Applied motion study; a collection of papers on the efficient method to industrial preparedness

Front matter

Cornell University Library T 58.G46 Applied motion s«"<Jy:^ ^KjSJiil^^^^

3 1924 004 621 672

CORNELL

Chapter II

UNITS, METHODS, AND DEVICES OF MEASURE- MENT UNDER SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT . 21-40

B^TNCTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT AND THEIB RE- LATIONS 21

UXNT 21

Outlins Mr Scientific Management 22

Division B e t ween Planning and Pisfcsming ... 22

The Planning Defabtment 23

xiii xiv CONTENTS

PAGE

The Peefobming Department 24

Co-operation as a Resttlt or Functionauzation . . 29

Advantages to the Wobkeb 33

Needs fob Units, Methods and Devices of Measxibe-

MENT 34

PiACE OF Motion Study and Time Study in Measurement 34

Size of Unit to be Measured 35

Selection of Device 36

Results of Measurement 37

Benefits to Worker 39

Need foe Oo-opebation to Avoid Wastefui, Bepetition 40

CHAPTER. Ill

MOTION STUDY AS AN INDUSTRIAL OPPOR- TUNITY 41-56

Waste from Inefficient Motions and Their Fatigue 41

Importance of Waste Elimination 41

Delay in Appreciating Human Element 41

Motion Study as an Eljminatoe of Human Waste . . 42

Examples op Motion Economy 42

Definition of Motion Study 43

Units, Methods and Devices of Motion Study ... 44

The Cost Element 44

Micromotion Study 45

The Cyciegeaph Method 46

Debivation of Standard Method 47

Results of Motion Study 48

Thinking in Elementary Motions 49

Benefits to Wobkees 50

Bettebment of Industrial Selection 50

Relation to School Training 52

Effect on Society 53

Relation to Education 53

Keclassification and Standardization of Trades . . 53

Need fob National Bureau of Standards 55

Motion Study the Great Industrial Opportunity of

This Oountby 56

Chapter. IV ' Motion Study And Time Study Instru- Ments Op Precision 57-72

Slow Apfbeciation of Waste fbom Useless Motions 57

CONTENTS XV

PAGE

Relation of Motion and Time Study to SciBNTinc

Management 58

drffebence between motion study and time study . 59

Studies Made Without Devices 60

Eakly Time Study Devices 61

Relations or Devices to the Human Element ... 63

Requibements of Adequate Dbjvices 64

The Cameba as a Motion Study Device 65

IThe Micbochbonometeb 66

Stebeoscopic Recobds 67

Special Devices 69

The Double Cinbmatogbaph 69

Auto Motion Study Appabatus 70

Advantages of These Devices 71

Availability and Low Oost 72

Chapter V Chronooyclegraph Motion Devices For

MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT 73-96

Need fob Consebvation of Human Element .... 73 EJconomy Demands Waste Elimination and Consebvation 75

Measubbment Essential to Consebvation .... 76

Recobds of Activity and Fatigue Indispensable . . 77

WoBK of Educatob 77

Pabt op Engineeb in this Woek 77

Motion Study as a Plan of Mbasueement .... 78

Photog&aphs as Recobds 79

Micbomotion Recobds 80

Use op Recobds ab Teaching Devices 81

Need fob Cyclegeaph Recobds 83

Development of the Steeochbonocyclegeaph ... 84

Reducing the Cost of Investigations 85

The Penetrating Sceeen 86

The Motion Model 89

Resulting Standaed Motions and Methods .... 91

Influence on Reclassifying Activities 92

The Simultaneous Motion Cycle Ohabt .... 98

Need fob Exchange of Data 95 xvi CONTENTS

Chapter VI Page

MOTION MODELS : THEIR USE IN THE TRAN»- FBRBNOE OF EXPERIENCE AND THE PRES- ENTATION OF COMPARATTVB RESULTS IN EDUCATIONAL METHODS 97-130

AovANOES IN Education Demand Measubement ... 97 Measurement Implies Units, Methods and Devices . 98 Motion Models abb Devices fob Measubino and Recobd-

iNG Behaviob 98

Place in Coebelating Shop and School Teaching . . 102 Definition and Histoby op Motion Model .... 104

Deeivation Fbom Eablt Motion Studies 105

" Demonstration " Motions Diffebent fbom " Wobk-

ing" Motions 110

Slow Motions Diffebent fbom Fast Motions . . . 110 " Short Outs " Show Individual Differences . . . Ill Best Method Synthesized From Several Methods . Ill Impobtance of Teaching Right Motions First . . 112 Relation of Motion Model to Chbonocyclbgraph . . 117 Methods of Making and Using Motion Models . . 122 The Motion Models as an Aid to Standardization . . 123

Motion Models and Visualization 125

Benefits to Makers op Motion Modixs Use in Transfer of Exfebience and Skill

Field of Application

Use as Recorder of the Leabning Pbocebs Consebvation op Intelligence and Skill

Chapter VII Motion Study For The Crippled Soldier 131-157

Importance of Crippled Soldier Problem .... 131

Diversity of Types of Cripples 132

Work of the Educator 133

Work of the Engineer 134

Method op Attack op the Pboblem 135

Application of Motion Study 136

Relation to Placement 137

Use of Simultaneous Motion Cycle Chart .... 137

Description of Chart 138

Methods of Gathering Data to be Charted .... 140

Chart as a Teaching Device 141

Provision foe Fatigue 142

CONTENTS xvii

PAGE

Need foe Co-opesation 144

Discussion 145

Chapter VIII The Practice Of Scientific Management 158-186

Relation of Scientific Maragsbient to Pbactice . . 158

Requisities of Efficient Management 159

Necessity fob Insubing Right Wokkng Conditions . 159

Benefits to Empm)tees 161

The Adequate and SAnsFTiNG Wage 162

Rbgulabttt of Employment 163

Efficient Placement 164

Oppobtunity fob Advancement 165

Teaching 167

ElFFECT ON Fatigue 168

Decbease of Monotony 174

CONFUSION BETWEBN " HABITUAL " AND " MONOT- ONOUS " 178

Benefits of Habit 179

Monotony Vebsus Intebest 180

Pbovision foe Mental Stimulus 183

Univebsal Benefit of Pbactice of Scientific Management 185

CHAPTER IX THE THREE POSITION PliAN OP PROMOTION 187-201

Impoetance op Adequate Pbomotion 187

Relation of Placement to Pbomotion 188

Descbiption of Thbee Position Plan of Pbomotion . 189

Place of Masteb Pbomotion Chabt 190

Industbial Pbomotion Chabts ob " Fobtunb Sheets " . 191 Peovision fob Those Who Reach " Ultimate " Positions 195

Tbansfobmation of "Bund Alley" Jobs .... 196 Place of the " Godfatheb " ob " Big Bbotheb "... 197

Results of Thbee Position Plan 198

Benefits to Employment Manageb 199

Relation of Success to Dndeblyino Desibe to Co-ofebatb 201 xviii CONTENTS