The gasoline engine on the farm; a practical, comprehensive treatise on the construction, repair, management and use of this great farm power as applied to all farm machinery and farmer's work indoors and out ..

Front matter

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Preface

It requires the theorist's careful study to develop new inventions, even though accident may have first sug- . gested them. It. remains for the practical workman to adapt something that may have only great academic interest in practical work and thus obtain results that make the new discovery of world-wide value. The formulae of philosophy are needecf among engineers and scientists and should not be discredited or valued too lightly, but, at the same time, the workmen who apply the theory to practice require only the every-day language of the field in an exposition designed for their instruction.

r^The gasoline engine was, until recently, but a theory; ' it is now a completed fact and has been turned over to the result getter. It is doing the world's work everywhere. In many industries it is taking the place of other forms of power, but it is just entering into a mission upon the farm that has heretofore been unfilled.

With the coming of a prime mover that is really applicable totthe'petialiar^conditions surrounding the Jimmi </ ^ ej4g-~ifco*k.'\ftiere comes a demand for men trained for ' the opportunity, capable of making the most out of that which was yesterday a dream and is to-day an achievement<fcrThe problems of the engine and its management will face the farmer of the future with the same imperative demand for their solution that now obtains regarding those incidental to the intelligent care and control of his live stock and agricultural machinery. They are facing him now and will continue to confront him until

v vi Preface

he solves them and wins for human intelligence another triumph of magnitude.

This volume is intended for the workmen of the farm, to assist them in meeting a new condition; because of this purpose all technical statements of the laws of philosophy and exact science have been discarded wherever possible for simpler language and expression intelligible to those needing the information.

The Author.

January, 1913.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The Author desires to acknowledge his appreciation of the valuable assistance received from many of the leading firms in the field of gasoline engine manufacture and associated industries. The illustrations, for the most part, have been furnished by progressive manufacturers whose publicity efforts and excellent product have done so much to popularize the gasoline farm engine and tractor, and many valuable suggestions regarding treatment of the subject have been obtained from the literature cheerfully supplied. The following list of firms contributed materially to making this work complete and of value :

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Rumely Products Co., LaPorte, Ind.

The Gas Tractor Co., Minneapolis, Minn. The Avery Company, Peoria, Illinois. The Hart-Parr Co., Charles City; Iowa. Jacobson Machine Mfg. Co., Warren, Pa. S. F. Bowser & Co., Ft. Wayne, Ind. Robert Instrument Co., Detroit, Mich. Brown Clutch Company, Sandusky, Ohio. Kinnard-Haines Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Austin Mfg. Co., Chicago, Illinois. Termaat & Monahan Co., Oshkosh, Wis. C. F. Splitdorf Co., New York City. Packard Electric Co., Warren, Ohio. Electric Storage Battery Co., Phila. Altorfer Bros. Co., Chicago, III.

International Harvester Company, Chicago, 111. The "New Way" Motor Co., Lansing, Mich. The J. I. Case Company, Racine, Wis. "Sta-Rite" Engine Co., LaCrosse, Wis. The Bates Tractor Co., Lansing, Mich. New Holland Mch. Co., New Holland, Pa. Detroit Lubricator Co., Detroit, Mich. Aultman Taylor Co., Mansfield, Ohio. Bates & Edmonds Motor Co., Lansing, Mich. Reeves Pulley Co., Columbus, Ind.

The Heald Mch. Co., Worcester, Mass. Bosch Magneto Co., New York City.

Gray Motor Co., Detroit, Michigan.

Cushmann Motor Works, Lincoln, Nebr. Automatic Cream Separator Co., Milwaukee. The Deming Company, Salem, Ohio.

The Coldwell Lawn Mower Co., Newburgh, N. Y. vii

Table Of Contents

(The figures refer to Paragraphs)

Chapter I The Call And The Answer

i. The Great Farm Problem — 2. The Machine Designer's Problem— 3. The Call of the Farm— 4. Where Farm Power Fails— 5. The Ideal Farm Power— 6. The One Best Answer — 7. The Gasoline Engine in the Field — 8. As General Utility Man — g. In the Kitchen — 10. With the Boy — 11. The Hired Man Problem — 12. The Greatest Mission of All 33

Chapter II The Internal Combustion Engine

13. The Principle — 14. The First Engine — 15. Other Attempts— 16. The First Success — 17. What Internal Combustion Includes — 18. The Real Source of Power — ig. The Complete Cycle — 20. The Four-Cycle Engine — 21. The Two-Cycle Engine — 22. Where the Four-Cycle Excels — 23. Six and Eight-Cycle Engines — 24. The Vital Parts — 25. The Necessary Trimmings — 26. Necessary Conveniences — 27. Types of Engines ... 42

Chapter III The Combustion Chamber

28. Functions of the Cylinder — 29. What It Determines — 30. Best Material — 31. The Foundry Work — 32. Boring

ix

Table of Contents

the Cylinder — 33. As Combustion Chamber — 34. What Compression Is — 35. What It Accomplishes in the Engine— 36. How the Charge Is Compressed — 37. Compression Limits — 38. Where Higher Compression Is Useful — 39. Compression Gains and Losses — 40. Clearance— 41. Faulty Compression — 42. Testing Compression — 43. Decreasing Clearance — 44. Increasing Power Through Clearance — 45. Lubricating the Cylinder — 46. Carbon and Its Effects — 47. Symptoms of Carbon — 48. Cleaning the Cylinder — 49. Removing the Cylinder — 50. Re-assembling — 51. Packing the Cylinder Head — 52. Material to Employ — 53. Cleaning Without Removing 51

Chapter IV The Piston And Its Auxiliary Parts

54. Functions of Piston — 55. Construction of Piston — 56. Best Material — 57. Design and Workmanship — 58. The Rings — 59. Their Construction — 60. Material for Rings — 61. Making the Ring — 62. Truing the Ring — 63. A Few Piston and Ring Diseases and Their Remedy — 64. The Dirt Menace — 65. Cleaning Piston and Rings — 66. Removing the Rings — 67. Returning Rings — 68. The Piston Pin — 69. The Connecting Rod — 70. Crank-shaft and Connecting-rod Lubrication — 71. Repairs and Care — 7a. Other Troubles — 73. Hints and Suggestions . 72

Chapter V The Port And Valve System

74. Subject to Rough Treatment — 75. What It Includes — 76. The Intake Port — 77. Size of Intake Port — 78. Common Troubles — 79. Faulty Valve Seating — 80. Effect of Bad Air — 81. Leak-hunting — 82. Fuel Required in New Engine — 83. The Exhaust Port — 84. Inspecting the System — 85. Valve Timing — How to Determine and Correct — 86. The Object of Valve Timing — 87. Testing

Table of Contents xi

and Setting the Intake Valve— 88. The Exhaust Valve — 89. Some General Rules— 90. Valve-grinding— 91. The Muffler; Its Use and Abuse — 92. A Word of Caution — 93. Valve Vagaries 85

Chapter VI The Carburetor

94. The Heart of the Engine — 95. Carburetors to Be Let Alone — 96. The Real Engine Fuel — 97. Unvarying Adjustment Impossible — 98. Variation of Fuel and Requirements— gg. How the Carburetor Vaporizes — 100. Mixing Air with Gasoline — 101. Automatic Carburetors— 102. Effect of Impure Air — 103. Carburetor Troubles and Their Cure — 104. Barking — 105. Misfiring— 106. Backfiring — 107. Flooding — 108. Priming the Carburetor — 109. Size of Carburetor — no. Adjusting the Carburetor — in. Adjusting the Float Valve — 112. Miscellaneous Hints 99

Chapter VII The Ignition System

113. Special Difficulties — 114. Effect, of Failure — 115. Open Flame Method — 116. Hot Tube Ignition — 117. Compression Firing — 118. Electrical Firing — 119. Necessary Electrical Knowledge — 120. Four Electrical Processes — 121. Producing the Current — 122. The Dry Battery — 123. What a Cell Contains — 124. Connecting Cells — 125. Life of Dry Cells — 126. Advantages of Dry Cells — 127. Their Defects — 128. Care of Dry Cells — 129. A Good Battery Arrangement — 130. Connecting Battery to Engine— 131. The Spark Coil— 132. The Spark Plug— 133, How the Spark Is Formed — 134. How It Fires the Charge — 135. The Jump Spark — 136. The Make-andbreak — 137. The Magneto — 138. How It Works — 139. Low Tension Magneto — 140. Care of Magneto — 141. Advantage of Double System — 142. The Primary

Table of Contents

Circuit — 143. The Secondary Circuit — 144. Wiring Up — 145. Ignition Timing — 146. Irregular Mechanism — 147. Spark Follies in

Chapter VIII A Chapter On Engine-speed Regulation

148. Controlling an Engine — 149. True Mission of the Governor— 150. Some Rules to Remember — 151. Changing Governor Adjustment — 152. Methods of Governing — 153. Regulating Fuel — 154. Hit-or-miss System — 155. The Throttling Governor — 156. Types of Governors — 157. The Centrifugal Governor — 158. The Pick-blade Type — 159. Care of the Governor — 160. Controlling by Ignition — 161. Controlling the Temperature — 162. The Usual Methods — 163. Air-cooling — 164. The Water-cooling System — 165. The Open-jacket Method — 166. The Circulating System — 167. A Good Circulating Pump System — 168. Other Systems — 169. Amount of Water to Use — 170. Care of Water System — 171. Anti-freezing Mixtures — 172. Utilizing Waste Heat . 133

Chapter IX The Crank Shaft And Its Bearings

173. The Engine Frame— 174. The Crank Shaft — 175. Fly Wheels and Their Mission — 176. Heavy Fly Wheels — 177. Main Bearings — 178. The Best Lining — 179. Why Bearings Heat — 180. Gear Wheels — 181. Care of Minor Parts — 182. Casual Acquaintances .... 149

Chapter X Setting The Engine

183. Importance of Proper Setting — 184. Stationary Foundations— 185. The Four-fold Object of a Good Founda-

Table of Contents xiii

tion — 186. Depth and Nature of Foundations — 187. Foundation Blue Prints — 188. Tying Engine to Foundation — 189. Material Required — 190. Preparing Material — 191. Making the Templet — 192. Making a Frame — 193. Filling the Pit — 194. Placing the Engine — 195. The Final Setting — 196. Locking the Bolts in Place — 197. Lining Up — 198. Leveling the Engine — igg. Other Foundations; Their Failings — 200. A Unique Foundation— 201. Portable Foundations — 202. Mounted Engines— 203. Shelter — 204. Fittings of an Engine Room — 205. Storing Oil in the Engine Room — 206. The Work Bench — 207. The Engine-room Floor — 208. Ventilation 209. The Engine-room Line Shaft — 210. The Mission of Paint — 211. Painting the Muffler — 212. Engine-room Abominations — 213. And a Few Cautions — 214. Eliminating the Danger Risk 161

Chapter XI The Fuel Supply

215. Gasoline and Its Nature — 216. Its True Value and Danger— 217. Pure Gasoline Vapor Non-inflammable — 218. How Gasoline Is Obtained — 219. Grades — 220. Tests. — 221. A Good Storage System — 222. A Good Tank — 223. The Foundation — 224. The Connections — 225. The Joints — 226. Guarding the Feed-pipe — 227. Gasoline Dangers — 228. Gasoline Not Inflammable — 229. The Exact Danger Point in Gasoline — 230. Small Danger in Tank From Natural Causes — 231. Rules for Safety — 232. Two Fundamental Rules — 233. Common Risks and Errors — 234. Gasoline Fires; How to Handle Them — 235. Kerosene; Its Advantages — 236. Objections to Kerosene — 237. Which Is Best? — 238. Changing From Gasoline to Kerosene — 239. Distillate — 240. Alcohol — 241. Its Advantages — 242. Some Peculiarities of Alcohol— 243. Its Fatal Weakness — 244. The Engine-user's Dream — 245. Notes on Fuels 181 xiv Table of Contents

Chapter XII Lubrication

246. Importance — 247. Purpose — 248. How Lubricants Work — 249. What a Lubricant Is — 250. Viscosity — 251. Fluidity —252. The Flash Point— 253. The Cold Test— 254. Carbon— 255. Gum and Acids — 256. Variety in Lubricants Needed — 257. Gasoline Engine Cylinder Oil — 258. Bearings and Their Requirements — 259. The Specific Purpose:—260. Animal and Vegetable Oils — 261. Mineral or Hydrocarbon Oils — 262. Testing for Acids — 263. Testing Viscosity — 264. Testing for Adulterants — 265. Testing for Gum— 266. The Flash Point— 267. The Fire Test —268. The Cold Test— 269. Carbon— 270. Oil Waste and Engine Waste — 271. Quantity of Oil — 272. Lubricating Systems — 273. The Gravity System — 274. The Splash System — 275. The Loose Ring Method — 276. The Pressure System — 277. The Positive or Force Feed — 278. Oiling Through the Carburetor — 279. Filtering — 280. Other Lubricants — 281. Graphite — 282. Grease — 283. Foolish Economy — 284. Ten Lubricating Commandments 201

Chapter XIII Elimination Of Engine Troubles

285. Classified Trouble — 286. Starting Troubles — 287. Operating Troubles — 288. Transmission Troubles — 289. Energy Troubles — 290. Irregular Troubles — 291. The Source of Most Trouble — 292. The First Thing to Do — 293. When Real Trouble Comes — 294. Test with a System— 295. A Few Questions — 2g6. Protecting the Hands — 297. Testing the Electric System — 298. If the Spark Is Good — 299. A Poor Spark — 300. Testing the Batteries — 301. The Coil — 302. A Faulty Magneto — 303. A Good Spark — 304. Where the Shock Is Felt — 305. A Few Ignition Facts — 306. A Suspected Timer — 307. Other Troubles — 308. When the Engine Starts — 309. Lack of

Table of Contents xv

Power — 310. Overheating — 311. Cause of Overheating — 312. Causes — 313. Cooling a Hot Engine — 314. Speed Variations — 315. Suspecting the Governor — 316. A Lazy Engine — 317. Pre-ignition — 318. Misfiring — 319. Backfiring— 320. Knocking — 321. Pounding — 322. Outside Knocking — 323. Summing Up Common Troubles — 324. Parting Advice 223

Chapter XIV Selecting And Operating The Engine

325. Selecting — 326. Style Needed — 327. The Best Size — 338. A Plea for the Small Engine — 329. Power Req"ired for Various Tasks — 330. What Horse Power Means — 331. Various Kinds of "Horse Power" — 332. Purchasing Horse Power — 333. The Overload as Affecting Ratings — 334. The Question of Weight — 335. Where the Light Engine Wins — 336. Simplicity — 337. The Price — 338. Adaptability — 339. Other Considerations— 340. Testing the Engine — 341. Being Fair — 342. When the Agent Does Not Come — 343. Turning on the Load — 344. The Outfit — 345. The Second-hand Engine— 346. After Buying — 347. Oiling the Engine — 348. The Cooling System — 349. Retarding the Spark — 350. The Carburetor — 351. The Switch — 352. Starting the Wheel — 353. Just After Starting — 354. Getting Up Power — 355. Going After All the Power — 356. The Gospel of Attention — 357. And of Letting Alone — 358. Shutting Down — 359. Things to Think About — 360. Overhauling the Engine — 361. The Personal Hazard . 245

Chapter XV The Traction Engine

362. Its Message to the World — 363. Its First Accomplishment— 364. The Second — 365. And the Third — 366. What the Gasoline Tractor Is Doing — 367. Special Appeals to the Farmer — 368. The Small Farm Tractor — 369. Trailers Not Satisfactory — 370. Cost of Tractor Farming . 277 xvi Table of Contents

Chapter XVI What Is Best In A Tractor

371. The Demand — 372. The Tractive Power — 373. General Construction — 374. Other Forms of Transmission — 375. Steam and Gasoline Tractor Differences — 376. The Best Engine— 377. The Clutch— 378. The Best Transmission— 379. Differential or Compensating Gear — 380. How It Works — 381. Power of the Gasoline Tractor — 382. Power Needed in Plowing — 383. Home-made Tractors 290

Chapter XVII Operating The Tractor

384. Preparing for the First Start — 385. Starting — 386. Learning to Guide the Tractor — 387. Mud-hole Philosophy—388. Lots of Sand — 38g. Bridges and Other Obstacles— 390. Speed Allowable — 391. Hauling with the Tractor — 392. Real Tractor Danger — 393. General Care of the Tractor * 303

Chapter XVIII Power Transmission

394. An Important Problem — 395. Methods in Use — 396. Shafting — 397. Poor Shafting Unprofitable — 398. General Shafting Wisdom — 399. Balancing Pulleys — 400. Speed of Shafts — 401. Size of Pulleys — 402. Pulleys — 403. Straight and Crown Face — 404. Use of Pulleys — 405. Covering Iron Pulleys — 406. How Secured to Shaft — 407. The Deadly Set-screw — 408. Other Pulley Dangers— 409. Tight and Loose Pulleys — 410. Their Love for Trouble — 411. Cone Pulleys, and Their Use — 412.

Table of Contents xvii

Home-made Pulleys — 413. Bearings — 414. Roller Bearings— 415. Ball Bearings — 416. What Babbitt Metal Is — 417. Preparing Boxes for Babbitting — 418. Preparing the Babbitt — 419. Casting the Bearing — 420. Babbitting a Split Box 313

Chapter XIX Belts And Belting

421. Reasons for Using Belts — 422. A Few Drawbacks — 423. Belt Essentials — 424. Leather Belts — 425. Rubber Belting— 426. Canvas Belting — 427. Care of Belts — 428. Belt Dressing — 429. Size Required — 430. A Convenient Rule — 431. Length of Belts — 432. Speed of Belts — 433. Belt Slipping — 434. Belt Hints — 435. A Useful Belt Kink — 436. Belt Lacing — 437. Lace Leathers — 438. Methods of Lacing — 439. Wire Laces and Belt Hooks — 440. Cementing Belts — 441. Splicing a Gandy or Canvas Belt — 442. Rope Transmission 330

Chapter XX Other Forms Of Transmission

443. Gear Wheels — 444. Material — 445. Finish — 446. Spur Gearing — 447. Bevel and Miter Gears — 448. Intermittent Gears — 449. Cams — 450. Worm Gear — 451. Other Gear Wheels — 452. Raw Hide Gearing — 453. Care of Leather Pinions — 454. Rules Governing Gear Repairs — 455. Power of Gear Wheels — 456. An Ideal Gear Wheel Order— 457. General Care 34°

Chapter XXI The Feed Room

458. When Feed Grinding Does Not Pay — 459. Convenient Grinding — 460. Convenient Feeding — 461. Feed Always Fresh — 462. The Balanced Ration — 463. A Good Feeding Plan — 464. A Special Appetizer — 465. Grinding Cob xviii Table of Contents

Meal — 466. Grinding the Family Grist — 467. Accessories of the Feed Room — 468. Objections to Constant Water Supply — 469. Constant Renewal Necessary — 470. The Gasoline Engine a Necessity — 471. The Open Trough — 472. Automatic Troughs — 473. A Home-made Substitute — 474. Advantages of Drinking System — 475. The Work of the Engine — 476. Flushing out the Gutters — 477. Stable Arrangement Required — 478. Flushing Out, the More Sanitary Way — 479. Final Disposal on Fields . 356

Chapter XXII The Workshop

480. Its Mission — 481. As Trouble-healer — 482. A Good Equipment — 483. The Engine in the Workshop — 484. Its Proper Place — 485. An Ideal Shop Arrangement — 486. The Engine's Position — 487. Connecting Engine to Work — 488. Locating Machines — 489. Effect on Man and Boy 367

Chapter XXIII The Farm Wood Pile

490. Two Memories — 491. A Thankless Task — 492. What It Really Cost — 493. To-day's Wood Pile — 494. Why Popular— 495. The Circle Saw Rig — 496. Power Required — 497. The Best Rig — 498. Setting Up— 499. The Drag Saw — 500. Construction — 501. Operating the Drag Saw — 502. A Complete Automatic Rig — 503. Wood Splitting 375

Chapter XXIV Orchard And Garden

504. Slipshod Spraying Wasted Time — 505. Where the Engine Excels — 506. Nature's Method — 507. What Spraying Is for — 508. Causes of Failure — 509. A Successful Method — 510. A Good Pumping Outfit — 511. Good Nozzles— 512. The Hose — 513. Good and Cheap Outfits — 514. Results of Spraying — 515. When Trees Are Not Sprayed 387

Table of Contents xix

Chapter XXV Irrigation

516. Why Needed — 517. Where — 518. When — 519. Where Drought Has No Terrors — 520. Certain Drawbacks — 521. A Good Irrigation Plant — 522. Quantity of Water Required— 523. The Cost — 524. The Engine Required — 525. The Centrifugal Pump — 526. Its Limitation — 527. Different Types — 528. Garden and Small Farm Irrigation — 529. Deep-well Pumping — 530. Distributing the Water — 531. Kinks and Cautions 399

Chapter XXVI The Woman's Story

532. What Machinery Has Done for Some Farm Women — 533. The Farm Power Laundry — 534. Ironing by Engine Power — 535. The Water Supply — 536. The Storage System — 537. Elevated Tanks — 538. The Pressure Tank — 539- Advantages Over the Elevated Tank — 540. Making It Pay — 541. Dish Washing — 542. Outside the House — 543- The Vacuum Cleaner — 544. Cleaning House — 545. Milking Machines — 546. The Cream Separator — 547. The Governor Pulley — 548. How It Works — 549. For Bottled Milk — 550. Churning by Power — 551. The Ice Problem — 552. Other Household Uses — 553. A Handy Kitchen Device— 554. Cleaning Various Utensils — 555. Starting and Stopping the Engine — 556. Filling the Lamps — 557. Storage Battery Capacity — 558. Lighting Up — 559. The System Complete — 560. Door Maid and Burglar Chaser — 561. Making Electrical Conveniences Available on the Farm — 562. The Engine That the Housewife Needs — 563. The Farm Girl and Boy— 564. The Price— 565. What Others Pay 416

Chapter XXVII Home-made Conveniences

566. Self-propelling Engines — 567. Light Power Tractors — 568. The Horseless Buggy — 569. Low Power Trucking — 570. What the. Old Farm Wagon Can Do — 571. A Rapid Post Hole Digger — 572. The Home-made Well Drill — l.

xx Table of Contents

573. A Good Barn Hoist — 574. Grain Tender at Threshing Time — 575. A Home-made Auto — 576. Two Boys and a Cultivator — 577. Wheelbarrow Energy — 578. A Uniaue Fruit Harvester— 579. A Home-made Power Saw — 580. Minor Contrivances 452

Chapter XXVIII Modern Power Applications

581. Helping the Binder— 582. In the Hay Field — 583. Making the Spreader Work — 584. The Short I-ower Wagon — 585. At Threshing Time — 586. Harvesting the Corn Crop —587. Hauling by Cable— 588. The Road Machine; What Gasoline Is Doing for Our Country Highways — 58g. Fighting Weeds — 590. Ditching — 591. The Farm Roller — 5g2. Shearing and Dipping — 593. In the Poultry Yard — 594. The Road to Market — 595. Building Home Memories 470

Chapter XXIX The Ideal Farm

596. A Look Into To-morrow — 597. Summary of the Complete Farm Home, Including Household, Garden, Barns and Fields — 598. How the Gasoline Engine Makes It Possible — 599. When Dreams Come True . . 493

Chapter XXX Useful Rules And Formula

600. Tables, Rules, Calculations, Hints and Suggestions Useful in the Application of the Modern Farm Power 497

601. Mutual Relations of These Measurements . . 499

602. The Fire Hazard 500

603. Fire Fragments 502

604. Heat Values 502

605. Thermal Efficiency 503

606. Horse Power Formulas 503

607. The Brake Test 504

608. The Prony Brake Test 504

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. i — Frontispiece — Gas Tractor Doing the Work of Forty Horses and Twenty Men ....

CHAPTER I Fig. 2 — The Portable Gas Engine Solves the Problem of

Practical Farm Power 35

Fig. 3 — The Call of the Field for Power Best Met by

Modern Gas Tractor 37

Fig. 4 — The Man with the Hoe of To-day . . .40

CHAPTER II Fig. s — Showing Action of Inlet Valve on Suction

Stroke 45

Fig. 6 — Piston Nearing End of Compression Stroke.

Position Just Prior to Ignition . . . -45

Fig. 7 — Piston Descending on Power Stroke . . .46

Fig. 8 — Depicting Action of Exhaust Valve on Scavenging Stroke 46

Fig. 9 — Sectional View of Reeves Horizontal Engine, Illustrating All Important Parts of Modern Gas Motor 48

Chapter III

Fig. 10 — Sectional View of Vertical Engine Showing Important Components 49

Fig. 11 — Illustrating Defects Liable in Boring Cylinder. Compare Defective Spots Shown at a and b with

Perfect Wall at c 54

xxi

List of Illustrations

Fig. 12 — Sectional View of I.H.C. Engine Cylinder

Showing Water Jacket and Valve System . . 62

Fig. 13— Sectional View of Air-Cooled Motor. Figures Denote Following Parts: 12 — Crankshaft. 14 — Oil Pipe. 19 — Petcock for Compression Release. 20 — Valve Spring Key. 21 — Valve Washer. 22 — Inlet Valve Spring. 23 — Lnlet Valve Guide. 24 — Intake Valve. 25 — Valve Cage. 26 — Sparkplug. 27 — Sparkplug Porcelain. 28 — Exhaust Valve. 29 — Exhaust Valve Seat. 30 — Exhaust Valve Guide. 31 — Exhaust Valve Stem. 32 — Exhaust Spring. 34 — Exhaust Operating Rod. 35 — Cam Roller. 36 — Timer Cover Screw. 37 — Contact Spring. 38 — Timer Advance Lever. 41 — Timing Pinion. 42 — Cam Gear. 43 — Drain Cock. 44 — Pipe Regulating Oil Level. 45 — Gear Operating Shaft. 46 — Camshaft for Exhaust. 48 — Piston. 50 — Oil Groove . . .65

CHAPTER IV Fig. 14 — Vital Parts of a Jacobson* Horizontal Gas

Engine 68

Fig. 15 — Piston of I.H.C. Engine and Rings . . -73

Fig. 16 — Longitudinal and Cross Section of Typical Piston 74

Fig. 17 — Concentric Ring with Diagonal Cut Joint. Fig.

18 — Eccentric Ring with Stepped or Lapped Joint . 74

Fig. 19 — Piston Pin Oil Feed 77

Fig. 20— Simple Device for Removing and Replacing

Rings . 79

Fig. 21 — Marine Type of Bushed Connecting Rod . 80

Chapter V

Fig. 22 — Cross Section of Valve Chamber . . .86 Fig. 23 — Sectional View of Combustion Chamber, Showing Arrangement of Valves in Cylinder Head . 87 Fig. 24— Typical Mechanical Valve Gear . . .95 Fig. 25 — Sectional Views of Conventional Mufflers . 97

List of Illustrations

Chapter VI Page

Fig. 26 — Exterior View of One Model Kingston Carburetor .......... 100

Fig. 27 — Sectional View of Kingston Carburetor . . 100

Fig. 28 — How the Carburetor Vaporizes. Sectional

View of Breeze Device Shows Important Parts . 102

Fig. 29 — Sectional View Showing Parts of Krice Carburetor . . 104

CHAPTER VII Fig. 30 — Bent Hot Tube Igniter 112

Fig. 31 — Sectional Views of Standard Dry Cells. A —

European Construction. B — American Design . 115 Fig. 32 — Showing Dry Cell Battery Wired in Series . 116 Fig. 33 — Simple Jump Spark Wiring System . .118

Fig. 34 — Jump Spark Vibrator Coil for One Cylinder

Ignition 119

Fig. 35 — Sectional View of Spark Plug .... 120 Fig. 36— Bosch Magneto, Exterior View . . 122 Fig. 37 — Longitudinal Sectional View of Bosch Magneto 123 Fig. 38 — Rear View of Bosch Magneto, Showing Contact Breaker and Distributor 124

Fig. 39 — Showing Ignition Magneto in Place on Engine

Base 127

Fig. 40 — Simple High-Tension Wiring System, Using

Batteries and Magneto 128

Fig. 41 — Low-Tension or Make-and-Break Spark Wiring System Using Magneto with Batteries as Auxiliary

Source of Current 129

Fig. 42 — High and Low-Tension Current Conductors * . 130

Chapter VIII

Fig. 43 — Method of Speed Regulation through Valves . 136 Fig. 44 — Centrifugal Governor Attached to Carburetor . 138 Fig. 45 — Pick-blade Governor, Showing Cam Action . 139 Fig. 46 — Side View of Cam Action on Lever . . . 140

'xxiv List of Illustrations

PAGE

Fig. 47— Type of Air-Cooled Cylinder Used on "New

Way" Engines X4I

Fig. 48— Depicting Flow of Water Through Jackets of

Water-Cooled Engine J43

Fig. 49 — Sectional View of Cylinder of I.H.C. Engine, Showing Integrally Cast Hopper Used in Open Jacket Cooling System 144

Chapter IX

Fig. 50 — Main Bearings Incorrectly Placed. Strain of Explosion Impulse Exerted Directly Against Cap and Bolts 149

Fig. 51 — Main Bearings Placed so a Twisting Strain

Comes on Cap and Bolts Every Impulse . . 150

Fig. 52 — Main Bearings Correctly Placed — All Stress

Taken by Bed of Engine 15°

Fig. S3 — Single Throw Crankshaft 151

Fig. 54 — Three Throw Crankshaft, with Counterpoise or

Balance Weights 151

Fig. SS — Gas Engine Flywheel of Approved Design . 152

Fig. 56 — Typical Engine Bearing, Showing Oil Grooves

C and Retaining Plugs A 153

Chapter X

Fig. 57 — The New Farm Factory Made Possible by Modern Gasoline Engine. Note Wood Saw at One End and Watering Trough at the Other . . 160

Fig. 58 — Gasoline Engine Base Plan to Show Amount

of Space and Holes Needed for Installation . . 162 Fig. 59 — Method of Securing Heavy Engine to Concrete

Foundation 163

Fig. 60 — Template for Locating Bolt Holes . . . 165 Fig. 61 — Engine on Foundation, Bolted in Place . . 168 Fig. 62 — Method of Re-inforcing Wooden Floors . . 170 Fig. 63 — A Gasoline Engine-Driven Concrete Mixer . 171 Fig. 64 — A Gasoline Engine-Driven Stone Crusher . 172 Fig. 65 — A Wheeled Foundation Needed for Tractor

Engine 173

List of Illustrations xxv

Chapter XI Page

Fig. 66 — A Bowser Gasoline Storage System . . . 184 Fig. 67 — Bowser Gasoline Storage Tank with Convenient Fittings 185

Fig. 68 — Bowser Underground Tank with Measuring

Pump Attached 189

Fig. 69 — Simple Gasoline Tank Gauge .... 193

Fig. 70 — Typical 10-H.P. Kerosene Engine . . . 196

CHAPTER XII Fig. 71 — Polished Steel Rod Looks Rough if Magnified

Greatly 202

Fig. 72 — Section Through Four-Cylinder Motor, Showing Lubricating System 209

Fig. 73 — Exterior and Interior Views of Sight Feed

Gravity Lubricator . 214

Fig. 74 — Explaining the Splash System of Lubrication . 215 Fig. 75 — Loose Ring for Bearing Lubrication . . 216 Fig. 76 — Mechanically Operated Plunger Oil Pump Insures Force Feed 217

CHAPTER XIII Fig. 77 — Pocket Size Battery Testing Gauge Indicates

Either Volts or Amperes 229

Chapter XIV

Fig. 78 — A Typical Horizontal Gasoline Engine . . 246 Fig. 79 — Easy Work for One and One-half Horsepower

Gray Engine : . . 248

Fig. 80 — Corn Sheller Easily Operated by One Horsepower 249

Fig. 81 — Simple Prony Brake Test 250

Fig. 82 — Another Type of Prony Brake .... 251 xxvi List of Illustrations

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Fig. 83 — Correct and Incorrect Method of Cranking an Engine. Correct Method, Left Hand Used. In Case of Pre-ignition Handle Is Jerked Away From the Hand, Which Is Left Outside of Crank Circle. Incorrect Method, Uses Right Hand. Back Kick Will Either Drive Handle Against Hand or Leav« Hand in Crank Circle. Result, Broken Arm or Wrist 274