Church history, a complete history of the Catholic church to the present day

Front matter

wats Bie Oar ny ty Par Wahine Sadat

_ * racks ons peor oe re SET as S a ne Sen eee ors

.

Introduction

The pupil whose formal education ceases with his graduation from a Catholic High School has in the past found no place he could read the magnificent epic foreshadowed in the prophetic text “Going, therefore, teach ye all nations’ (Matt. xxviii,.18). This little volume is intended to supply the deficiency.

What is hardest in the task of the high school teacher in Eleior is to show how the human element in the Church is continually thwarting the divine, and how at the same time Divine Providence is daily making use of this human element in helping the Church achieve her destiny. At no time has the tendency to pass by in silence the claims of the Church to a special deference as God’s mouthpiece been more blatant than at present. Hence the weight of the old scholastic argument “Ab esse ad posse valet illatio,’ the historical argument. As a review of the practical results of the Church’s activity in the world, results both to the world and to the Church, such a compendium of Church History is an indispensable companion volume to a student of the Church’s teaching mission. In the eyes of the unfriendly, the apparent failure of the Church in achieving the purposes of her dogmatic and sacramental armory, presents the most promising angle of attack and confutation, and hence, the educated Catholic layman must have a correct understanding of the fundamental position of both sides of the controversial problem and a knowledge of the sources of more specialized polemical weapons in meeting these attacks.

Incidentally Church History thus puts the pupil in contact, during his most impressionable years, with the annals of the greatest humanizing agency the world has ever seen, and serves as a correlation point for the more secular intellectual treasures the race is bequeathing the student during his initiation into mental maturity and breadth of outlook. As a supplement to the more formal study of his religion, and its dealings with the individual soul, or as a basic text in Church History, this volume should assist in emphasizing the social values of the Church, values that become more important as society becomes more complex.

Vii

Viil INTRODUCTION

The treatment of the subjects is possibly novel but hardly radical. The author has kept in mind very definitely the class of reader for whom the book is intended. While introductory, it is far from a bare outline, and should prove adapted peculiarly well to its objective, the Catholic student high school body of America. As indicated, it would seem to achieve its purpose best as supplementary study in the formal religion classes. Of particular value in this connection are the readings from the original sources appended to each chapter. They give a contemporary flavor to the narrative and acquaint the student with the works of the great Christian writers. This approach is strengthened by the brief but adequate and vivid biographies interspersed in the text. Another feature of classroom value is the series of summaries of the so-called “turning points in the history of the Church.” ‘The entire book, therefore, keeps in view not only the needs of the high school pupil, but does it with the help of modern pedagogy, so that we have here a text that should find its way soon into the hearts of both teachers and pupils.

Rev. Francis J. BREDESTEGE

CINCINNATI, OxHI0o June 24, 1929

Contents

PAGE eR RA Cane Va A TT OR a ste iat Goo wes adbc cot SKGN ile Mesbat ang ae) of eve: clove brs lens o's gua « Vv INTRODUCTION ‘BY THE Rev. FRANCIS J. BREDESTEGE ....-ceceeececeees Vil

Section I

The Ancient Church to the Beginning of the Pontificate of Gregory the Great, A.D. 590

FIRST PERIOD: From THE FouNDING oF THE CHURCH TO THE DECREE oF Miran A.D. 313

Chapter I: Preparation of the World for Christianity PPO SRL TICS SE OF LE IINEs oath ayasd scot etre. « dinteihettiala Ol ies! els oc. dug! ad dia-oce) b's Peer OMAN e PANDILE = cc e.c Oe ae A x RAR ees eee ee Gamo) Rehneion .oOb the: Hmpitet:.iy 12, Waele se ue ght cls dated te tae’ AICTE W Seal gt NE UEGITIPIEE: |, 5 5)s'ats blared Oat eet, beds bine he Ware eh ts Reading from the Sources: The Emperor Gaius Caligula Insists on CMA! CAOGOCIIEE dee oor, Nets aba einas oes ee eke Ete Myesmestel hte t's

Chapter II: The Founding of the Church Jesus Christ the Redeemer of the World and Founder of the Church. First Christian community in Jerusalem. First Persecution. St. Stephen, the Proto-Martyr. The Conversion of Saul ............. Reading from the Sources: A Jewish Testimony to Christ...........

Chapter III: The Church Invades the Pagan World The First Convert from Paganism. The First Roman Convert. The Christians of Antioch. The First Martyr-Apostle ................ Reading from the Sources: How a Persecutor of the Christians Died

Chapter IV: The March on Rome 1. St. Paul’s First Missionary Journey Saul and Barnabas in Cyprus and Asia Minor. Missionary Methods. Hailed as a God, Then Stoned. The Council of Jerusalem. 2. St. Paul’s Second Missionary Journey New Helpers. Paul Enters Europe. The Gospel of Jesus and the Wisdom of the Greeks. Eighteen Months in Corinth. The BOISeaOr ots, Paulie ney, gee ene ee ads ccd Pay AS Oe es. 3. Third Missionary Journey. A Dramatic Chapter in the Life of St. Paul Two Years in Ephesus. The Corinthian Troubles. The Tumult ‘of the Silversmiths. Vinctus Christi 4. Paul Enters Rome—in Chains The Appeal to Caesar. The Shipwreck. Custodia Militaris.... Reading from the Sources: St. Clement of Rome on the Spirit of Faction at Corinth eooeer eee eee eee eer eee eeeeses ere wees we ee ese eee eee seers se ee srseeeeseseseeeseseene x CONTENTS

PAGE

Chapter V: The Roman Church The First Roman Christians. St. Paul’s Last Missionary Journey. Burning of Rome. Persecution of the Christians. The Martyrdom olsot. “Peter and: St.Paul hs. 2c cee sedan ee eee) ee

Chapter VI: The Labors of St. James, St. John and the Other Apostles The Destruction of Jerusalem and the Final Dispersion of the Jews Reading from the Sources: St. John and the Robber ...............

Chapter VII: The Rapid Spread of Christianity The Mustard Seed Becomes a Tree. Causes of the Rapid Spread of Christianity. Obstacles to the Spread of Christianity. Why the Christians. Were*.Persecuted (12), Suge ae Oe ee. ie cee Reading from the Sources: a) What a Pagan Thought of the Chrisdians. “b)itarly: Christianity Seen trom, Winn oe a. cu sas eee

Chapter VIII: The Age of the Martyrs

1. The Persecuitons From.Nero to Decwus:cwitsk s4 0k 4 vowels hee een Domitian. St. Ignatius of Antioch. The Martyrs of Bithynia. Pliny to Trajan. Trajan to Pliny. WHadrian’s Rescript. St. Polycarp of Smyrna. St. Justin, the Martyr-Philosopher. The Martyrs of Lyons. St. Irenaeus. The Martyrs of Scilla. St. Leonidas, the Father of Origen. Tertullian, Apologist and Heretic. St. Perpetua and her Companions.

2, The Persecutions of Decius..and V alerian jan’. wht cae: eee The Edict of Decius. Attitude of the Christians. Libellatici. St. Dionysius of Alexandria. St. Gregory Thaumaturgus. St. Cyprian of Carthage. Origen. Pope St. Sixtus and His Deacon St. Lawrence. St. Cyprian of Carthage.

3 They Persecutions of Diocletian and, Goleriusc cose ..0e ssi eee How Diocletian Became a Persecutor. The Extermination of the Christians Decreed. The Martyrs of Palestine.

Bee T A. pI WMAP OF MONE" Gs FOS Bias ola! deny) 3.5.2 ae oe eee PPT a oe In Hoc Signo Vinces. The Battle of the Milvian Bridge. The Edict of Milan.

5. How. the Maoriyrs Were, Honored... «asia. tupohee onan ee. oaaten The Privileges of Martyrdom. The Feasts of the Martyrs. The Memoriae of the Martyrs. The Catacombs. The Catacomb of San Callisto.

Chapter IX: Early Christian Life and Worship Baptism. Discipline of the Secret. The Holy Eucharist. Penance. Feasts and Fasts. Holy Seasons. Holy Places. Social Life. PYSCCTICESIR GeO d.eialain Ov « + asiadecese a BART a RIDES ore alee BREE Spar <n in a ne Reading from the Sources: a) Instruction on Baptism. b) Eucharistic SSEENICE lull Wedeie so 6's cat kec’s Gud 0%, 0 dg Me © ae Sra ths peta do en

29 33

35 38

CONTENTS xi

PAGE

SECOND PERIOD: From THE DEcREE oF MILAN TO THE BEGINNING OF THE PONTIFICATE OF GREGORY THE GREAT A.D. 590

Introduction: Character’ of This! Period (oUt a oo ek dso Aiko e sales beinien 92

Chapter I: The. Roman Empire Becomes Christian

De ESTATE UC TAT IPOLAIS AS OFS. cha de to woah d cle eon ole ain PE 8a Bien iesaiol ns eo) Babe 92 Constantine’s Attitude towards Christianity. The Founding of Constantinople. Death of Constantine. First Systematic Attempts to Abolish Paganism.

2. Julian the Apostate and the Pagan Reaction .........e cece cceeees 06 How Julian Became an Apostate. Julian Persecutes the Christians. “Thou Hast Conquered, O Galilean.”

EOC Id VIELE OS USTANTOIE es us oF altae ae eae Uae OES oe ene Docs s 97 4. The Church and the Christianization of the inhiee a etal ae ee ae 99 5. Christianity beyond the Borders of the Empire ........sceeceeees 100

Christianity in Persia. Armenia, the First Ghat Nation. Conversion of the Abyssinians.

Reading from the Sources: How the Christians Resisted Julian the MTom te NLR Ian Se ae as Se cst yearn MRR aT ohio anal s WUR A and Gee Siglo, oe Bs 102

Chapter Il: The Church in Conflict with Heresy A. Arianism iopc uP Oreriunier stot VATS, Lh, cation cashed Sidebeisia ) via ble eles 104 raat eID LOLS FUE TAIISOT. wae a ied 6 HE ah che we Oke Oe 106 BaP Ey HiaHiStivs PLEAS wi. .-cnMiciacust etme tal ated Ria Sele Oa te wea he alee 107 Ae VCOUNC leOle NiCAGA ths HaLerdy Aeeaie Gin arate tows Uaew ad aha's 109 5. Lhe Arian’ Reaction. St. Athanasius the’ Great i. ..)...... 113 6. The Victory of Catholicism over Arianism. The Three

B. The Truce in the Wars of the Lord

1. St. John Chrysostom, the Glory of the Christian Pulpit ..... 126 Berti NOT OS Or Ole AE ohne Ti eS homie k wiv ie SON sched wie 132 2 cot, Jerome. tewmoctor ‘OL oacred ocripture: Poy. s sw oases 135 4. St. Augustine, the Doctor of Grace ...... gl Pues ue 138

C. The Christological Controversies The Nestorian Heresy. The Monophysite Troubles. The Three Chapters and the Fifth General Council. The Monothelete Pier esy ee Ope tL TONOEING, 50 et eae Ste tie Ac is er ts ere ee ee I51

Chapter III: Social, Religious and Moral Life of the Church The Hierarchy. Clerical Celibacy. The Papacy. Penitential Discipline. The Liturgy. Ecclesiastical Architecture. Works of Charity. St. Melania. Monasticism. St. Antony. St. Pachomius. Monasticism in the Orient and the West. St. Martin of Tours... 160 Reading from the Sources: Palm Sunday in Jerusalem A.D. 385.... 171 ai . CONTENTS

PAGE Chapter IV: The Church and the Barbarian Invasion 1. The: Migration; of: the cNationsmsn tke... sccsce tem ete eee crete ere eee 173 2. ThepChurch-and the: Invaders. skin ote. se eee is ene ee 176 3. St:. Patrick and the Conversionvot<irelahidt taeceus: ca: 1 cee 178 4. St. Benedict of Nursia, Patriarch and Lawgiver of Western Mon- ASTECTSEM os leks Cas ake eas 8 Le DUE Ne OORT ai 2 se 183 Reading from the Sources: How Little Boys Became Benedictine MOS rire wostelel tee ceie eid oy dr atetele Oc ce RnG Ae ccett a tara nena a) Sa eR 187 SuMMARY: Turning Points in the History of the Ancient Church...... 189 SECTION II The Church in the Middle Ages From St. Gregory the Great to St. Leo IX, A.D. 590-1517 PULTOCUCLIOTIO Reed wot cio oe hee he ake ao oitee 8.0 Soe TCR AC ints col a 190 FIRST PERIOD: Tue CHurcH IN THE EARLY MippLte AGES Chapter I: The Pontificate of St. Gregory the Great, A.D. 590-603 iL) ihe Father ot His Country sof. i jee a tetaee ce nea Oe 192 2. Fhe~ Apostolic’ Pastor, 2. 2ce8.. Se SARA be ook ee TES a 194 2.° The ‘Apostle: of ‘England: i)... 9.02 au chide eens eMac ee Gee 195 Reading from the Sources: A Lesson in M:ssionary Methods....... 198

Chapter Il: Work of the Irish Missionaries in Scotland, in England, and on the Continent t.. St: Columba, Apostle.of Scotland... —.<. 3:42 5a ee eee 200 2. St. Columban and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent........ In the Kingdom of the Franks. The Rule of St. Columban. In Conflict with Church and State. The Pilgrim’s Last Journeys. The Fruits of His Labors. St. Gall. The Later Irish Pilgrims. 203 3. Irish Missionaries in England St. Aidan, Apostle of Northumbria. End of the Irish Mission

119 SECA eae acl eooneth ve bob a ccm aelt ote 5 ciel earn ies are ene a 210 4; The Golden Age of the Anslo-Saxon, Church Qo. vaso... vee 213 Reading from the Sources: The Death of St. Columba ............. 215

Chapter III: Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in German Lands

1; aopelishviissionvin 'rista: ot. Willibrord..) vimajeae edie th oes 217

2. St. Boniface, Apostle of Germany Early Life. Missionary Apostolic. Missionary Bishop and Archbishop. Help from Home. Papal Legate. Reform of the Church in the Kingdom of the Franks. Union with Rome. Fulda. The Martyr’s Crown. St. Boniface’s Place in History.. 219

Reading from the Sources: Letter of St. Lioba to St. Boniface...... 229

Chapter IV: Mohammedanism and the Church Mohammed’s Life and Character. Duties and Dogmas of Islam. Causes ot the Rapid Diffusion ot Islam. 4.00.) 95.4 . 2). ee 231

CONTENTS Xili

PAGE Chapter V: Alliance between the Papacy and the Franks. Beginning of the Temporal Power of the Popes Chronological Survey. Extent of the Papal Territory. Military and

Ecclesiastical Organization of the \Roman State). {i)..in. coat. cd. |). 239

Reading from the Sources: The Forged Donation of Constantine.... 246 Chapter VI: The Age of Charlemagne

PepCuaricmagner anen ti adrian’ Lear cee eee Lae, eed VATE 248 Bae Hale narierancduetie "Sa KONS* ee PRO eer fae le eek ee. 250 3; Gharlemagne Receives’ the Imperial! Crown? 5.2.2 Ys ee PA. 251 4: tere at olingiat Revival’ of- Learning 2) S209, om SGt er 256 reWeatn of Charlemagne, His: Placejin’ History f. 79:.9. 9). 2d 2. 258 Reading from the Sources: Charlemagne’s Interest in Religion ...... 250

Chapter VIT: Decline of the Carolingian Empire and of the Papacy. The Iron Age. Lights and Shadows

4. Decline and Enslavement of the Papacy Formosus and Stephen VI. The House of Theophylact. Otto the Great and the Papacy. The Crescentii. Gerbert. The Tus-

Clare Leta cial Drain 4s a tis eae eee reas. Sais 2, uae | 265 Reading from the Sources: How a Papal Letter Was Received in Con- BUTANE PNA. QU ait 9:0 Lc oe Marve en Beets aU FARE cutie ales ets be 273 Chapter VIII: New Nations Won for the Church BORO eistrmit yA MONG THe - SCANUMIAVIATISUL. oc eiuun io aebedetenc's MEO eek « 275

2. The Conversion of the Slavs SS. Cyril and Methodius, Apostles of the Slavs. The Czechs Become Christians. How Poland Was Converted. St. Olga and Vladimir the Great Convert the Russians. The Southern Slavs.

Wonverstoik Of the ‘NV eiiciay cee a ere Pati Wire ek ney ke Deke ores « 280 Speerectaenicy) lini) UNS At Vest. oh Per ai oss tant Richens kre eked coe ce 286 Reading from the Sources: An Ordeal by Hot Iron ................ 287

Chapter IX: The Greek Schism Origin of the Estrangement between East and West. Caesaro-papism. The Court Bishops. The Council in Trullo. The Iconoclast Heresy. The Coronation of Charlemagne. The Photian Schism. bare EMLIYAN SOD ALAIN. Us. sic: fatter ey ote xo seaesere Taree, tilawt o's aise, €6%edns « 3,04 be 289

SECOND PERIOD: Tue CuristiAN COMMONWEALTH OF EUROPE FROM HILDEBRAND TO Bonirace VIII, A.D. 1048-1294

Chapter I: The Age of Hildebrand 1. The Beginning of the Reform ‘Cluny. The Allies of Cluny: St. Romuald, St. John Gualbert, St: Peter. Damian,.. . Other: Reformers: ocd. .05 beth wd 207 xiv CONTENTS

PAGE 2. Hildebrand the Counselor of Popes - St. Leo IX. The Last German Popes. Nicholas II Regulates ther Election :of thes Popésins sc. 08. 220 o0G aie y sas 301 3. Hildebrand As Pope Gregory VII The War against Simony and Clerical Incontinence. Gregory Proscribes Lay Investiture. Conflict with Henry IV. Henry IV at Canossa. Perfidy of Henry; Death of Gregory. Gregory’s Place tin History: 355.0) ca tene ad so seem ere See. ean hana ene 304 4. End of the Investiture Struggle The Kings of France and England Give Up Lay Tivestitiees The .Concordat of \ Worms? 2s ac wk. oad: wo taaie eels bles iets 309 Reading from the Sources: Gregory VII Deposes Henry IV ......-. 310

Chapter II: Knights and Monks in the Service of Christendom 1. The Crusades and the Military Orders 3 Chivalry. The Crusades. The Military Orders. Orders for the: Ransem of! Captives.....5 $.0 225 Pein oe te elena eee 311 2. St. Bruno of Cologne and the Carthusians .......0cccccessecvees 318 2. "The. Monks-of Crteatta us. Cale ss Spiele s die ota teeter ial eanlonets «tg mee 321

4. St. Bernard of Clairvaux, the Arbiter of Christendom The Perfect Monk. The Counselor of Popes and Princes. The Champion of Orthodoxy. The Preacher of the Second Crusade. St. Bernard and the Irish Church. The “Last of the Fathers”... 321

BY St. Hildegard Of Bingen i). 05. he weeds giowie © ae tenes alan ee 326 6. Reforming the Secular Clergy.. St. Norbert and the Premonstra- PENSIONS Voc beciels 20 ab = 3,8 Bis 5 ORR STR ARLE aise en see 328 Reading from the Sources: The Solitude of Clairvaux .............. 330 Chapter III: The Hundred Years’ War between the Popes and the Hohenstaufen 1. Prelude to the Great Struggle. Barbarossa and Hadrian IV...... 334 2. Barbarossa and Alexander III. The Seventeen Years’ Schism.... 336 3. St. Thomas a Becket, Champion of the Liberty of the Church.... 337 4. The Papacy at the Noontide of Its Power. Innocent III

Henry VI. The Empire at Its Zenith. Early Career and Election of Innocent III. Rome and Italy. Innocent III and the Empire. The Champion of the Cross. The Champion of the Sanctity of Marriage. Interdict. England Becomes a Papal tiet, The Fourth Lateran: Council ot sca. eee oe = eae ee 341

5. The Popes and Frederick II. Fall of the Hohenstaufen.......... 347 iia IV: Medieval Heresies and Heretics

. The New Manichaean or Albigensian ER GPESY-AE Re is' sts oie DR 350

QEUE AV GIDEMSIONS. (oe exis 6 a nis sw 5 oS RO Canal OR ee ae alata) ke eae 352

3. How Church and State Combated Heresy ...... ‘dda. ly Sa 353

4. The Inquisition

CONTENTS XV

PAGE Chapter V: The Rise of the Mendicant Orders 1. The Church and the New Middle Class ........... He Ae LM 360 2. St. Dominic and the Preaching Friars .......0.cccccccccucccuce 361 3. St. Francis of Assisi and the Order of Friars Minor ............. 363 4. A Franciscan Saint in the World: St. Elizabeth of Hungary... 3... 368 Reading from the Sources: The Canticle of the Sun ................ 370 Chapter VI: Scholasticism and Mysticism Wei dase-o} the Medieval: Universities, aes oven she ocd eew cc cae evndececl 372 BU MEDLOSIICLSHY: AHL SOA YSTICISM (OW ice wie 0b a ee hs Or Ce kev ah ete 374 3. The Great Scholastics: Bl. Albertus Magnus and St. Thomas TEE TTOGS 3 SY Merten oe Eo PDR Pare TEC a OPO LEE my SAD OID An Oy ek eR eT 376

Reading from the Sources: An Article from the Summa Theologica.. 379

Chapter VII: The Arts in the Service of Religion Early Religious Poetry. Medieval Sacred Poetry. Dante and His Divine Comedy. The Religious Drama. Medieval Architecture: Raranee(ueranid OL DICl oe esses pee toe Ora toe ke ea oe 382

THIRD PERIOD: Tue Cuurcy In tHE Later MinptE AGES AND THE RENAISSANCE. From Bontrrace VIII to THE ProtesTANT Revort, A.D. 1294-1517

Chapter I: Destruction of the Christian Commonwealth of Europe. Philip the Fair Triumphs Over the Papacy.

Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair. The Great Jubilee. The Tragedy

MENA ig honererhs oe’ ri hae thea eee RIE Ceca ey yo hates 391 Chapter II: The Babylonian Captivity of the Popes Meee isdaltousy Reten ole (lenient Vere cue cue oles het oolede ose. 306 2 JOunOGN Land Vous of Bavaria 2. 4oo, ec. e. BAe Bosh HE Anaee 307 3. St. Catherine of Siena and Gregory XI. End of the Babylonian Wavy crctts hen mie tale, mae ee ae a OY Gh ae fu 309 4. Missionary Enterprise in the-Par: Fast iso0.c i ses oe bic bebo. dew cth 401 Reading from the Sources: St. Catherine of Siena Begs Gregory XI Pome CtULIA CON KGMOMEve: arn tated kg rere re a iN UL Pct, 403 Chapter III: The Great Schism of the West per crandel vogtess. Of the SCs ae oom Gaeta hla a ues coh 404 2g VOSS CCE TATE Sa CE Rigs Mapua OP as! RR, 2 A a 406 3. Council of Constance. End of the Great Schism ................ 407 Chapter IV: The Church and the Renaissance PP UMUNMETIGITD tote, Whee che Me eae aie PNY ho WEED LF 410 erChcistianeany -Pasan’ Fiumanicnt eer en Ye 4 et abra.. MALT Gea ne en mincmnCe Popes Wn, Mage tenn AS SNR, RMR IT 412 oraeine. lier one SEOs «LS TLR RCR NS rite oe. Sees there aR) 413 Ratrolgingamavondrolay,” ws eeae gees tee Nae Pith. |, CO PSERE TI | 414

Xvi CONTENTS 6On the. Eve of the Protestant Revolt... eames ce eee eee Reading from the Sources: A Gothic Hymn of Longing ............

SumMary: Turning Points in the History of the Medieval Church....

SECTION III The Church in Modern Times from the Protestant Revolt to the

Present Day, A.D. 1517-1930

FIRST PERIOD: From THE Protestant REvoLT TO THE FRENCH Revotution, A.D. 1517-1789

Chapter I: Luther and Lutheranism

Luther’s Early Years. The 95 Theses. Intervention of Rome. The Leipzig Disputation. Under the Ban of the Church and the Empire. Private Judgment in Action. The Peasants’ War. Organization of the Lutheran State Churches. Attempts to Restore Unity. Luther’s Last Years. Lutheranism Beyond the Limits of the

Empire. Zwingli and the Reformation in Switzerland ........... Reading from the Sources: Decay of Education in Germany after BBEHEr SOVOIE) «ci civ wis a's 01a oe s/o: Saye tape Oe wiegelelecs 6 Sees kia cscs pean

Chapter II: Calvinism 1. Calvinism in Switzerland John Calvin and His Doctrines. Calvinism in Geneva ......... 2. Calvinism in France The Huguenots. French Wars of Religion. The Edict of Nantes. 3. Calvinism in Germany, the Netherlands, and Scotland Calvinism in Western Germany. Holland Is Lost to the Church. The ‘Triumph ‘of ‘Calvinisnr in Scotlands 2 ...5. 5. <- cr ee

Chapter III: Disruption of the Church in England t Henry, VIII ‘Répudiates the” Papacy <4... St ewe « slneeen 2- Triumph of ‘Protestantism’ under Edward V1"... 2.65. .9s ca eee 3. The Catholic Restoration under Mary Tudor .................. 4. The Elizabethan Settlement. Triumph of Anglicanism ........... 5). The Reformation in-lreland <2). ....0. 2.1.5 -..-- oom Use + sea eee Reading from the Sources: Martyrdom of the Ven. Robert Southwell.

Chapter IV: The Catholic Reaction and Revival 1. Nature and Scope of the Catholic Reformation ..............-0- 5) The Find -of the ‘Roman’ Renaissance, /... o..45> eee eee eee 3. Spain Rises to World Power and Promotes the Catholic Reform INTO EIenit \ se. os GEA. See bite ahs 5 ee eaGnede Ook Sener cs veces cae 4. Paul III Reforms the Papal Court ...........eeeeeeetee eee scees 5. St. Ignatius Loyola Founds the Society of Jesus ..............4- 6. Missionaries in the Wake of the Discoverers in the Far East ‘St. Francis Xavier. Christianity in Japan. The Jesuits in China: Ricci, Schall, Verbiest, Friedel. Robert de Nobili, the Ghristian a: Sanvasl jet nokeaoons Pee TS eee

453 455

CONTENTS XVii

PAGE 7. Missions and Missionaries in the New World Spanish America. The Reductions of Paraguay. The Missions in North America ...)...04 mua ba teldeatrs REAR A Leia ae eee alate 469 SMe Ne, OUNCH OF 1 Cents Lc s tami ad Nee cae Mckee ORR ee. « 477 Reading from the Sources: The Jesuit Vows ........-cccececececes 480

ree V: Some Leaders of the Catholic Reformation

Be EAS AT ICS SOL EOINCO ie ots sete sl itats Go cin ances ope Ow Cielo tee aaa lol ee aa « 482 2. Three Pontifical Reformers: St. Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V. 484 22 Smit Neri; Apostle Of ROMe (iio. aheaccorces BUee lets oO 3). 4488 4. St. Peter Canisius, Second Apostle of Germany ................. 490 c ojemrnneela Merict and St) Teresa Git jesus? .,. 2200. ces. 492 6. St. Francis de Sales and St. Jane Frances de Chantal ........... 404 2 OU iMelts OL 12 NATING Ey oc oc. IM ee ie chs mba eda. wee 406 8. St. Vincent de Paul, the Apostle of Organized Charity ........... 497

Reading from the Sources: How St. Philip Cured a Scrupulous Nun. 500

Chapter VI: Jansenism Baius. Jansenius and Jansenism. Port Royal. Blaise Pascal ....... 502 Reading from the Sources: Pius X on Frequent and Daily Communion 505

Chapter VII: Royal Absolutism and Its Offspring, Gallicanism and

Josephinism ee hee Gnurch and Royal) AbSOLUHSIT (su odes adler << eat es tka aslaes 506 me Iee INS TED wigs a-iww o acai cl ade ocd aces Geen EkTore lal ole ore Meee Syke Salsa che 508 EB a CACTI ATI TIC, CRI IR ts ieee: Be ee Mae ek eo OR 7 ea PEM RCS ADSM SLR cr 510 Ae Aatedte PE LCACNETS,. SCHOlLALS, AlIC SAIIES sare enard bho FS a anh s beghca le elas SII Reading from the Sources: “Who Then Will Be Saved?”.......... 515

Chapter VIII: Rationalism and “Enlightenment”

Rise of Rationalism in England. Freemasonry. Rationalism in France. The Encyclopedists. Rationalism in the Other Countries. Suppeessionrorethe! Soctety: OP: JeStSr sci te Os eee etre ee Re hae 517

Reading from the Sources: Clement XII Condemns Freemasonry.... 521

SECOND PERIOD: From Tue FrENcH REVOLUTION TO THE PRESENT Day, A.D. 1789-1930

Chapter I: The Church in the Storms of the Revolution Fate of the Church in France. The Holy See and the French Republic. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Church. Fate of the Church in PO FE CSE eU Pe LUITOPE {ois .chcic,cvgoreteee.aseloenten AAA ATA ee eee ee Bae 522 Reading from the Sources: Napoleon’s Additions to the Catechism... 526

Chapter II: From Pius VII to Pius IX 1. Pius VII and the Catholic Revival The Holy Alliance. Restoration of the States of the Church. Cencordats:, (The Restoration: in. Brance’t. tan AA as. oS 527 2h ontenemamon - 16eG, NIB Boci MESe iets ARI stl RR OT a). 529

XVili CONTENTS

PAGE 32. Catholic. Emancipation tin’ the» British’ Isles ogee sak ee ee 520 4; Belgium. ‘BécomesiaiGatholicwKinedom 2s) Aeon eee: 531 5« Gregory XVI and’ the. Scholastic. Revivali/: Name eee eee 531 6% The Catholic’ Awakenihe.ain «Germany tssx2 nae or one ee 533 7. The Oxford Movement... John Henry Newman ................. 535 Reading from the Sources: The Catholic Church in England at the Beginning of, the coth: Century <...7V. se oihe oun sheen re 536 Chapter III: Pius IX and the Vatican Council asc isiternal® Troubles, vac cits cscs GOR cow ce Lake 4 & ARI ee ee 538 2, Restoration of. the. English! Hierarchy . nlieii Wee eo Peak ba 540 3. Opiritual) Triumphs... \The Vatican: Counc ain Ss ta ee ee 540 4. End of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Pope.................- 542 Se che. “Kulturkampf?.in. Germany . 2... SC ae ee ee 543

Chapter IV: Progress of the Church in the United States 1. The Age of Discovery and Colonization * The First Parish in the United States. Catholicity in New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The Franciscan Missions.. The “Holy Man of Santa Clara.” The Church in the English Colonies. Beginnings of Catholicity in Louisiana. The Coming of the Ursulines. The Illinois Country. Kaskaskia. The NP ALEIOLNE TICSTLONI ENE. VVOSE- ieieainc tre epensciceattektanoah ia hue eae Lee ae 545 2. After the War of Independence The Catholics and the War of Independence. The Establishment of. the Hierarchy. Rapid growth of the Catholic Population. ..“Trusteeism.” Rise of the Great Seminaries and Colleges. . Demetrius Augustine Gallitzin. The Teaching Sisterhoods. The Work of the Catholic Brotherhoods. The Catholic Educational System. The Catholic University of America. Anti-Catholic Movements. Provincial and Plenary Councils. Some Prominent Churchmen: Cardinal Gibbons, Bishops Cheverus, Hughes, Ven, John Nepomucene Neumann, Baraga. The National Catholic Welfare Conference. Catholic Charitable and Social Work. Weeping ine Pane PUL. wc cise Cee ciaiticomtelack ares’. at einen. aa iees 553 Reading from the Sources: a) Religious Toleration Proclaimed in Maryland. b) The Third Plenary Council of Baltimore Orders the

PeTeCtiON-OLse-arochial = Schools) 21.4 esd eee) ath bev abteb en ine eter oe 575 Chapter V: From Leo XIII to Benedict XV Ieeronreimeate: Of eo, SULT, ee cite eck bees ae vw 5 aM eeeomeme 1 tek 578 Be Pius ix the Pope ob the Holy, EB ucharise € 2 ws aiiien. (eh Gene TAN 580 emenedict XV, the Pope: of the World, War: x.i04 25205 +a a0 das bE Sep 583 Reading from the Sources: Leo XIII on the Workingman’s Right to ara VV EE al a i Rid aiays Sd sale bg sinats rake Wh Sle paste am EV he adh Ana ES 585

Chapter VI: Pontificate of Pius XI Pius XI and the Foreign Missions. Foreign Mission Statistics for

CONTENTS xix

PAGE 1927. The Mexican Persecution. The Vatican Treaty and Concordat. Encyclical on the Education of Youth. A Spiritual Cru-

SAG Oe ar’ CAF ISII. 115, TRE QROCCIIASE ails a ago wiaele aie auehs ee te ee ws 8 587 Reading from the Sources: Some Articles of the Treaty between the Pry eee ANC HEALY acto tisi are Ge cla eb he oe chs Baetel a Waeee ole Sista oe we ar sik aa 594 Gonclasions) Mooring. Backward 32.25.60 ued -0c% Oe bn eae ey 507 SumMMaRY: Turning Points in the History of the Church in Modern ARE MMP Ra Re oe ot Ae ac Nk a cate aa a ore eas an Stoo 508 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE i SANUS ING IC ed aaa ne se RR ay Ce Men reeramraretn en, ve) SOAR in, th aan 600 IstST ORs OUPREME WE ONTIPFS «3.05 6 cis Scdswise sses vie Be tiv ake ai ste Set 608 a eM ea te Ree Ran es aid oie. 4 2 Mtv Sea eerale 6 sales Yerba stele tyehe meee ra 611