial within Jurisdictional Waters 270

Chapter XI. Right Op Legation

185. Origin of Legations 272

*i8^. The person of an Ambassador sacred 273

184. The Right of Legation an Imperfect Right 274

185. Reception of an Ambassador discretional 275

186. Conditional Reception of a Subject as a Foreign

Minister 276

187. Various Orders of Diplomatic Agents 278

188. Classification of Public Ministers in the Eighteenth

Century 281

189. Rule of the Congress of Vienna 282

1 90. Diplomatic Agents of the First Class 2 84

191 . Diplomatic Agents of the Second. Class 286

192. Diplomatic Agents of the Third and the Fourth

Class 288

1 93. Resident Missions 289

194. Moldavian and Walachian Charges d^ Affaires at

the Ottoman Porte 291

195. Letters of Credence 292

196. Full Powers 297

* In numbering the paragraphs in the Text, three numbers, 183, 184, and 185, have been inadvertently repeated.

xxii CONTENTS.

Page

§ 197. Instructions 399

198. Ceremonial of Reception 301

199. The Sacred Character of an Ambassador 303

200. His Extra-Territoriality 304

201. Extra-Territoriality of the Ambassador's Hotel, and

of his Suite 306

202. The Ambassador's Jurisdiction over ih.e personnel of

the Embassy 307

203. Liability of an Ambassador to the payment of Local

Dues 308

204 Liberty of Religious Worship 309

205 Inviolability of an Ambassador passing through the

Territory of a Third Power 311

206 Consuls not Diplomatic Agents 316

Chapter XII

EIGHT OF TREATY. 207. The Sacred Character of Leagues between Nations 320 2d8. Leagues may be in confirmation or in extension of

Natural Right 322

209. Religious Obligation of every League 323

210. Equal and Unequal Leagues 324

211. Unequal Leagues not contrary to Equity 325

212. Personal and Real Leagues 326

213. Tests of Continuing Leagues 327

214. The Holy Alliance of 1815 329

215- History of the Holy Alliance 331

216. The Family Compact of the House of Bourbon 334

217. Treaties of Navigation and Commerce ^•^6

218. Treaties of Jurisdiction 330

219. Treaties of Extra-Tradition 343

230. Civil Law of the Romans as to Fugitives from

Justice 344

CONTENTS. xxiii

Page

§ 321. Common Law of Nations 345

23a. Extra-Tradition of Fugitive Slaves and of Deserters

a frequent subject of Treaty-engagement 346

333. Extra-Tradition of Political Oifenders exceptional .. 348

334. Treaties of Extra-Tradition for the most part tem-

porary 349

235. Treaties of Boundary 354

226. Judicial Decisions as to the Permanent Object of

Certain Treaties 356

227- Treaties which create a Servitude of Public Law... 359

228. Treaties of Equal and Unequal Alliance 361

229. Treaties of Protection 363

230. Treaties of Subsidy ^6^

231. Treaties of Guaranty 367

233. Treaties of Neutrality 373

233. Signature and Ratification of Treaties 374

234. Expiration and Renewal of Treaties. 376