Microscopical morphology of the animal body in health and disease

Front matter

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Preface

TN presenting this book, the result of ten years' intense labor, to tl -^ pubhc, I am aware that not all the facts and conclusions here la down will meet the immediate approval of professional microscopists.

The cell-theory, which for more than thirty years held sway over t minds of scientists, was contradicted by me in 1873, when I demonstrati the continuity of all elements engaged in the construction of tissues. 1872, I discovered the connections between cartilage-corpuscles, whic thanks to a simplified method, are now easily seen. Shortly afterwar the intimate structure of "protoplasm" was discovered, and it was foui that the same structure is present throughout all the interstitial su stances which had hitherto been considered lifeless. '

As many of the assertions made in 1872 and 1873 have already bei found correct by good observers, I confidently expect that the othe too will, in time, be accepted, although directly contrary to the ce theory.

In the autumn of 1874 I left Vienna, and, on the first of Novemb of the same year, opened a laboratory for microscopical investigation New- York. This has proved successful beyond all expectation. Ov seven hundred attendants, among them some of the most intellectu and independent members of the medical profession, have here satisfy themselves of the correctness of my assertions. A number of these ha made valuable investigations in my laboratory, the results of which w be found embodied in various articles in this book.

In view of these facts, I can await patiently the approval of scientis abroad. A doctrine which is accepted by good observers in Ameri cannot be lost, but will develop independently of European microsco ists, who, to a great extent, are prejudiced by the teachings of the old masters.

Again have facts made it evident that the United States of Ameri are ahead whenever new ideas of practical importance are to be ackno^ edged. I have received, in New- York, much encouragement from n students and co-workers. I have also been magnanimously supported 1 a friend, who is not a medical man, but a prince in character and wealt and who surpasses most European princes in that he will not allow me inscribe his name upon the dedicatory page.

The illustrations of this book are, without exception, my own drai ings, and have been transferred on metal to my complete satisfaction 1 the Moss Engraving Company, of this city.

C. Heitzmann.

39 West 45th Street, New-York, August, 1882.

B

COXTEKTS.

I. Methods

Infusion 2 Cutting

Moist chamber 3 Mounting

Heatable stage 3 Staining

Electricity 4 Injections

Preparation of fresh tissues. . . -\ Sow to worli with the microscope

Preservation of tissues 5

II. General Properties of Living Matter 1

Chemistry . 13 Generation

Manifestation of life 14 Historical sketch of the study of lining

Properties of living matter 14 matter

III. The Arrangement of the Living Matter in "Protoplasm". . 2

Amoeba} 21 Colorless blood~corpuscles of man

Blood-corpuscles of the craw- Colostrum corpuscles

fls^ 23 Conclusions .' :

Blood of the newt 25

Analysis of the assertions made in 1 873 3

Only a part of " protoplasm" is Analysis of contraction and extension,

living matter 33 Analysis of tetanus

Chemical re-agents 33 Analysis of investing layers

Analysis of rest 34 Analysis of vacuoles

Comparison of amoeba and man

The Structure of the Blood-corpuscles of the Oyster. By A. M.

Hurlbutt 3

The Structure and Growth of Some Forms of Mildew. By William

Hassloch 4

IV. The Phases of Development of Living Matter 4

Amoeba) 46 Corpuscles of the medulla of bone i

Cartilage-corpuscles 47 Conclusions

Bone-corpuscles 50

The cell-theory in the light of these researches 5

Structure of plants 57 Nomenclature

The general constitution of the body, as recognized by single plastids 5

V. The Structure and Origin of Colored Blood-corpuscles.... 6

The Structure of Colored Blood-corpuscles. By Louis Elsberg 6

Observations 64 Conclusions

History 73 viii CONTENTS.

PAGE.

The origin of colored blood-corpuscles 98

Formation of Wood from carti- Formation of Wood in inflamed bone . . 100

Formation of Blood in Cartilage and Bone of Birds. By L. Schoney . 103 Experimental and Microsoopieal Studies on the Origin of the Blood- , globules. By A. W. Johnstone 105

VI. Tissues in General 1 1 1

Origin ■ Ill

Definition 114

Division 114 ■

1. Connective tissue. 114 3. Nerve-tissue 115

2. Muscle-tissue 115 4. Epithelial tissue 115

The relation of living matter to the interstitial substance 115

Life of cartilage-corpuscles 110 Blood-vessels 127

Medullary tissue 117 Muscle-tissue 127

Tissue of the umbilical cord . ... 120 Structure-elements of the nervous system 128

Tissue of tendon 122 Epithelial tissue 130

Tissue of periosteum 124 Conclusions 131

Tissue of bone 126 Is Wood a tissue ? 134

Researches and deductions since 1873 135

VII. Connective Tissue 143

Definition and division 143

1. Myxomatous or mucoid tissue 14G

(a) Medullary tissue 147 (c) Myxomatous tissue of the umbilical

(b) Reticular tissue 147 cord 150

Fat-tissue 155

2. Striated or fibrous connective tissue 158

(a) Delicate connective tissue dies running in a longitudinal

composed of fibrillar or of direction 164

comparatively thin bundles (d) Dense connective tissue composed

of ftbrillai 159 of interlacing ribbons 168

(b) Dense connective tissue (e) Coalesced layers of elastic basiscomposed of coarse, interims- substance, arranged in a sheathing bundles 162 like manner 168

(c) Dense connective tissue (f) Lamellated layers of fibrous intercomposed of coarse bun- lacing connective tissue 169

Besearehes on the Microscopical Structure of the Cornea. By

William Hassloch 17^.

Development of fibrous connective tissue 179

Secretion theory 181 Territories 182

Transformation tJieory 181 Bioplasson theory 182

Elastic substance 182

3. Cartilage-tissue -jo -

History. By Louis Blsberg -^^^

Varieties of cartilage tissue \QQ

(a) Reticular or elastic cartilage 191 (c) Hyaline cartilage icr

(b) Striated or fibrous cartilage 193

The structure of hyaline cartilage j r) s

The Structure of the Thyroid Cartilage. By Louis Elsberg 206

Development of cartilage 3^2