Christian unity, its history and challenge in all communions, in all lands

Front matter

: Z ees aoe SERA ere

= ce i A} i

.

Introduction

BY

THE Rr. Rev. Wittiam TempLe, D.D., D.Litt. (Oxon), Archbishop of York.

I am greatly honoured by the privilege of being allowed to contribute a brief introduction to this survey of the Church’s age-long concern for unity. There has not been in the world hitherto, so far as I know, any survey of that field that can compare with this in thoroughness and completeness.

There can be no doubt about the need for such a survey. Our efforts in the direction of Re-union are often hampered by lack of precise understanding of the positions historically adopted by the various communions in their dealings with one another. This volume will help to supply that lack at every turn, and so give conspicuous service to the cause of Re-union.

And no cause can more deserve our ungrudging service. On every side the Church of Christ is hampered by its divisions. More and more Christians are forced to realize that all over the world they are confronting a common enemy, whose most familiar name is Secularism. We have still to fight the flesh and the devil; but the most potent of the ancient trio is now the world—a world with high and even exacting ethical standards in some respects, with a great wealth of culture and much delicacy of refinement. It is an enemy allpervasive, and the more deadly because it offers much satisfaction to man’s higher nature. But it ignores the spiritual life and gives no recognition to God. Throughout Africa and Asia no less than in Europe, America and Australasia, this is the real and only formidable enemy of Christianity. Against such a concentration of the hostile force Christianity too must present a united front—not necessarily of uniformity or detailed agreement, but of fundamental faith and action.

Towards such a unity this study of unity and division in the past will greatly assist.

vii

INTRODUCTION

BY

THE Rev. ALFRED E. GARVIE, M.A. (Oxon), D.D.,

Principal of Hackney and New College, Deputy Chairman of the Lausanne World Conference on Faith and Order, President of the Federal Council of the Free Churches of England.

It is a common assumption of those who are indifferent to one of the most important movements of to-day in the Church of Christ that the aspiration and endeavour for the re-union of the churches, the manifestation to the world of their unity in their one Head, is a newfangled imagination and a passing adventure. A service is rendered to the great cause by every effort to show that throughout the Christian centuries there have been Christian men to whom the divisions of Christendom were a scandal, as an injury to the highest interests of mankind, and an offence against the love of Christ Himself. . The late Professor Briggs of New York proposed that there should be recognized as a necessary branch of theological knowledge what he called etvenics, the study of the efforts at reconciling differences and removing divisions in the Christian Church. Dr. Slosser has with intense enthusiasm for the cause of Christian unity devoted himself for several years with diligence and discernment to the study of such eirenic endeavours: and has produced a book, showing wide knowledge and sound judgment, which will be of great value for the furtherance of the movement towards re-union. The study of the past gives guidance for the future. Any success gained offers encouragement : any mistake made affords warning. The evidence such a book supphes of the number and the variety of such proposals, made by serious and earnest Christians, assures the worker for this end to-day that he is in a worthy succession ; and that it is surely the purpose of God that the unity of the Church should be restored. As one who on the one hand regards this purpose as one of the divine constraints on his own prayer, hope, and labour, and on the other hand has had the privilege of giving some counsel and help to the author in the preparation of this work, it gives me exceptionally keen pleasure to write these words of appreciation and commendation by way of introducing an American author to British readers.

ALFRED E. GARVIE.

New College, London,

PREP Aer

THE author has attempted in this treatise to present a critical survey of the movements towards unity within Christendom, including all the Churches of all lands from the time of Apostolic Christianity until the present day. He has tried to construct a disinterested, accurate, and standard history which avoids preconceived notions, prejudice, or bias of any sort. He has not hesitated to adopt the course of recording the facts, without either undue censure or praise. Neither has he constructed a narrative with the idea of discrediting or exalting any particular creed, confession or polity. He would remind his readers that the challenge which is present throughout is a comprehensive visible unity in the Church of Christ, and that when any event or the doctrine or polity of any one group is analysed and evaluated, that analysis and evaluation have this challenge to unity in mind. In other words, wherever criticism is made, it is made not upon the event, doctrine, or polity as such, but upon them as they help or hinder progress towards the goal of unity for which Christ prayed.

It is altogether likely that the extremists of all groups will find this book fit only for anathemas. Too many Christian leaders and too many Church historians would re-write Paul’s concluding words to his classic on Love by insisting that “‘ the greatest of these is ’’ faith, or probably polity. The highest points in the history of the Church have been when love was made to be uppermost, that love not being compromising weakness, but holy love which puts error and evil to rout by the power of the Spirit of God manifested in a crucified resurrected Christian life. Church history should henceforth give greater prominence to the efforts to maintain or attain unity, rather than to emphasize the quarrels and divisions. Sometimes genuine love leads to division. But the time has probably arrived when the setting up of any more standards in rival camps merely increases the already disgraceful scandal of divisions.

In the writing of this History, mistakes will have been made. Be assured that only the most gracious good-will has governed the pen. The author will consider it a very great favour if all errors as to fact are brought to his attention for correction.

I wish to express my very great appreciation to the Archbishop of York, Dr. William Temple, who is always a great and much trusted leader in any (Ecumenical Church Assembly in which he may appear, and-to the Rev. Alfred E. Garvie, M.A., D.D., President of the Federal Council of the Free Churches of England, and Deputy Chairman of the Lausanne World Conference on Faith and Order, for their having written such gracious Introductions. Iam especially indebted to Dr. Garvie for many kindnesses to me both while in England and as a Delegate from the Methodist Episcopal Church to the World Conference on Faith and Order at Lausanne in 1927.

Xi

Xi PREFACE

My thanks are due to that brilliant writer of Church History and one of the greatest living authorities on the medieval period, the Rev. Principal H. B. Workman, M.A., D.D., by whose kind invitation I was permitted to live in the Westminster Training College several months. The Rev. S. Parkes Cadman, Ph.D., D.Litt., LL.D., and the Rev. C.S. Macfarland, D.D., respectively President and Executive Secretary of the American Federal Council of Churches, very graciously placed some of their secretarial force at my service in collecting many valuable source books for the Americas, Continental Europe, and Great Britain. Mr. A. I. Ellis, Superintendent of the British Museum Reading Room, the Rev. C. J. Prescott, D.D., of

ewington College, N.S.W., Australia, and the Rev. Carleton Lacy, D.D., of Shanghai, China, each have helped me to gain access to valuable materials. The officials of the United Church and the continuing Presbyterian Church of Canada were very kind in assisting me to obtain most of the published material in connection with events in that Dominion. I am greatly indebted to Sir Henry Lunn, Editor of The Review of the Churches, to Dr. Peter Ainslie, Editor of The Christian Union Quarterly, and to Dr. William C. Poole, the President of the World’s Sunday School Association, for their kind assistance in many ways. To the gracious people of the Lower Clapton Congregational Church of London, who were so kind while I acted as their pastor, [ express my deepest gratitude.

The author was privileged in 1925-1926 to make an extended world tour, visiting the Churches and Mission fields of many lands, and conversing with their leaders. As an American Pastor, he has been” the President of interdenominational groups of ministers and of a city Federation of Churches. He therefore knows that there is an increasing yearning that Christ’s followers shall be united. For the method of treatment and the opinions expressed in this treatise, the author alone is responsible.

This History is the substance of a Thesis submitted and accepted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Church History from King’s College of the University of London. My Tutor during my research was the Rev. Claude Jenkins, M.A. (Oxon), D.D., F.S.A., of the Chair of Ecclesiastical History of King’s College, and Librarian of the Lambeth Library. I wish to pay great tribute to him as a bibliographer and director of research as well as a brilliant and accurate scholar. :

Lastly, I wish to record my great indebtedness to my wife, whose help with the research and with the typing of the manuscripts, besides her capable performance of many of the tasks in connection with the index and publication, have constituted an invaluable aid rendered by one who shares with her husband the sincere desire to be of some definite service unto Christ, the Church’s One Head, One Body, and One Foundation.

GAIUS JACKSON SLOSSER.

Department of Church History and History of Doctrine, The Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Contents

PERIOD: 1

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MEDIA#VAL EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN A UNITED CHRISTENDOM, A.D. 33-1648

Chapter I

CHURCH COUNCILS AND CHRISTIAN UNITY BEFORE THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648

PAGE (Ecumenical Councils . : : ‘ : : : . 4 The Council at Jerusalem, A. D. 49 ; ; : . : : ’ 5 First Council of Nicza, A.D. 325 . ; : , : < 6 First Council of Constantinople, A.D, 381 , ' : . 8 The Council of Ephesus, 431 : : : R ; : : : 9 The Council of Chalcedon, 451 . 10 The Second General Council of Constantinople, May 5th to June ond, 55 53 - 12 The Third Council of Constantinople, November 7th, 680-681 . " 13 The Second Council of Nicza, 787 , : : : : 15 Were these Councils Truly General? Baxter’s Answer. : 3 : 16 Schisms F ollowing Early Councils : , eh : : : 18 Other Schisms in the Early Church ‘ : : ‘ 19 Final Division between the East and the W est (10 54) 21 Attempts to End the Eastern and Western Schism during the early Crusades 22 The Second Council of Lyons, 1274 23 Schism and Re-union within the Roman Church, The Council of 8: onstance, I414-1418 . j : : ; : eee The Council of Ferrara-F lorence, 1438 ; , , ; a The Protestant Revolution (1500-1550) . : 5 : : Semen The Conference at Marburg, 1529 A i 2 Enghsh Negotiations with Lutheran Princes at Smalcald, cia 5 5 31-1 5 a6o 30 English Church and Lutheran Conferences for Union, 1538-1539 : 30 The Lutheran-Roman Breach Widens; Conference at Ratisbon (1 541) and after; Jesuit Hindrances to Christian Re-union ; ; Rpera 8! Archbishop’s Cranmer’s Efforts—John Calvin ‘ : : : Sas? Ferdinand II., Cassander, and Re-union ; ; : ; f ; 35 . The Consensus of Sendomir, 1570. —«« i : Sree Sees Lutheran Approaches to Constantinople : ; : : ; visage A Harmony of the Reformed Confessions, 1581 : : ‘ . aie: 9 The Will of Archbishop Sandys of York : ‘ < ; Noe i, Hampton Court Conference, Jan. 16th-19th, 1604 ; 39 The First Effort to Introduce the Anglican enon tan ‘into Scotland, or the Precedent of 1610 . : . 40 Anglican Divines at the Synod of Dort, 1618 . : j : . Remeey Cyril Lucar, Patriarch of Constantinople (1621) é . P fs ah ae Early Seventeenth Century Harmonies of Confessions ‘ , : EVES) The Thirty Years’ War, 1618- 1648 ; : : , ; ; eur ay 4. xiii

XiV CONTENTS PERIOD. If

EARLY MODERN NEGOTIATIONS FOR CHRISTIAN UNION MADE EITHER BY INDIVIDUAL LEADERS, OR FOR POLITICAL REASONS, 1648-c.A. I714

CHAPTER GA

INDIVIDUAL AND POLITICAL EFFORTS TO GAIN UNITY IN CHURCH AND STATE OR TO REALIZE RELIGIOUS PEACE, FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1648, TOV THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1714

PAGE The Peace of Westphalia (1641-1648) . : : ; f . vias The Period Immediately peat Westphalia y : : ; : 50 Richard Baxter (I610-1 691) : : : ‘ . 50 John Dury . : ‘ : . ‘ : . as John Davenant (1572- 1641) . : : ‘ : ; f : ‘ 60 Hugo Grotius . : ‘ ; : : ‘ ; . 60 George Calixtus (1586-1656) | 61 Presbyterianism or the Reformed Religion made Officially Uniform in Great Britain (1643-1659) : ; ‘ : : : 2 2 ; 62 The Savoy Conference (1661) 65 Second Attempt to Introduce the Anglican Episcopate into Scotland (1661). 67 Leibnitz, Molanus, Spinola, Bossuet . 68 The Archbishop of Utrecht, Peter the Great, and the. Gallican- Russian Negotiations (1713) : 72 Archbishop Wake-Gallican Correspondence (1717-1719) ; 74 Pierre Francois le Courayer (1681-1776) and the Validity of the Anglican Orders : 80 The Church of England and the Reformed Churches : : . Place 3 The Anglican and Eastern Orthodox Churches : ‘ : ‘ wiih, OS Early Eighteenth-Century Essays : ; ; : ; ee LS The Roman Uniate Churches : : : : : ; : Ria oY td Rome and Re-union . ; : -y) 108 Close of the Era of Unity Efforts for Political Reasons’ The Treaties of Ryswick (1697) and Utrecht (1714) ‘ : : ‘ : 7 SORE

PERIOD Ill

BEGINNINGS OF MODERN MISSIONS, SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION, INTER-

CHURCH CO-OPERATION AND ALLIANCE, AND ORGANIC UNIONS WITHIN

DENOMINATIONAL GROUPS. APPROACHES TOWARD CATHOLIC UNION, EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES

Chapter III

RISE OF THE MISSIONARY URGE AND OF EDUCATIONAL FACTORS FOR THE PROMOTION OF CHRISTIAN UNITY. CHRISTIAN CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATIONS AND UNITY

SOCIETIES Missions Initiate Modern Unity Movements . ; : A } ‘nares London Missionary Society . ; ‘ ‘ : ; 1 ERG First American Union-Mission Movements ; ; 3 ‘ . 820

Early Denominational Co-operation in Bible Societies . , ; » ee

CONTENTS

‘Beginnings of Interdenominational Conferences and Unions on Mission Fields . ; : : : ‘ 5 ‘ A. India

B. China and Japan

Interdenominational Mission Conferences held at the Home Bases Critical Scholarship’s Contribution to Christian ages and Modern Educational Advance

(1) Critical Scholarship aNd the Sourialnion of the Sede tives

) Christian Re-union Philosophies

) The Contribution of Religious and Social Psychology to Unity

) (5) (6) (7) Christian Unity—Interdenominational Religious

Education—Non- and Inter-Denominational Religious Journals

) (9) The World Becoming One Neighbourhood

10) Co-operative Religious Instruction and Service, and Christian Unity Societies as Contributors to the Elimination of Sectarian Divisions : ;

{(A) The coaaAy Beheok aid Unity

(B) The Y.M.C.A. ; andthe Y.W. C. A. ; The World’s Student Christian Federation ; the American Student Volunteer Movement; the World’s Christian Endeavour Society ; the Salvation Army; and Social Service or Reform Societies ‘

(C) Christian Unity ‘Societies

(2 (3 (4 (8 (

Conclusion

EVANGELICAL OR PROTESTANT ORGANIC UNIONS:

CHAPTER IV ENCES AND ALLIANCES (C.a. 1714-1900)

XV

PAGE

123 123 125

27 128 136 139

140 141

142 142

144. 147 149

PAN-DENOMINATIONAL CONFER-

Schisms and Unions in Scotland Prior to the Twentieth Century re ». Chart of Scottish Schisms and Unions é . facing 153 ’Re-union Movements in American Presbyterianism . ; vi “ROO World Alliance of Reformed Churches pee the Presbyterian System 162 ‘\ John Wesley (1703-1791) 162 English Methodist Unions 166 » American Methodist Re-union Movements 167 The Gicumenical Methodist Conferences 169

_ German Attempts to Introduce oe ancemel and German Lutheran Organic Unions (1701-1900) ‘ ; A : wi PO Canadian Church Unions (1749-1907) : 172 s. Chart of Canadian Unions . : facing 172 “The Evangelical Alliance PN io (A) Antecedent Events 174 (B) The Evangelical Alliance Founded (1846) 183 (C) Events Following the Inauguration of the Alliance 185 “The American Evangelical Alliance 187

CHAPTER V ROMAN, EASTERN, ANGLICAN, AND OLD CATHOLIC RE-UNION EFFORTS (c.a 7 iA

Unity Activities Related to the Roman Catholic Church Stead ; Rome’s Jealousy of Greek Students at Oxford ; Suppression of the Jesuits :

Pope Innocent XIII. Proposes a General Council . Bishop Barrington, Mr. Butler, and Fr. Gandolphy

193 193 193 193 194

XVi CONTENTS

PAGE Emperor Napoleon and Gallicanism . , : ’ : : . wes Bishop J. kK. Doyle Proposes Irish Union . ‘ : : : . 395 Newman’s Tract XC : ; : : ' } ; : » Fee Dr. E. B. Pusey’s Eirenicons . ; k ; R ‘ ; oe Pius IX.’s Encyclical of 1846. ; ; j : : j .

Berlin Conference of 1854 : . ; ; . 366 Pius IX.’s “‘ Congregation de Propaganda fide,’ tel bs so eas : : : Ee The Union Review and Union Newspaper. ‘ : ; ; .. 2s Petition of certain Anglicans, 1865 ‘ 2 ; F ; . Feo Cardinal Wiseman and Pope Pius IX . : : ; ‘ . . a Frederick G. Lee’s Activities ; ; ; : ; .' 1go The Vatican Council—Encyclicals calling it, ‘etc. ‘ . ; : » “200 Response of Eastern Patriarchs . : ‘ ‘ ‘ : : . 200 Papal Infallibility . } : ; ; ‘ . ee Opposition to Vatican Council’ S Decrees : : ; ; : . 202 The Order of Corporate Re-union : : ; . 20g Cabrera and the Spanish Approach to Trish Bishops : 204 Late Nineteenth Century Gallican and Anglo-Catholic Activities Relative to Anglican Orgers:\. : : ‘ 3 - 205 Pope Leo XIII.’s Encyclicals Calling to Unity : ; ‘ ; . os Replies of the Eastern Orthodox to Leo XIII... : : , . 206 Leo XIII.’s “‘ Ad Anglos ”’ : ; i , . “eeg Leo XIII. and the Anglican Orders ; : . ; ; ; , 28 The Reply of the Anglican Archbishops 3 t , ; ; - The Separate Churches of the East: Re-union Efforts. 210 Nineteenth Century Relations between the ean and the Eastern Orthodox Churches : aus Drs. Robertson and Hale of the Mabioh Protestant Episcopal Char 212 Archbishop Howley founds a Bishopric in Jerusalem . « 2 PER Memorial to the Russian Church by Anglican Clergy . , ; if, 233 Eastern Churches Committee of the American Church, 1863 ; «S BEZ Similar Committee of the Convocation of Canterbury . : ‘ Ey > i ' Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom . : 213 John Mason Neale (1818-1866) and more Recent Leaders in Anglican- Eastern Rapprochements . ; ; 4 : : ; op Ree The Eastern Church Association é : : : 4 : Pen 3) The Church Unity Society. ; ‘ ‘ : : , ° .) ees Events of 1868-1875 ‘ ‘ : ; ; : : k + ee Anglican-Scottish Church Negotiations 1560-1892 . : 4 ; + eee John William Fletcher (1729-1785) ; : ; .. eae Dr. Thomas Arnold’s Scheme of Comprehension, 1832 P : ‘ «: Cane The Oxford and Tractarian Movement, 183 3- ; ‘ : : a The Lambeth Conferences. : : : : : ese) A. Origin of the Lambeth sea cten de 4 ; ‘ ; . -, ee B. The Lambeth Conference of 1867 : ; ‘ ; ; a: Seaman The Wolverhampton Congress . ; : ; ‘ : . a C. The Lambeth Conference of 1878 ; ; : Ee ne D. The Lambeth Conference of 1888 . ; 236 General Convention of the American Protestant Episcopal Church and Its Quadrilateral of 1866 . , : : : . 1236 E. The Lambeth Conference of 1897. P ‘ ‘ : . eet Chart of the Lambeth Conferences . ; : ; ; . facing 241 The Old Catholic Unity Conferences : ; . : ; ‘ . 245 Munich . . . “ , : ‘ ; : : ‘ , aes Cologne : . . é ; ‘ é < - Dr. Dollinger’s beets on ‘‘ Re-union of the Churches ”’ : ‘ : Was The Bonn Conferences of 1874 and 1875 f i . ; : . 246 Resolutions as to the “ filioque ”’ clause , . . 5 -. eer

Those adopted by the 1874 Conference . ; : ‘ ; . are

CONTENTS XVli PERIOD= -fV

THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY ADVANCE: THE MISSIONARY URGE AT ITS

HIGHEST POINT: INTERDENOMINATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CO-

OPERATION SOCIETIES: CHURCH FEDERATIONS: ORGANIC UNIONS:

UNITY WITHIN BODIES HAVING THE SAME GENERAL DOCTRINE AND

POLITY : THE RISE OF NATIONAL CHURCHES : CATHOLIC AND EVANGEL- ICAL EFFORTS AT RAPPROCHEMENT

CHAPTER. : Vi

TWENTIETH-CENTURY UNITY MOVEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH MISSIONS. CHRISTIAN UNITY SOCIETIES. CO-OPERATIVE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

PAGE World’s Missionary Conference at Edinburgh, 1910 d : : <1 22RS Edinburgh Conference Continuation Committee A : : é Ve 258 South African General Christian Conferences . c , : : ot ASRe Kikuyu with Its Antecedents and Consequents : é : «. 259 China’s Christian Unity Movements of the Present Century : : a Oz Twentieth-Century Progress of Christian Unity in Jepee ; ; 2 265 Evangelical Christian Unity in Latin America : : 2) "266 Approaches Toward an All-India United Church, 1900- 1928 : : 5, 268 Union Educational and Medical Institutions in Mission Fields . é 5. ‘270 Christian Co-operative Associations in America for Foreign Missions . a Christian Unity Associations , 272 Interdenominational associations for the Promotion of ‘Brotherhood and Peace. . Paar

Co-operative Religious Education and World Sunday School Conventions ears

CHAPTER VII MODERN CHURCH FEDERATION FOR CHRISTIAN SERVICE Federation in the United States. : ; 3 4 : ; 2g

Beginnings : 279 The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ i in America Founded, 90 5. 279 Bodies, Affiliated, Co-operating, and Consultative in Connection with the

American Federal Council . 4 4 : : : aera The Commissions of the American Council . : : : L sr 2O2.9 Church Federation in England ; : 4 ‘ ; ; , jy KEES Antecedent Events . : : j ¢ ; : ‘ ue We The Grindelwald Conferences : 284 The National Council of Evangelical Free Churches Founded in England fy TOO?! 285 Objects and Work of ‘this National Council . : : ‘ ; a Bee The English Federal Council Founded in 1917__—si« : : : eT Church Federation in Germany . 7; : ‘ : + : . 288 Swiss Church Federation F . ; : : Ze P2G0) Unions and Federations in France and Spain ’ : : , SeriZ200 The Scottish Churches Council : . - 291

‘The Conference on Christian Politics, Economics, and Citizenship (S\Copec:."!) 4 29 The Universal Christian Conference on Life and Work, at Stockholm, 1925. 292

B

XVIli CONTENTS

PAGE CHAPTER VIII PROTESTANT OR EVANGELICAL UNIONS AND DENOMINATIONAL WORLD FEDERATIONS

American Lutheran Unions . 299

Progress toward Union between the United Free Church and the Church of Scotland ; 302 American Presbyterian Unions ‘ ’ ; q Bk oe : a | The United Church of Canada : ‘ : : ; ; . i Ecumenical Methodist Conferences ; ; ; : . , . 358s The Baptist World Alliance . : 4 . : : : ; reg Lutheran World Convention . : } 5 } j : ; Reece International Congregational Council . ; é ; - ; es. International Congress of Religious Liberals . 316

‘Meetings of the World Alliance of the Reformed ‘Churches Holding the Presbyterian System . 316

Chapter IX Catholic Negotiations And Approaches To Unity In The Present Century

The Anglican and Eastern Churches : gto The Activities of the Roman Catholic Church Relative to Union. since 1900 1: eee The Lambeth Conference of 1908 . ; ‘ : : . eee Patriarchate of Constantinople Issues Encyclical of 1920 2 . ; a The Lambeth Conference of 1920 and Subsequent Events ; : ay The Malines Conversations. . : ' ; : ‘ 5 ere gf Pope Pius XI.’s Encyclical of 1928 : : 5 . ; : « 1333

Chapter. X

RAPPROCHEMENTS BETWEEN EVANGELICAL AND CATHOLIC OR SACRAMENTARIAN CHURCHES

Episcopal and Non-Episcopal Churches : Some More Recent Approaches in the Home Fields . ; ‘ eee, Anglican Approaches to Scottish Presbyterianism, 1908. ‘ : Phere Anglican Churches in Canada : , age The Cheltenham and Mansfield Conferences , : . : : «nah EE Australian Re-union Movements . ; d : gee The Lausanne World Conference on Faith and Order ‘ ‘ : «352 The Jerusalem Missionary Conference . 2 ‘ : ‘ : i ah

Chapter XI Helps And Hindrances To Progress

The Present Outlook . : f , 4 . ‘ 2) Recognition of Need for Unity : ; : : : : , . 360 Emphasis on the Present Consensus s ; é F : s 15302 Distinguishing between Truth or Fact and Opinion : ; : : aed Ultimate Basis, Simple and Comprehensive . : ‘ : . 30m.

Nationalism’s Bearing on the Problem : i , ; ‘ -. 505

Psychological Differences and the Problem ; at eek : » 365 Comprehensive Organic Unity by the Way of Federation . . ‘ - 368

Unity, in Loyalty to Denominational Founders : : : : PP

CONTENTS

Spiritual and Moral Revival within all the Churches Prejudices should be Mutually Abandoned

The Churches to regard themselves as Means, not Ends The Will to Unity ; : : ‘

A Chronology of Christian Unity Church of Scotland Act, 1921

Greek Orthodox Teaching, 1672 Lausanne Conference Documents World-Wide Denominational Statistics Tables of Denominational Statistics Index : -

Plate 1,

LIST: OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE Some of the Delegates of the World Conference on Faith and Order, Lausanne, August 3rd- 2ist, 1927 ae rs ae an! ... Frontispiece

Richard Baxter ra mt ps sae 5 Rs

. Opening Session of the Stockholm Conference, 1925 292

. The International Jerusalem Missionary Conference on the Mount of Olives.

It was attended by 250 delegates, representing 51 different nations, over fifty per cent. of whom were leading members of the young Christian Churches which have grown up in India, Burma, China, Korea, Japan, the Philippines and elsexX

PERIOD I!

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MEDIEVAL EFFORTS TO MAINTAIN A UNITED CHRISTENDOM, A.D. 33-1648

‘““ Neither for these only do I pray, but for them also that believe on me through their word ; that they may all be one ; even as thou, Father, art in me and I in thee, that they also may be in us; that the world may believe that thou didst send me.”

—S. John xvii, 20-21.

“ Hear, O Israel : the Lord our God is one Lord: and thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.’’ -—Deuteronomy vi, 4-5.

“With all lowliness and meekness, with longsuffering, forbearing one another in love; giving diligence to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. There is one body, and one Spirit, even as also ye were called in one hope of your calling ; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all, who is over all, and through all, and in all.”’ é

—Ephesians iv, 2-6.

‘“‘ For the peace of the whole world, the welfare of the Holy Church of God, and the union of them all, let us beseech the Lord.’’

—-Liturgy of St. Chrysostom.

CHRISTIAN UNITY ITS HISTORY AND CHALLENGE