How to lay out a garden; intended as a general guide in choosing, forming, or improving an estate, (from a quarter of an acre to a hundred acres in extent) with reference to both design and execution

Front matter

The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text.

How to lay out a garden; Intended as a ge

Preface To The First Edition

more gratifying to the passers-by, and the arrangement of individual gardens more productive of pleasure to the several occupants. There is such a humanising and elevating influence about everything that is really beautiful, whether in Art or Nature, that it is ahnost impossible for the observant wayfarer to stumble upon such objects without being cheered and benefited; while their effect on those who have them daily beneath their eye is of a still deeper kind.

From the author's every-day intercoiu-se with gentlemen who are either laying out new gi-ounds, or are seeking to amend errors in design formerly committed, he is also enabled to perceive that sound and useful information is greatly wanted on the subject of landscape-gardening, and that to this defect is mainly attributable the deformities so lamentably frequent. He feels certain, moreover, that other landscape-gardeners will bear him out in the assertion, that their services are more employed to remedy irregularities which have been fallen into for want of due consideration and enlightenment, than to furnish entirely new designs. And the difficulty and expense of rectifying such errors can scarcely be over-estimated. It is wisely ordained that, while a truly beautiful object wUl yield permanent and increasing delight, everything of a contrary nature is nearly sure, at some period or other, to pall and disgust the mind.

As far as the writer's own observation has extended, — and he has reason to believe that is a fair criterion of the real facts of the case, — there is no want of appreciation, among the classes for whom this work is intended, of what is tasteful and elegant in gardening. Most persons are able to admire a chaste and beautiful garden, when they see it. What is rather required is something or some one to

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

develop and guide theii- tastes, and direct them to fitting objects.

On all these accounts, then, and as a humble but earnest effort to supply these demands, the book now submitted has been written. It is clearly required by the multitude, for how few there arc among the middle classes who do not possess a small garden. And the very extretne of Smallness will not exclude a place from the beneficent influence of art ; which is, perhaps, all the more necessary and powerful in proportion as the limits become more contracted. Still, a gai'den vai-ying in extent from a quarter of an acre to four or five acres, and either wholly without an accompanying field, or having one that comprises fi-om one to twenty-five acres, is what has been chiefly kept in view.

Nor will places of greater size and more pretension tban have been actually contemplated in the outline of the work, be altogether beyond its range. .Unambitious as it is in its title and leading object, it may not be without interest or use to the proprietor of a large domain. In its radical principles, Ai't is essentially the same, whether it apply to a great or a little object ; and, relieved of whatever is peculiar in its reference to small places, (this being distinctly pointed out, where it is requisite to do so,) the points of which the book prominently treats are such as embrace both extensive and limited estates indiscriminately. The author's hope is, consequently, while writing for a large and particular section of the community, not entirely to shut out a smaller but higher or more wealthy class.

The work of the late indefatigable Mr. Loudon, on Suburban Gardening, being somewhat of the natm-e of the present more restricted production, may be mentioned with the greatest respect, as a voluminous and ample treatise on everything relating to the subject. The book now submitted

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

covers but a fragment of the same field, witliout, it is believed, at aU trenching on the province of its predecessor ; it having been the aim to avoid, as far as possible, travelling over beaten and frequented ground. The price and portableness of this volume will ftirther place it at an immense distance from whatever has preceded it.

Such being, in brief, the nature, object, and occasion of the essay which follows, a few words only remain to be said on its materials and execution. There is nothing of egotism (certainly nothing intentional) in the remark that these pages have sprung out of the author's own reflection and observation, and have often been jotted down of an evening, or during a journey, as the result of daily experience. It is Very likely that a more finished, and comprehensive, and readable book might have been produced by the use of frequent quotation, and copious illustration from other and less easily attainable works. This, however, was no part of the original plan ; though it should be added, that since its Completion, the best books on the art have been glanced over, and a few valuable hints, which have been mostly acknowledged, gleaned from Sir Uvedale Ptice, Mt. Hepton, and Mr. Loudon. The work of Sir U. Price on " the pictu= resque," is probably the most valuable thing of the kind in our language. To have collected more from theScj or Mr. Gilpinj or any other authority, would have entirely altered the limits and intention of the essay.

At the outset of his task, it was the author's purpose to have illustrated the volume with a number of woodcutsj showing how the various suggestions might be actually carried out, and supplying designs for a few gal'dens t»f different sizes in the two principal styles. "Well-selected lists of the several tribes of plants suitable for gardens of limited dimensions were likewise to have been inserted:

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. ix

But it was soon found that tlie first of these would have materially increased the price, without adding greatly to the efficiency of the book; while the catalogues in question would also have seriously enlarged its bulk. Mere lists of plants, too, are of such common occurrence in other publications, that they do not seem to be wanted ; and general designs for places, or sketches of particular objects, are seldom capable of being applied, without much modification, to individual gardens.

"With regard to the style and manner of the work, the author confesses some little fear lest it should be deemed too elaborate or dogmatical. The first of these faults, if it have any palpable existence, has originated in the wish to render the matter as expressive, and as dense, and as serviceable as possible. It is mainly due to the aim at obtaining brevity and force, without omitting anything. And on so comprehensive a theme, it is hardly surprising that the matter should have accumulated to an extent by no means originally contemplated ; so that the object indicated by the title may even seem to be unduly departed from. This will, however, be more than justified by the fact that there are yet a great many things, not without interest or importance, unavoidably omitted*

For the second defect, which appears more manifest and seriousj a similar excuse may in part be alleged, with the additional plea that practical information can hardly be made ^Itbgethei- Suggestive, and inust, to soine extent, be- Coine doginaticalj tinlefes it be cbhVeyed in a Very citcuitotiS form; At anjr l-atej it is hoped that this will be considered simply as a fault bf intotier, and iibt as indicatihg a positive or presumjjtuous di^Jiositibfaj whieh is utterly fbi-dgn to thd author^s pUl'posei With these frank adinisSionSj he now subiliits his little

Preface To The First Ediiion

volume to the test of public opinion, assured that, whatever may be its fate, it will be judged by the substance of what it contains, and not by the mere accidents of manner and composition.

BniKENHEAD PaEK,

\st Aiigusl, 1850.

PEEFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

Kindness and confidence in the public naturally produce increased efforts in a writer to promote their gratification. And the favour which has so liberally been accorded to this unpretending little publication has induced the author to give the more attention to inquiries which have been made, from time to time, for such illustrations as would better enable amatem's to profit by the various suggestions offered. Indeed, these demands have become so numerous and so pressing, as to render compliance with them scarcely a matter of choice, but of necessity.

It is this circumstance alone which has overruled the author's former determination, and caused him reluctantly to adopt a more expensive style of book ; while the descriptions requisite for the proper understanding of the engravings now inserted, and the extended application which has thus been given to the work, have involved the addition of fully half as much more new matter. For this amplification, therefore, and the great increase of price which it has entailed, the apology must be found in a frequent and reiterated expression of the public wants, which has reached the author from a variety of quarters.

The point being established, then, that illustrations would be acceptable, and it being also of consequence that they should be rendered as complete as possible, it was decided

Preface To The Second Ediiion

that, in order to avoid following in the track, or trespassing on the domains of other writers, all the examples given should be drawn from the author's own practice. And it is hoped that, without savouring of self-confidence, this course wUl be the more useful, because the plans will exhibit, in nearly every instance, some adaptation to the peculiar outlines or characters of places ; incidentally thus showing how little irregularities and difficulties may be dealt with, and in this way giving a greater reality and point to the hints that may be embodied.

Among the multitude of designs which every established practitioner must have concocted, it is of course hard to select such as will be most generally available for imparting information. The expense of engraving them, too, is such as to make a somewhat limited selection essential. Hence, I have had to omit the plans of many interesting places which I had wished to present, and also to reject other sketches that might have been serviceable. In fact, it would have been easy to multiply the engravings to almost any extent, but for the danger of making the book too costly and cumbersome.

To give a wider value to the illustrations, sections of ground, and representations of objects or processes of ft practical kind, havej in some cases, been introduced. And in other parts, where words seemed but feeble instruments in conveying ideasj pictorial sketches have been employed^ In preparing the latter class of designs, I have been indebted to the artistic pencil bf my friend and former pupil, Mr. J. W. Chapman, of Dulwich, near London, whose capacity in this and other branches of our art I have much pleasure in indorsing.

Not to make the book at all unwieldy, the size of its pages has been kept as Small as possible, and this has caused some

Preface To The Second Edition

of the plans to be put on such a reduced scale, that the various clumps and plantations are often shown in a most attenuated form, and with a very awkward outline. For the same reason, the flower-beds and specimen plants in such plans are but imperfectly represented. Happily, however, these instances are mostly of a class in which the larger features of a place are intended to be exemplified, and the defective exhibition of the minor details is not of practical moment.

Where the scale to which any of the illustrations have been drawn is not attached to them, and would be of the least importance, it is, with the few exceptions pointed out in the text, and the instances now to be adduced, uniformly thirty feet to an inch. The departures from this rule are in the case of the architectural basins and beds, (figs. 85 to 96,) which are all on a scale of ten feet to the inch, and in every place (that is not otherwise noticed) where vertical heights are given; these being to a scale of double the size, or fifteen feet to an inch, that they may be rendered more distinct.

If, in the hurry of selection, or a too confident reliance on the propriety of his intentions, the author has in any instance ventured to introduce the plans of places without having solicited the special authority of their proprietors, he trusts that the interest which may attach to such plans, and the information they may yield to the public, will be accepted as a sufficient justification and excuse.

In the cursory remarks which have been made on architectural gardening, and in the discussion of other matters relating to the arrangement and accompaniments of houses, it was hardly possible to pass over the subject of architecture without frequent allusion and comment. But, as no claim is asserted to anything like a technical knowledge of this xiv FBEFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

art, and as the references which have been made to it all bear more or less directly on the treatment of a landscape, the charge of presumption cannot fairly lie against the author. It is much to be regretted that architects and landscape-gardeners do not more usually work together, in complete unison, from the very commencement of any undertaking in which they are jointly consulted.; and he who would produce a work in which the relation of the two arts to each other, and the elements of garden architecture and of architectural gardening, should be skilfully handled, and tastefully illustrated, would deserve the thanks of the entire art-loving community.

BiP.KENHEAD PARK,

Ust March, 1858.

Preface To The Third Edition

Finding that the illustrations in the last edition of this book were generally welcomed by its readers, the author has endeavoured to render the present issue still further useful in that way, by the addition of forty-flve new woodcuts. The text has also been correspondingly extended, and the form and garb have, it is hoped, been somewhat improved, by altering the shape and enlarging the size of the page, and giving the work altogether a more practical aspect, — thus assimilating its outward dress to its intended character.

The author cannot allow this opportunity to escape for apologising to numerous inquirers and friends that the book has been suffered to remain out of print for about three years ; which is owing partly to his desire to give to it every possible completeness, and principally to want of health, and the pressure of other engagements. He trusts this plea, — frankly given, — will be as frankly received.

A very comprehensive and carefully prepared alphabetical index is now appended, and will, doubtless, be of value in facilitating reference to the various topics discussed.

BlKKENDEAD PAUK,

Contents

PABT I.

PBELIMIKARY CONSIDERATIONS AS TO THE CHOICE OF A PLACE.

PAGE

Part II. ■what To Avoid

(importance of negative bules.)

1. Attempting too much : in frittering away the Ground as to general Arrangement; in supei-fluous Planting; in numerous Flower Beds ; in unnecessary Divisions ; in useless Walks ; in excess of Ornament ; in artificial Mounds or Undulations .... 28

/ 6

COKTElfrTS.

2. . Eookeries and Rustic Objects, near the House . 3. Much planting immediately around a House . i. Belts, Clumps, and narrow strips of Plantation .

5. Confining a Place too much . . . . .

6. Rendering it too exposed

7. Cutting down many large Trees ....

8. Too great a Mixture of Styles .

9. Unsuitable Decorations

10. Tricks for Surprising People ....

11. All kinds of Eccentricity : every sort of Sham

12. In general, extreme Formality or Regularity ^of Plan

13. Large and Complex Geometrical Figures

14. Undue Plainness

15. Carriage Drives that are wanting in Length .

16. Kitchen Gardens in very small Places

FAOK

31 32 33 33

ibid. 37

ibid. 38

ibid.

PAET III.

WHAT TO ATTAIN. (uses and di.s.^dvantages Dp positive rules.)

1. Simplicity 45

2. Intricacy 4(j

3. Convenience jljjj

4. Compactness 47

5. Snugness and Seclusion j))y_

6. Unity and Congruity 4g

7. Connexion gg

8. Symmetry jy^y

9. Gradation of Parts gj

10. Apparent Extent I by Breadth of Lawn ; by Indefiniteness ; by .sunk

Walls and "Wire Fences; by tm'fing around Plants ; by concealing Walks ; by hiding Boundaiy Lines ; by partial and broken Views of exterior Landscape ; by excluding disagreeable and prominent Buildings, &c. ; by narrow Vista Openings, to show pleasing Objects ; by a judicious Treatment of the Foreground, in respect to Views over both Land and Water g2

CONTENTS.

PAGE

11. Richness and Polish 6i

12. Concealment of OfBces and Outbuildings 65

18. Variety : by means of Serpentine "Walks of different Curves, and the

Changes of Line hidden from each other ; by single Plants and Groups, and Play of Outline in them ; by Glades, Vistas, and Recesses ; by a due Admixture of the Sorts of Plants ; by Attention to the Heights of Plants, and the Colours of their Leaves and Flowers ; by introducing Stone Ornaments of a Light Colour ; by Pieces of Water ; by Climbers trained to Poles, Standard, and Weeping Plants ; by Undulations in the Surface of the Ground ; by planting Elevated Spots, and Preserving Hollows, in Grass ; by the Elements of Pictiiresquenoss 6S

14. Contrast : of Form ; of Colour ; Plants best adapted to produce it . 83

15. Originality and Freshness : Modes of attaining them ... 88

16. Expression and Touo : Gaiety; Quietness; Art; Methods of correct-

ing Heaviness and Poverty 88

17. Style and Manner : the formal or Geometrical Style, with its Charac-

teristics and Accompaniments ; terrace \\ alks ; terminations to straight walks ; forms of flower-beds ; rows of do. ; levels of ground ; architectural basins for water ; architectural flower-beds ; the mixed or gardenesque Style ; the picturesque ; fitness of each for particular places ....... 91

18. Adaptation : to the Fixtures of a place ; to Climate ; to Locality ;

to Family Wants a,nd Tastes ; to existing Peculiarities ; to great natural Features 120

19. Fitness ..J22

20. Appropriation : making several other Properties to appear to belong

to a Place ibid.

21. Imitation of Nature 123

22. Beauty : of Lines ; of Forms ; of Colour ; of Embellishment ; of

Association ^-^

23. Combination of different Principles to form a whole : Simplicity with

Richness; Unity with Variety ; Connexion with Contrast ; Utility with Ornamentation ; Breadth with Intricacy ; Seclusion with Openness of View ; Originality with Adhesion to Law and Obedience to Nature ; pervading Harmony 127 b 2

OONTJSNT^.

Chapter II. — Genekal Objects. Age

1. Economy : of Plan ; of Execution ; of Keeping . . . .131

2. Shelter : by WaUs ; by Hedges ; by Mounds of Earth ; by planta-

tions ; from Sea-breezes ^^3

3. Approaches to a House : to be concealed from the Windows and the

Pleasure-Garden ; to present a good View of the House ; not to pass the House and return to it ; to be direct ; to start from a bend of the outside road, or at right angles with it ; to commence at an oblique angle with the outer road where there are two entrances ; to have a gradual Ascent ; to follow the natural Undulations of the ground generally ; to be in easy Curves ; where Avenues will be suitable ; Entrance-door of House to be covered from outside Eoad ; large Sweeps of Gravel to be avoided ; form of Carriage Sweeps ; Entrance-Courts ; A-coess to Servants' Apartments to be kept separate 135

i. Treatment of Walks : not to follow the Boundary Fence ; to embrace particular Views ; to take a variety of Levels ; to be hidden from each other ; to have a definite Object ; not to turn aside ftom their Course without a sufficient Eeason ; to separate from each other with an outward Cui-ve ; not to be intruded on by Shrubs ; Ease and Freedom (not Regularity) in Curves desirable ; to have fl;vt edgings . . 146

5. Fences : Sunk Walls ; Fences sloping outwards on the edge of arti-

ficial hollows ; Iron Fences in hollows ; Iron or Wooden open Fences on low Walls ; Split-oak Palings ; Walls or close Palings ; Walls with Hedges behind them ; Hedges ; Iron-hurdles ; Wire Fences ; Continuous Fences ; Rustic Wooden Fences ; Rabbit Fences J protection for Single Trees ; Colour of Fences . .149

6. Outlines of Beds and Masses : to be varied in the design, and still

more so by Planting ; Masses rather than Lines to be sought ; to ■ be treated separately, aiid in relation to others . . . . 160

7. Sky outline of Plantations : to be very ireegularly yet softly broken ;

■ usefulness of Spiry Plants ; Masses of Plantation straggling over the Summits and Slopes of Hills ; to be placed lengthwise up the face of a hill, and not across it jg3

8. Flowers chiefly to be in detached beds and masses . . . . 166

9. Flower-borders : to be kept towards the outside of the Pleasure-

Garden, and by the margins of the walks in more private parts ;

for herbaceous plants jgy

10. Specimen plants : to be freely cultivated in small places ; error of

treating all plants as specimens, especially in boundary Plantations ibid.

CONTENTS.

11. Undergrowth: places in whioli it is necessary; plants fitted for

creating it; Thickets 169

12. Evergreens chiefly to be preferred in smaU places ; some of the most

ornamental kinds ; hest and most useful sorts of low deciduous trees . . 170

13. Soil in beds and masses to be raised above the level of the grass, and

ultimately turfed over 171

14. Ai'chitectural gardening : its intimate couuexion with garden archi-

tecture ; province of the latter ; its peculiarities ; proper sphere of architectural gardening ; incongruities and defects ; its distinctive features ; desii'able accessories ; practical application oi its principles ; form of terrace walls ; mode of masking changes of level; examples . . . 172

1. Influence of little things on Design and Execution, to maintain an

expression of taste 204

2. Mounds and Banks : their Uses and Treatment ; Naturalness to be

aimed at ;, Variety in Shape ; Gentle Undulation of Surface ; plan and sections"; Blending with the general level at their base ; Proper way of Planting and Turfing along the front of them . . 205

3. Trees suited to particular styles of buildings and places : Eound-

headed trees, and such as have large and clustering leaves, adapted to Gothic architecture ; Flat-headed or upright Plants, with small and slender leaves, appropriate to Grecian architecture ; illustrations ; Adaptation of Trees to the outline of buildings ; Trees for framing and supporting buildings, as pictures ; want of trees and shrubs about entrance front of Blenheim Palace, and about the large bridge in Blenheim Park ; similar want of trees to support Windsor Castle 210

4. Masses of particular plants for efl'eot as to form and colour : Varieties

fitted for carrying out this system 215

5. Shadows from Trees : Arrangement with respect to them ; Lights

and Shadows a great beauty in a landscape ; Shadows best ou the western side of a place 216

6. Covered ways. Wire Temples, Trellises, Verandahs, and other sup-

ports for Climbing plants 217

7. Flower-beds to be fiUed with low potted Evergreens in the winter :

Sorts of Evergreens fitted for the purpose 219

8. Substitutes for Grass beneath Trees : Ivy, Periwinkles, &c. . . ibid.

CONTENTS.

TAOE

9. Hedge-rows : Best form in which to trim them ; Modes of treating and diversifying them so as to soften boundary lines ; illustration of this ; Sorts of plants most suitahle for Hedges . . .220

10. Cutting and clipping plants into particular shapes, for formal

gardens : Kegulai- forms, not fancy figures, to he adopted ; Cutting to he done with a knife and not with shears ; Kinds- of plants best adapted for this purpose ^^^

11. Temporary shelter : For newly planted things, from Sun or "Wind ;

by common and rapid growing plants as " Nurses ; " by Hurdles wattled with reeds, laths, furze, &c 228

12. Edgings for Walks and Flower-beds : Grass ; Box ; Stones, Bricks,

or Tiles ; Thrift, Heath, &c. ; Edgings for Beds of Dwarf Shrubs ; Edgings of Trees kept dwarf; of Shrubs, or peculiar Flowers for Flower-beds ; Wire or Wooden Edgings for ditto , . .22:1

CHAPTEE IV. — SPECIAL DEPARTMENIS.

1. Park, Field, or Paddock : always to be treated as a park ; to be

planted with single Trees and Groups ; Plants suited for specimens ; gi'eat value of Thorns, Hollies, and other bushes ; formation of Glades and Groups ; shaping the Ground ; Sliruhbery Walks, and modes of rendering them interesting ; Sheep, Cows, and Deer to enliven the Park ; Eookeries ; treatment of public Footpaths across a place ; examples of Parks and Fields . . . 228

2. Flower-garden ; to be on the warmest and best side of the house, or

in a sheltered and sunny comer of the Pleasure Grounds ; Beds to be simple, symmetrical, and fit well into each other j Divisions may be of Grass, or GraVel With Box or Stone edgings ; Styles in Which either of these is preferable ; to be varied and adofned by Specimen plants ; to have a regular outline j to have the beds fitted for displaying flowers ; examples of flower-gardens, in different styles, for various positions, and with many kinds of accompaniments; specimen of flower-garden and Eose garden combined ; separation of flower-beds_into sections of One colour ; parterres of coloured stone, and the proper position for them . 24d

S. Rock or Fern Garden : requires to be secluded ; partially shaded ; of natural material and construction ; Proper Plants as accompaniments ; to have an object or meaning, if possible ; roots and stumps of trees as' substitutes for rocks j 272

4; Kose Garden ; to be detached, sheltered, sunny ; of some regular shape J the Bods to be easily accessible ; Grass divisions best :

CONTENTS.

diversified with single Standard and Climbing sorts ; Masses of one kind and colour ; archways or temples for climliing sorts ; Eose-house for tender kinds ; plans and descriptions ; list of Hollies to accompany a Eoseiy ; arrangement of Roses in heds or borders by the sides of a straight walk 276

5. Pinetum : to be arranged in groups, with comparatively few speci-

mens ; eligible position for it ; example of the mode of grouping Pines and Firs ; plants to be all placed on little hillocks ; kinds best fitted for groups 282

6. Winter Garden : an irregular colleption of evergreens ; an "Ameri-

can '' garden ; a plot laid out in foi-mal beds, and filled with evergreens of various heights, colours, &c. ; plants adapted for beds, for specimens, and for edgings to beds ; growth of some of the larger evergreens may be restrained by planting them m tubs, or by priming ; beds should be separated by grass, or, if by gravel, have stone edgings 284

7. Bowling Green : best size and shape ; specimen of n circular one,

with a low teiTaoe bank around it ; mode of making ; sodding . 286

8. Water : should be imre, clear, and at least partly open to the Sun ;

simple forms best in small places : how to vary and plant the outline ; plants adapted for the Margins or for Islands ; flowering Shrubs useful in Masses, for being mirrored in water ; shaping and diversifying the banks ; aquatic plants ; modes of supplying itesh water ; streams ; making lakes by damming up hollows, in the course of streams ; way to form dams ; overflows ; planting embankments ; examples of natural treatment ; specimen of a more artificial style ; sloping the banks, pitching, and sodding ; grouping plants on the margins ; Water-birds ; bridges ; boat-houses ; ice-houses 288

fl. Arbours : SumUier-houses ; Covered Seals ; Dryness, Cleanness, and avoidance of any encouragement to Insects to be attained in their materials and construction ; Temporary Bowers ; Lime-tree Bowers 3t)2

10. Statuary ; Vases ; Porte-fleul's ; hiiits its to the subjects and treatilient of Seulptm-ed Figures ; Plaster Figures ; Artificial Stone, Iron, and Zinc Vases : Position and Style best adapted for them . 308

il. Green-houses and Conservatories: Position; Aspect; Character; Introduction of SciUptured Figures ; wood, stone, or iron for their fl-amework ; Treatment of Eoofs ; Proper Coloiu- ; Floors ; Span-roofed Greenhouses ; Interior arrangement and fittings ; Stages ; illustrations ; Pkces for Climbers ; Borders and beds ; Plans ; Provision for Suspending Plants ; Wire baskets ; Heating Apparatus ; Cistern ; Ventilation ; Group of plant-houses ; Fruit-houses ;

ZXIT

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Orchanl-houses ; Pits and Frames ; Series of plant and fruithonses ^"^

12. Kitchen Garden : to be behind the house, and near the stables ; to

have a regular outline ; Walks straight and at right angles ; "Walls and their heights ; Borders ; Position for Fruit Trees ; Espaliers ; , Supply of Water ; Yard for Compost, Sheds, and Eubbish ; Outside Slip ; Drainage ; desirable Slope ; Flower-beds or Borders through the centre in special cases ; examples ; Orchards . . 324