The natural history of animals (class Mammalia-animals which suckle their young), in word and picture

Front matter

L

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE

FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND

Preface

since the writing of the German and French versions of the work, has been translated from manuscript corrections kindly furnished by the author.

A more serious divergence from the original will be found in the Introduction, in which a few paragraphs have been interpolated by the translator, for the purpose of making the context more easily understood by readers who may be wholly unacquainted with natural history. In making these additions, however, the translator has carefully adhered to the sense of the writer of the original work. .

The translator is likewise responsible for the compilation of the Glossary, and for the selection of the extracts from the works of travellers and naturalists, containing narratives of adventure and additional particulars relating to the habits of the animals described. These insertions are distinguished from the other matter by being inclosed in brackets and printed in smaller type.

GEO. G. CHISHOLM.

Wie Po i eS

FULL-PAGE PICTURES.

PLATE To Jace page I. THE CHIMPANZEE (Troglodytes niger), a 39 II. THE GORILLA (Troglodytes gorilla), . 34 III. THE ORANG-UTANG OR Mas (Simia satyrus), : 36 IV. GREEN GUENONS (Cercopithecus sabeus) plundering a Maize-field, 48 V. GROUP OF JAVA MONKEYS (Macacus cynomolgus), 50 VI. WoLVES (Canis lupus) in pursuit of Prey, . : ? : 13 VI. STRIPED Hy£NAs (Hyena striata) AND JACKALS (Canis aureus), . 154 VIII. THE BARBARY LION (Felis leo), 162 IX. THE SENEGAL LION (Felis leo), 164 X. THE LEOPARD (Felis leopardus), 168 XI. THE JAGUAR (Felis onca), . 176 XII. THE PoLaR BEAR (Ursus maritimus), 204 XIII. THE COMMON OR BRowN BEAR (Ursus arctos), : 206 XIV. A WOLVERENE OR GLUTTON (Gulo borealis) attacking a Reindeer, 218 XV. THE WALRUS OR Morse (Trichechus rosmarus), 252 PICTURES IN THE TEXT.

FIG, PAGE FIG. PAGE 1. The Hoolock (Hylobates leuciscus), . 41 | 22. The Mirikina or Three-banded Douroucouli (Nyc- 2. The White-handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar), . & 43 tipithecus trivirgatus), . ; : ‘ : ~ “Fo 3. Entellus Monkeys (Semnopithecus entellus), . 45 | 23. The Silky Marmoset (Hapale rosalia), 71 4. The Proboscis Monkey or Kahau (Semnopithecus 24. The Ouistiti or Marmoset (Hapale Jacchus), . 72, nasica), ‘ : ‘ : 5 : F . 46 | 25. Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta), . 3 : 2 38iT 5. The Guereza (Colobus guereza), . , : . 47 | 26. The Dwarf Lemur (Microcebus myoxinus), 81 6. The Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana), . . 49 | 27. The Gray Lemur (Hapalemur griseus), . : goo 7. Group of Rhesus Monkeys (Macacus rhesus), . 50 | 28. The Waluvi or Forked-crowned Mouse Lemur 8. The Wanderoo (Macacus silenus), . ‘ ‘ ~ §t (Chirogaleus furcifer), . F P ; : y 383 g. The Barbary Ape (Inuus ecaudatus), . 3 : 2 | 29. The Indris or Babakoto (Lichanotus Indris), . . 84 to. The Black Ape (Cynocephalus niger), . ‘ » 55 | 30. The Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis), . » 85 11. The Gelada (Cynocephalus gelada), : 2 . 56 | 31. The Potto (Pterodicticus Potto), . : : 87 12. The Common Baboon (Cynocephalus Babuin), . 58 | 32. The Angwantibo (Arctocebus calabarensis), . . 88 13. The Mandrill (Cynocephalus Maimon), . ; . 59 | 33. The Common Galago (Otolicnus Galago), . ‘89 14. Red Howling Monkeys (Mycetes seniculus), . . 63 | 34. The Slow-paced Lemur or Slender Loris (Stenops 15. The Barrigudo (Lagothrix Humboldti), . ‘ ~ 104 gracilis), . : : ‘ : , : . 90 16. The Miriki Spider-monkey (Ateles eriodes), . - 65 | 35. The Spectre-tarsier (Tarsius spectrum), . : - of 17. The Weeper Capuchin or Sai (Cebus capucinus), . 66 | 36. The Colugo or Flying-cat (Galeopithecus volitans), 93 18. The Couxio or Black Saki (Pithecia Satanas), . 67 | 37. The Kalong (Pteropus edulis), : : : 102 19. The Ouakari (Brachyurus calvus), . ‘ ‘ . 68 | 38. The Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus), . ; . 104 20. The Masked Callithrix (Callithrix personata), . 68 | 39. The Barbastelle or Pug-nose Bat (Synotus barbas- 21. Saimiri or Squirrel-monkey (Chrysothrix sciurea),. 69 tellus), . ; 5 : ; ‘ ; ; . 104

THE

. The Water-bat (Vespertilio Daubentoni), . The Noctule (Vesperugo noctula), . . The Pipistrelle or Dwarf Bat (Vesperugo pipistrellus),

. The Flap-nosed Bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum), . . The Vampire Bat (Phyllostoma spectrum),

. The Greater Horse-shoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum),

. The Banxring or Tana (Cladobates Tana),

. The Elephant-shrew (Macrosccelides typicus),

. The Wuychuchol (Myogale moschata), .

. The Garden-shrew (Crocidura aranea), .

. The Water-shrew (Crossopus fodiens), .

. The Agouta or Almiqui (Solenodon paradoxum), . The Tanree (Centetes ecaudatus), .

. A Family of Hedgchogs (Erinaccus curopzcus), . The Common Mole (Talpa europea),

. The Star-nosed Mole (Condylura cristata),

. The Cape Golden Mole (Chrysochloris capensis), . . The African Wolf (Canis lupaster),

. The Maned Wolf (Canis jubatus), .

The Coyote or Prairic-wolf (Canis latrans),

. The Slender Jackal (Canis anthus),

. The Dingo (Canis dingo),

. The Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomclas),

. The Aguarachay (Canis Azara),

. The Fox (Canis vulpes), .

. The Corsac (Canis corsac), ;

. The White or Arctic Fox (Canis lagopus),

. The Sahara Fox or Fennek (Canis zerda),

. Viverra Dog or Tanuki (Nyctereutes viverrinus), . The Long-eared Fox (Otocyon caffer),

. The Cape Hunting-dog (Lycaon pictus),

. The Spotted Hyaena (Hyena crocuta),

. The Earth-wolf or Aardwolf (Proteles Lalandii), . Fahhad or Maneless Hunting-leopard (Cynailurus guttatus),

. The Tiger (Felis tigris), .

. The Clouded Tiger (Felis macroscclis), . . The Marbled Cat (Felis marmorata),

. The Gloved or Fallow Cat (Felis maniculata), . The Wild Cat (Felis catus),

. The Viverrine Cat (Felis viverrina),

. The Serval (Felis Serval),

. The Puma or Cougar (Felis concolor),

. The Ocelot (Fclis pardalis),

. The Pampas Cat (Felis pajeros),

. The Eyra (Felis eyra),

PICTURES.

PAGE

105 106

107 108

FIG.

35. 86. 87. 88. . The Common Genet (Genetta vulgaris),

The Caracal (Lynx Caracal), .

The Polar Lynx (Lynx vulgaris), . The Spanish Lynx (Lynx pardinus),

The Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox),

. The African Civet-cat (Viverra Civetta),

. The Asiatic or Indian Civet (Viverra Zibctha),

. The Delundung or Linsang (Prionodon gracilis), . . The Paradoxure or Palm-cat (Paradoxurus typus), . The Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii),

. The Egyptian Ichneumon or Pharaoh’s Rat (Herpestes Ichncumon),

. The Mongoose or Gray Ichneumon (Herpestes eriscus),

. The Suricate (Rhyzana tetradactyla),

. The Cacamizli (Bassaris astuta),

. The Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor),

. The Social Coati (Nasua socialis),

. The Kinkajou (Cercoleptés caudivolvulus), . . The Binturong (Arctictis binturong),

. The Panda (Ailurus fulgens),

. Ailuropus melanolcucus,

. The Black Bear (Ursus americanus),

. The Malayan Bear (Ursus malayanus),

. The Indian Black Bear (Ursus labiatus),

. The Common Ladger (Mecles taxus),

. The Telagon (Mydaus Telagon),

. The Cape Ratel (Ratelus capensis),

. The Brazilian Skunk (Mephitis suffocans), . The Bush-dog (Icticyon venaticus),

. The Tayra (Galictis barbara),

. The Pine-Marten (Mustela martes),

. The Beech-Marten (Mustela foina),

. The Sable (Mustela zobellina),

. The Polecat (Putorius fectidus),

. The Ferret (Putorius furo),

. The Common Stoat (Putorius erminea),

. The Weasel (Putorius vulgaris),

. The European Vison (Putorius lutreola),

» The Lynx-tooth (Lyncodon patagonicus), . The Otter (Lutra vulgaris),

. The Sea-otter (Enhydris marina), .

» Steller’s Sea-lion (Otaria Stelleri),.

26. The Sea-bear (Otaria ursina),

» The Sea-clephant (Cystophora proboscidea), 28. The Bladder-nosed Seal (Cystophora cristata), . The Sea-leopard (Leptonyx leopardinus),

. The Greenland Seal (Phoca greenlandica),

DHE CONTENTS.

Introduction

General Characters of the Vertebrata, Different Types of the Vertebrata, Comparison of Vertebrate Types, ; Position of the Mammalia in the Sub-kingdom Vertebrata, The Mammalian Structure, . : ‘ : : General Characters, Special Characters :

The Skin and its Modifications, Hair, Nails, iia ficial Glands, Milk Glands,

The Skeleton: Skull, Limbs, Shoulder-girdle, Foreand Hind-limbs, the Hand; Position of the Limbs in Walking, .

The Teeth: their Structure, Milk and Permanent Teeth, Dental Formule, Perfecting of the Dental Systems during the Evolution of the Ancestry of the present Mammals, . Reproduction in the Mammalia, Distribution in Space of the Mammalia, Subdivision of the Mammals based on the presumed order of Evolution, .

Presumable Relations of existing Placental Orders to a Marsupial Ancestry as shown by the Dental Characters,

Table of the Orders, Families, and Tribes of the

Mammalia, Note on Geological Points referred to in this Work,

Geological Table of the Main Rock-systems into which the Crust of the Earth is divided,

APES AND MONKEYS (SIMI).

Introduction, Monkeys of the Old World (Catarrhine), ANTHROPOID APES (Anthropomorphe), Black Anthropoid Apes (Troglodytes), Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger), Chego (Troglodytes Tchego), Gorilla (Troglodytes gorilla), Red Anthropoid Apes (Simtia), Orang-utang or Mias (Simia satyrus),

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WW OF HW W ww iS) wow NY w NH NM wo

Gibbons (Hylobates), ; Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus), Hoolock (Hylobates leuciscus (hoolock)), White-handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar),

TAILED MONKEYS (Caudatz), .

Semmnopithect, . : : Entellus Monkey or Hunuman (Semnopithecus entellus), : : : Proboscis Monkey or eee Sanmautthseas nasica), Colobi,

Guereza (Colobus guereza), .

The Guenons (Cercopithecus), . Talapoin (Myiopithecus talapoin), Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana), Mona (Cercopithecus mona), Mangabey or Moorish Monkey, . d Hussar or Nisnas Monkey (Car cepiieens pyrrhonotus), Green Guenon (CerGopithectis Sabene: Macagues (ATacacius), Java Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), Boonder (Macacus rhesus), Wanderoo (Macacus silenus), Magot (Inuus ecaudatus), Baboons (Cynocephalus), Black Ape (Cynocephalus niger), Gelada (Cynocephalus gelada), Arabian Baboon (Cynocephalus fiamnadeyas as), Common Baboon (Cynocephalus Babuin), . Chacma or Pig-faced Baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius), Guinea Baboon (Cy wocephalas ssh), Mandrnill (Cynocephalus Maimon), Drill (Cynocephalus leucophzus),

Monkeys of the New World (Platyrrhinz), NAKED-TAILED MONKEYS (Gymnure), The Howlers (ALycetes), . .

Red Howling Monkey (Mycetes iis: The Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix), . Barrigudo (Lagothrix Humboldti), The Spider-monkeys (A teles),

Miriki (Ateles eriodes), ui — wn Ur ur ut N Nut urn ty uu wn ‘Oo ON

THE Sajous (Cebidz), Weeper Capuchin (Cebus capucinus),

THE SAKIS (Aneture), Couxio or Black Saki (Pithecia Satanas), . Ouakari (Brachyurus calvus), : Masked Callithrix (Callithrix personata), Saimiri or Squirrel-monkey (Chrysothrix sciurea), Mirikina (Nyctipithecus trivirgatus), .

Clawed Monkeys (Arctopitheci),

Silky Marmoset (Hapale rosalia), Ouistiti or Common Marmoscet (Hapale ech’,

Geographical Distribution and Descent of the Apes and Monkeys,

THE PROSIMIANS (PROSIMII).

Introduction, .

THE PROSIMIANS OF MADAGASCAR, The Lemurs (Lemurida),

Ring-tailed Lemur (Lemur catta),

Dwarf Lemur (Microcebus myoxinus),

Gray or Broad-nosed Lemur (Hapalemur griseus), Waluvi (Chirogaleus furcifer),

The Indris Family (Indristda), Indris or Babakoto (Lichanotus Indris), The Aye-aye, Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis), THE AFRICAN PROSIMIANS, The Potto Family (Pterodictida),

The Potto (Pterodicticus Potto),. Angwantibo (Arctocebus calabarensis),

The Galagos (Galagonida),

Grand or Thick-tailed Galago (Otolicnus crassicaudatus), :

Komba (Otolicnus aciapiaboniss,

Galago proper (Otolicnus Galago),

THE East INDIAN PROSIMIANS,

The Loris (Lorisida),

Plump Loris (Stenops tardigradus), Slow-paced Lemur (Stenops gracilis),

The Spectre-tarsier (Tarstus spectrum), The Colugos (Galeopithecida), Colugo or Flying-cat (Galeopithccus volitans), .

Geographical Distribution and Descent of the Prosimians,

THE BATS (CHIROPTERA).

Introduction, FRUIT-EATING Bats (Carpophaga), . Flying-foxes (Pteropida), Kalong (Pteropus edulis), INSECT-EATING Bats (Entomophaga), True Bats or Vespertilionida (Gymnorhina),

Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus),

PAGE

65 66 66 67 67 68 69

THE CONTENTS.

Barbastelle or Pug-nose Bat (Synotus barbastellus), .

Common Mouse-coloured Bat (espedtifie murinus), ’

Noctule (Vesperugo noctula), i

Pipistrelle or Dwarf Bat (Vesperugo ipiateellns),

Leaf-nosed Bats (Phyllostomata),

Flap-nosed Bat (Rhinopoma microphyllum),

True Vampire (Phyllostoma spectrum),

Horse-shoe Bats of the Old World,

Lesser Horse-shoe Bat (Rhinolophus Hiiiosideros), .

Greater Horse-shoe Bat (Ridwotophiae ferrite equinum),

Geographical Distribution and Descent of the Bats,

THE INSECT-EATERS (INSECTIVORA).

Introduction, .

BANXRINGS OR CLIMBERS (Tupaiz), Tana or Banxring (Cladobates Tana), THE JUMPING-SHREWS (Macroscelida),

Elephant-shrew (Macroscelides typicus), Algerian Jumping-shrew (Macroscelides Rost),

THE DESMANS OR DIVERS (Myogalida), Wuychuchol (Myogale moschata), Desman (Myogale pyrenaica),

THE SHREWS OR RUNNERS (Soricida), .

Garden-shrew (Crocidura aranea), Water-shrew (Crossopus fodiens), Agouta or Almiqui (Solenodon oatanovisal:

THE CRAWLERS,

The Tanrecs (Centetida), Tanrec (Centetes ecaudatus), Gymnura Rafflesii , The Hedgehogs (Erinacet),

Hedgehog (Erinaceus curopzus),

THE BURROWERS,

The Motes (Talpida), Common Mole (Talpa europa), Star-nosed Mole (Condylura cristata), Scalops canadensis,

Group of the Golden Moles (Chrysochlorida),

Geographical Distribution and Descent of the Insccteaters,

THE FLESH-EATERS (CARNIVORA).

The Dog Tribe (Canida), THE Docs PROPER (Canis),

Group of the Wolves (sub-genus Lupus), Common Wolf (Canis lupus), African Wolf (Canis lupaster),

PAGE

105 105 106 106

107 108

109 110

IIo

IIo

129 134 137

137 137 139

THE CONTENTS

Maned Wolf (Canis jubatus), : Coyote or Prairie-wolf (Canis latrans), Jackal or Dib (Canis aureus),

Slender Jackal (Canis anthus),

The Domestic Dog,

The Dingo (Canis dingo),

Group of the Foxes (sub-genus Vulpes), . Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas), Aguarachay (Canis Azar),

Fox (Canis vulpes), .

Corsac (Canis corsac),

White or Arctic Fox (Canis lago mie

Sahara Fox or Fennek (Canis zerda), .

Viverra Dog or Tanuki (Nyctercutes viverrinus), Long-eared Fox (Otocyon cafier),

Cape Hunting-dog (Lycaon pictus),

The Hyznas (Ilyzxnida),

Striped Hyena (Hyena striata), Spotted Hyzwna (Hyena crocuta), Brown Hyzena (Hyena brunnea), Earth-wolf or Aardwolf (Proteles Lal ian,

The Cat Tribe (Felida),

THE CHEETAHS OR HUNTING-LEOPARDS (Cynailurus, Fahhad or Maneles

urus guttatus), : Cheetah (Cynailurus jubatus),

= Hiatheieataas (Cynail-

THE TRUE FELINES (Felis),

Lion (Felis leo),

Tiger (Felis tes),

African Panther (Felis Laopakitush Asiatic Panther (Felis Panthera), Clouded Tiger (Felis macroscelis), Marbled Cat (Felis marmorata), Fallow or Gloved Cat (Felis maniculata), The Domestic Cat,

Wild Cat (Felis catus),

Viverrine Cat (Felis viverrina), Serval (Felis Serval),

Jaguar (Felis onca),

Cougar or Puma (Felis eonwalny: Ocelot (Felis pardalis),

Pampas Cat (Felis pajeros), Brazilian Eyra (Felis eyra), Jaguarondi (Felis jaguarondi),

THE LyNnxEs (Lynx),

Booted Lynx (Lynx caligatus), Caracal (Lynx Caracal),

Polar Lynx (Lynx vulgaris), Spanish Lynx (Lynx pardinus), .

THE Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), The Viverrines (Viverrida),

THE Civets (Ailuropoda),

Common Genet (Genetta vulgaris),

Civet Cats (Viverra Civetta and Zibetha), Delundung or Linsang (Prionodon gracilis), Paradoxures or Musangs (Paradoxurus),

190 |

Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus), Mampalon (Cynogale Bennettii),

THE MANGOUSTIS (Cynopoda),

True Mangoustis (Herpestes), : Egyptian lchneumon (Herpestes iahiaagiians, Gray Ichneumon or Mongoose (Herpestesgr ‘seus: Suricate (Rhyzena tetradactyla),

| The Bears (Ursida),

THE SMALL Bears (Subursida,

Cacamizh (Bassaris astuta), : Crab-eating Raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), Mexican Raccoon (Procyon Hernandezi), Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor),

Coatis or Proboscis-bears (Nasua),

Social Coati (Nasua socialis),

Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus), Binturong (Arctictis binturong), .

Panda (Ailurus fulgens),

Ailuropus melanoleucus,

THE LARGE Bears (Ursida),

Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus),

Gray Bear or Grizzly (Ursus ferox), Brown Bear (Ursus arctos),

Black Bear (Ursus americanus), . Coco-nut Palm Bear (Ursus malay ey

Indian Black Bear or Sloth-bear (Ursus Bie) 2 The Badger and Weasel Family (Mustelida), GROUP OF THE BADGERS (Melida),

Common Badger (Meles taxus), .

American and Indian Badgers, .

Telagon or Stinking Badger (Mydaus Tecan, Honey-badgers (Ratelus or Mellivora),

Cape Ratel (Ratelus capensis),

Skunks (Mephitis),

Brazilian Skunk (Mephitis suienis.

GROUP OF THE MARTENS (Martida),

Glutton (Gulo borealis),

Bush-dog (Icticyon venaticus),

Hyrares or Grisons (Galictis),

Tayra (Galictis barbara),

Grison (Galictis vittata),

Martens (Mustela),

Pine Marten (Mustela martes),

Beech or Stone Marten dustels fois), Sable (Mustela zobellina), ‘ American Marten (Mustela sme Pekan or Canadian Marten (Mustela Paina, Polecats (Putorius), ;

Polecat (Putorius fcetidus), .

Ferret (Putorius furo), . 5 ‘ Tiger Polecat (Putorius sarmaticus), . Weasels (sub-genus Gale), .

Common Stoat or Ermine (Putorius eoniness Weasel proper (Putorius vulgaris),

Visons (sub-genus Lutreola),

Siberian Vison (Putorius sibiricus), European Vison (Putorius lutreola), American Vison or Mink (Putorius vison), Lynx-tooth (Lyncodon patagonicus), .

GROUP OF THE OTTERS (Lutrida), .

European Otter (Lutra vulgaris), Sea-otter (Enhydris marina), iS) to _ to to bb NW bw HW Ww WH Hh WN PO

Aur uw to to [on wb NN N is) iS) ion to to to to OnNN

THE

Xil

Geographical Distribution and Descent of the Flesh-

THE SEALS (PINNIPEDIA).

Introduction, .

THE EARED SEALS (Otarida), .

Steller’s Sea-lion (Otaria Stelleri), Sea-bear (Otaria ursina),