Comparative anatomy of the vegetative organs of the phanerogams and ferns

Front matter

i:OMPARATIVE ANATOMY

OF THE

PHANEROGAMS AND FERNS

Preface

The preparation of the present volume was begun by the author in the year 1865, after the other contributors to the Handbook, who had originally undertaken it, had retired. It was fairly far advanced, when in 1867, by reason of other necessary business, it had to be put entirely on one side for almost two years. It also suffered frequent and long interruption at a later time through changes in the official engagements of the author.

The object of the work, as stated in the programme of the Handbook, was an epitome of the present knowledge of Hhe Anatomy of the Vegetative Organs of Vascular Plants.’ From the very first, the necessity of numerous confirmatory investigations was apparent, since the descriptions at hand were written at very different times, and by very different authors, and it was only possible to judge of and sift the differences necessarily present in these by actual and personal observation. This led to many researches of my own : new results and new questions appeared. The work soon extended itself beyond the limits originally intended. When one section was successfully finished, and others were in hand, new publications appeared which demanded fresh alteration of what had already been done. Therefore, in order that at least something might result, the necessity finally arose of bringing this work of the Danaids, this supplementary patching and correcting, to a definite conclusion, and of finally closing the work. This was done about three years ago. Since then nothing of importance has been done beyond finishing the revision.

That such was the progress of the work may be some explanation and excuse for the frequent unevenness of the performance. Further, the, so to speak, forced hurry of the conclusion necessarily imposed limits. With regard to the contents, the exclusion in the first place of all Palaeontology and Pathology, the latter including the phenomena of wounding and healing by Callus, &c., is understood. Also the small sections on the throwing off and fall of the Leaf, &c. were omitted as of minor importance. Further, it was unavoidable that the use of the newest Literature should be limited. Much that has appeared in latter years has, to my sorrow, been consciously and intentionally left unused. On the ground of the above explanations, I particularly beg to be excused for this.

From the older Literature I have perhaps cited too much for many, and for others too little. But here also arose the necessity of keeping a definite limit, in order to bring something to completion. On the anatomy of plants such an indescribable amount has been written, that, in a comprehensive treatise, one or many authors might be cited in reference to every word. To carry this through, even to the extent to which it is done in the section on Epidermis, makes the

PREFA CE.

viii

description exceed the bounds of convenience and overstep the limit of human power and endurance. I have therefore placed a check upon this also, and, once for all, I will say in answer to possible claims, that every word in this book has had a previous author, printer, and publisher. I hope that I have as a rule referred sufficiently to fundamental works : still it may be emphatically stated that the chief sources and foundations of my work were the writings of Mohl, Nageli, Sanio, Th. Hartig, and in the latest times of van Tieghem, although in some cases I may have omitted to cite them expressly. I presuppose a knowledge of the Text-book of Sachs. When this is quoted, and no further information is given, the fourth edition is always meant.

The old Literature is only cited when absolutely necessary, since it lies outside the purpose before us, to write a history of the anatomy of plants. In Sachs’ History of Botany, Trevir anus' Physiology, and Meyen's Phytotomy and System of Vegetable Physiology, the reader will find what is wanting here.

The plan and course of description are more exactly indicated in the Introduction. The book deals in the first place with the aclual maiure structure of the higher plants, and touches upon the history of development only by way of assistance. We do not thereby ignore the fact that the description of the mature condition must necessarily be based upon the history of development, since that which is termed mature is nothing more than a further advanced part of the whole course of development of the individual. It must therefore always be referred as a matter of course to earlier stages of development, and be coupled with them. But it was the more the object of this work to put that stage of development which is called mature to the fore, since the present overruling preference for the earlier stages has often brought it about that in the ‘ voir venir,’ the things themselves, which are to be produced, are neglected.

I know only too well how far the book falls short of the object indicated in the title. The name ‘Vorarbeiten,’ or ‘ Prodromus,’ of a comparative anatomy would better correspond to the result. That title was only rejected for shortness, sake, and on the consideration that every work should be the predecessor of a better.

Most of the figures were drawn by the author on wood, from nature. In case of those copied and borrowed from other books the source is given in each case. I am specially thankful to my respected colleague Sachs for the permission to use the woodcuts of his Text-book, and I should have made still further use of them had not a number of the figures here given been already cut before the earlier editions of the Text-book appeared. I may offer this expression of thanks without presumption not only in the name of the author, but also in that of the reader. Also in the name of both I may add thanks to Dr. von Rostafinsky of Krakau, who has constructed the index of names.

A. DE BARY.

Strassbürg, June 15, 1877.

Table Of Contents

PAGE

Introduction i

CHAPTER I. Cellular Tissue

Sect. I. General Introductory Remarks 27

Division I. The Epidermis.

„ 2. General Definitions 29

I. Composition of the Epidermis.

„ 3. Enumeration of the Component Parts ....... 30

„ 5. Stomata 34

„ 6. Air- and Water-stomata . 45

„ 7. Air-stomata 45

„ 8. Water-stomata 50

„ 9. Gaps in the Epidermis 5-4

2. Structure of the Epidermal Elements. a. Protoplasm and Cell-contents.

„ II. Epidermal Cells 66

„ 12. Stomata 67

„ 13. Hair-structures 68

b. Structure of the Walls.

„ 14. Cellulose-Membranes 70

„ 15. Intramural and Superficial Deposits ........ 73

„ 16. Mucilage, Cuticle, and Cuticular Layers . 73

X

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

Sect. i8. Restio diffusus 88

„ 20. Pulverulent Hairs 99

„ 21. Digestive Glands 100

„ 22. Silicification, Calcification, Cystoliths ....... 102

„ 23. Deposits of Lime 106

Division II. Cork.

„ 24. Origin and Structure of Cork 108

Division III. Parenchyma.

„ 25. Forms with Thin Walls 115

„ 26. Collenchyma, Sclerotic Cells 119

„ 27. Endodermis (protective sheath) . . .121

Chapter V

Sect. 43. Angiosperms

„ 44. Gymnosperms and P'erns 179

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi

CHAPTER VL Latieiferous Tubes.

PAGE

Sect. 45. The Latex 183

„ 46. The Tubes 186

„ 47. Articulated Tubes 189

„ 48. Non-articulated Tubes 190

„ „ History. General Observations 192

Chapter VII

Appendix. Intercellular Spaces.

Sect. 49. General Observations. Development 200

„ 51. Intercellular Reservoirs containing Air or Water ..... 210

„ 52. Diaphragms 217

„ S3. Internal Hairs 220

Part II. Arrangement Of The Forms Of Tissue

FIRST SECTION. PRIMARY ARRANGEMENT.

Sect. 54. General Observations. Epidermis, Hypoderma 224

CHAPTER VIII. Arrangement of the Traehese and Sieve-tubes

I. Outside the Vascular Bundles.

Sect. 55. Scattered Tracheides 226

„ 56. Sheath of Tracheides in Aerial Roots 227

„ 57. Scattered Sieve-tubes 231

2. Vascular Bundles.

„ 58. General Observations 232

A. Arrangement of the Vascular Bundles. a. hi the Root.

»59 232

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

xii

VII

b. In the Individual Leafy Stem.

Sect. 6o. General Rules

„ 6i. Dicotyledonous Type. Dicotyledons

Gymnosperms

„ 62. Anomalous Dicotyledons .

Medullary Bundles ....

„ 63. Cortical Bundles ....

„ 64. Palm-type. Simple Form .

„ 65-67. Modification of the Palm-type „ 68. Monocotyledonous Seedlings. Aroidete „ 69. Type of the Commelinege .

„ 70-71. Anomalous Monocotyledons .

„ 72. Phanerogams with an Axile Bundle .

„ 73. Fern-like Plants. General Observations

„ 74. Equisetum .

„ 75. Osmundaceas

„ 76. Isoetes

„ 77. Psilotum and Lycopodium

„ 78. Selaginella .

„ 79. P'ilices and Hydropteridese

„ 80-83. Axile Bundle. Tube of Bundles „ 84. Concentric Rings of Bundles

„ 85-87. Medullary and Cortical Bundles

c. Course of the Bundles m the Leaves and Foliar Expajisions.

„ 88. Nodes, Stipules . ... j

„ 89. Petiole

„ 90. Lamina. Nervation ....

„ 91. Superficial Divarication of the Bundles

„ 92. Position as seen in Vertical Section .

Note. Distribution of the Forms of Nervation d. Connection between the Bundles of different Orders of Shoots and

Branches.

1. Similar Branches of Leafy Stems.

I. Normal Branches.

„ 94. Type of the Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms ....

„ 95. Other Phanerogams

,, 96. Fern-like Plants

II. Adventitious Shoots.

„ 97.

„ 98.

11. Roots.

B. Structure of the Vascular Bundles. „ 99. General Observations

PAGE

• 233

• 235

• 245

■ 277

. 278 . 279

• 279

. 280

. 280

. 282

• 283

• 283 . 289 . 291

. 296 . 298 . 298

• 299

• 305

• 306

• 315

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Xlll

I. Bundle-trunks.

PAGE

Sect.

too.

Synopsis lOI.

Collateral Bundles

Bundles of the Leaves of Cycadeae and Isoeteas

J5

Bicollateral Bundles

„ 104-105. Concentric Bundles

Concentric Bundles of the Ferns

Radial Bundles

Radial Bundles of Typical Roots

Root-bundles of Abnormal Structure

>7

no.

Imperfect and Rudimentary Bundle-trunks ....

2. Ends and Connections of Vascular Bundles.

1 1 1.

Endings in the Cortex, and in the Foliar Expansions

1 12.

Peculiarities of Leaves of the Coniferre .....

II3-

Terminations in Roots and Haustoria .....

1 14.

Connections of Bundles

C. Development of the Vascular Bundle.

II5.

Development of the Individual Bundle

II6.

Development of the Bundle-system in the Stem. Succession

of the

Bundles. Their Morphological Position ....

II7.

Development of the Lateral Roots

Concluding Remarks

CHAPTER IX. Arrangement of the Primary Parenchyma

Sect,

II8.

7?

1 19.

Pith, Medullary Rays. External Cortex

Petioles, Ribs of the Leaf

I2I.

Lamina of the Leaf (Mesophyll, Diachyma) ....

Cortex of the Root, Root-cap

Parenchymatous Sheaths, Endodermis, Starch-layer. — Plerome-sheath .

CHAPTER XIV. Secondary Growth in Thickness of Normal Dicotyledonous Stems

and Roots.

I. Cambium. Secondary Thickening.

Sect. 134. Origin of the Cambium in the Stem. Intermediate Bundles . . . 454

„ 135. Subdivisions of the Secondary Thickening in the Stem .... 458

„ 136. Cambium and young Secondary Growth 461

„ 137. General Arrangement of the Secondary Elements as seen in Transverse

Section 469

„ 138. Their Longitudinal Course 470

„ 139. Cambium and Secondary Thickening of Roots 473

II. The Wood.

I. Distribution and Form of the Zones of Secondary Growth.

» 140 475

2. The Tissues of the Secondary Wood.

„ 141. Synopsis 478

„ 143. Woody Fibres 481

„ 145. Crystal-sacs. Laticiferous Tubes 487

3. Distribution of the Tissues in the Wood.

a. Medtcllary Rays and Medullary Spots.

„ 147. Medullary Rays 489

„ 148. Medullary Spots 492

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

XV b. Ligtieous Bundles.

PAGE

Sect. 149. Normal Ligneous Bundles 493

„ 150. Peculiar Forms 498

c. Chattges of the Tisssues in the Annual Ring.

„ 151 500

d. Normal Differences of Successive Zones of Thickening.

„ 152. Innermost Ring. Medullary Sheath 504

„ 153. Successive Increase in the Size of the Elements 505

„ 154. Alburnum and Duramen 507

e. hidividual and Local Deviations.

„ 155. Differences according to the Thickness of the Annual Ring . . . 511

„ 156. Rings with Indistinct Limits 513

„ 157. Individual Variations 514

f. Differe^ices between Non-equivalent Members.

„ 158. Stem, Branches, Roots 515

„ 159. Fleshy Roots 516

III. The Bast.

„ 161. Forms of Tissue of the Bast 520

„ 162. Parenchyma. Sieve-tubes 521

„ 164. Secretory Passages and Sacs 525

„ 165. Sclerenchyma. Bast-fibres . . • 526

„ 166. Crystal-sacs 529

„ 167. Variations according to successive Zones, Individuals, &c. . . . 530

CHAPTER XV. Secondary Changes outside the Zone of Thickening

Sect. 168. Pith 533

„ 169. Parts lying outside the Cambial Zone 535

„ 171. Cortical Parenchyma. Dilatation. Secondary Sclerosis . . . 536

„ 172. Sieve-tubes, Sclerenchyma, Secretory Sacs 541

„ 173. Phenomena of Disorganisation 543

Periderm.

„ 174. Development and Differentiation of Periderms 544

„ 175. Superficial Periderm 547

„ 176. First Internal Formation of Periderm 551

„ 177. Repeated Internal Periderms. Bark 554

„ 178. Combination of the different Peridermal Formations in Woody Plants . 558

XVI

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI. Anomalous Thickening in Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms

PAGE

Sect. i8o. General Observations. Eccentric Stems and Roots .... 567

„ 181. Synopsis of the Anomalies of Thickening 567

„ 182. Anomalous Distribution of Tissues with Normal Cambium. Senega-

„ 183. Climbing Bignoniaceas 570

„ 184. Phytocrene 575

„ 186. Sieve-tubes in the Wood ; Strychnos, Dicella ...... 577

„ 187. Cambium inside the Ligneous Body : Tecoma radicans .... 580

„ 188. Partial Cambiums and Woody Rings of the Sapindaceae .... 581

„ 189. „ „ in the Calycantheae and Melastome« 584

„ 190. „ „ in the Rhizome of Rheum . . 585

„ 191. Successive renewed Zones of Thickening 586

„ 192. Chenopodiaceae, Amarantaceae, Nyctagineae, Mesembryanthema, Tetra-

gonieas 590

„ 193. Anomalous Dilatation of the old Parenchyma. Intercalary Zones of

Thickening in Stems of Lianes 601

„ 194. „ in Roots, Convolvulaceae, &c 606

„ 195. Cycadeae 608

Chapter XVII

Secondary Thickening of the Stem and Roots of Monocotyledons and Cryptogams.

Sect. 197. Stem of Dracaeneae, Aloinem, and Beaucarnea 618

„ 198. Tubers of Dioscoreaceae 622

„ 199. Roots of Dracaenem 622

„ 200. Stem of Isoetes 623

ERRATA.

P. 41, 1. "i,for Scheidei read Schiedei.

P. 4r, 1. %,for aculenta read aculeata.

In description of Fig. IS, for purpurasceus read purpurascens.

P. 95, description of Fig. 38 P. 144, 1. for Conocephalous read Conoce phalus.

for Sanseviera read Sansevieria.

ifor Patschouli read Patchouli.

P. 185, 1. *l,for Haucornea read Hancornea.

P. 228, 1. Anselia read Ansellia.

P. 230, 1. 32, for Homalonema read Homalomena.

P. 248, 11. 38 and 4r,yö?- Tladiantha readf\A^- diantha.

P. 253, 11. 32 and 34,_/ör of read from the.

P. 477, 1. <^,for Red Fir read Spruce.

P. 510, 1. 16, for Drybalanops read Dryobalanops.