Wigwam and war-path, or, The royal chief in chains

Front matter

}GV/AM

AR 'fATH'"

ift

II Peeface

For the lover of romance and of thrilling adventoe, the work possesses a charm scarcely equalled by the enchanting pages of a Fennimore Cooper ; and, to the reader who appreciates truth, justice, and humanity, and delights to trace the outines of such a career as Providence seems to have marked out for the author , as well as for the unfortunate tribes whose history he has given us, it will be a reliable, entertaining, and instructive companion.

Mr. Meacham’s thirty years’ experience among the Indian tribes of the North-west, and his official career as Superintendent of Indian affairs in Oregon, together with his participation in the tragic events of the Lava Bed, invest his words with an authority which must outweigh that of every flippant politician ia the land, who, to secure the huzzas of the mob, will applaud the oppressor and the tyrant one day, and the very next day clamor mercilessly for their blood.

D. L. EMEKSON.

Boston, Oct. 1, 1874.

INTRODUCTION'.

The chapter in our National History which tells our dealings with the Indian tribes, from Plymouth to San Francisco, will be one of the darkest and most disgraceful in our annals. Fraud and oppression, hypocrisj'^ and violence, open, high-handed robbery and sly cheating, the swindling agent and the brutal soldier turned into a brigand, buying promotion by pandering to the hate and fears of the settlers, avarice and indifference to human life, and lust for territory, all play their parts in the drama. Except the negro, no race will lift up, at the judgment-seat, such accusing hands against this nation as the Indian. We have put him in charge of agents who have systematically cheated him. W e have made causeless war on him merely as a pretext to steal his lands. Trampling under foot the rules of modern warfare, we have made war on his women and cliildren. We have cheated him out of one hunt¬ ing-ground by compelling him to accept another, and have robbed him of the last by driving him to frenzy, and then punishing resistance with confiscation. Meanwhile, neither pulpit nor press, nor political party, would listen to Ms complaints. Congress has handed him over, gagged and helpless, to the hands of ignorant, drunken and brutal soldiers. Neither on its floor, nor in any city of the Union, could his advocate obtain a hearing. Money has been poured out like water to feed and educate the Indian, of which one dollar in ten may have found its way to supply his needs, or pay the debts we owed him.

To show the folly of our method, examine the south side of the great lakes, and you will find in every thirty miles between Plymouth and Omaha the scene of an Indian massacre. And since 1789 we have spent about one thou¬ sand million of dollars in dealing with the Indians. Meanwhile, under British rule, on the north of those same lakes, there has been no Indian outbreak, worth naming, for a hundred years, and hardly one hundred thousand dollars have been spent directly on theTndians of Canada. What is the solution of this astounding riddle ? This, and none other. England gathers her Indian tribes, like ordinary citizens, within the girth of her usual laws. If injured, they complain, like other men, to a justice of the peace, not to a camp cap¬ tain. If offenders, they are arraigned before such a justice, or some superior court. Complaint, indictment, evidence, trial, sentence, are all after the old Saxon pattern. With us martial law, or no law at all, is their portion ; no civil rights, no right to property that a white man is bound to respect. Of course quarrel, war, expense, oppression, robbery, resistance, like begetting like, and degradation of the Indian even to the level of the frontiersman

IV Intkoduction

who would plunder him, have been the result of such a method. If such a result were singular, if our case stood alone, we should receive the pitiless curses of mankind. But the same result has almost always folloAved the con¬ tact of the civilized and the savage man.

General Grant’s recommendation of a policy which would acknowledge the Indian as a citizen, is the first step in our Indian history which gives us any claim to he considered a Christian people. The hostility it has met shows the fearful demoralization of our press and political parties. Statesmanship, good sense and justice, even from a chief magistrate can hardly obtain a hearing when they relate to such long-time victims of popular hate and pil¬ lage as our Indian tribes. Some few men in times past have tried to stem this hideous current of national indifference and injustice. Some men do now try. Prominent among these is the author of this volume. Thirty years of practi¬ cal experience in dealing with Indians while he represented the Government in different offices ; long and familiar acquaintance with their genius, moods, habits and capabilities, enable and entitle him to testify in this case. That, hav¬ ing suffered, at the hands of Indians, all that man can suffer and still live, he should yet lift up a voice, snatched almost miraculously from the grave, to claim for them, nevertheless, the treatment of men, of citizens, is a marvellous instance of fidelity to conviction against every temptation and injury. Bear¬ ing all over his person the scars of nearly fatal wounds received from Indians, he still advocates Grant’s policy. Familiar with the Indian tribes, and per¬ sonally acquainted with their chiefs, with the old and young, men and women, their sports and faith, their history and aspirations, their education and capac¬ ity, their songs, amusements, legends, business, loves and hates, his descrip¬ tions lack no element of a faithful portrait; while his lightest illustrations have always beneath the surface a meaning which cannot fail to arrest the attention of the American people, and enable them to understand this national problem. Never before have we had just such a witness on the stand. Bril¬ liant and graphic in description, and exceedingly happy in his choice of topics, he gives us pages startling and interesting as a novel. While his appeals stir the heart like a clarion, he still keeps cautiously to sober fact ; and every statement, the most seemingly incredible, is based on more than sufficient evidence. 1 commend this book to the public — study it not only as accurate and striking in its pictures of Indian life, but as profoundly interesting to every student of human nature, — the picture of a race fast fading away and melting into white men’s ways. Ilis contribution to the solution of one of the most puzzling problems of American statesmanship is invaluable. Destined no doubt to provoke bitter criticism, I feel sure his views and statements will bear the amplest investigation. His volume will contribute largely to vindi¬ cate the President’s policy, and to enable, while it disposes, the American people to understand and do justice to our native tribes.

(Signed,)

WENDELL PHILLIPS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE.

IION. A. B. JlEAClIASt

Frontispiece.

Gen. Canbt .

Doctor Thomas ....

The Lone Indian Sentinel ,

The Bull-dog Trade

Parewell to Oneatta

The Birth-place of Indian Li;gends

Grand Bound Agency

The Horse Bace ....

Capt. Jack .

To BEY AND Biddle ....

Modocs on the War-path

Wi-NE-MAH (Tobey) ....

Assassination Scene

Bringing in the Wounded

Warm Spring Indian Pickets

SCHONCIIIN AND JaCK IN ClIAINS

Boston Charley . ...

Black Jim .

Scar-face Charley ....

CHAPTEB I.

EAELT BEMINISCENCES-POW-E-SHIEK’S BAND,

I

The Author’s Fears and Hopes — A Bit of Personal History — Two Great Wrongs — Early Reflections — Removal of Pow-e-shiek’s Band in 1844 — The Lava Beds — Gen. Canhy iflid Dr. Thomas referred to — Even-handed Justice — Captain of an Ox Team— Sad Scene Preparatory to Pow-e-shiek’s Departure — The White Man Wanted It — It is a Fair Business Transaction — A Gloomy Picture — Gov¬ ernment Officials Move Slow — (The Lone Indian Sentinel) — A Fright in Camp — The Welcome — CupiJ’s Antics — An Indian Maid¬ en’s Ball Dress — The Squaw’s Duties — The Indian’s Privileges — End of the Journey — The Return — The Conscientious Church Member — Throngs of Emigrants — A Great Contrast and a Glowing Picture — Yankee Boys and Western Girls — A Strange Mixture — The People of Iowa— The Nation’s Perfidy towards the Savage

Chapter II. Overland— Blood For Blood

Pow-e-shiek Visits his Old Home — His Recognition of the Writer — He Spends the Winter — His Character — The Ceremonial Smoke, and the Writer’s Mistake — Pow-e-shiek’s Return — “ Van,” the Indian Pony — Crossing the Plains — Indian Depredations — What Pro¬ vokes Them — The Murdered Indian — The Loaned Rifle — Arrest¬ ing Indians on “General Principles” — They are Slain on “Gen¬ eral Principles,” also — The Butchery of Indian Women and Chil¬ dren — The Bloody Deeds of White Men — The Indian’s Revenge .

Chapter III. Indians And Miners

Two Letters — Why they are Introduced — Lee’s Encampment — Gold Fields of Idaho and Eastern Oregon, in 1863 — Tides of Adven¬ turers — Means of Transportation — Umatilla City — The Saddle Train — The “Kitchen Mule” — Walker’s Line — Novel Method of Securing Ponies — Indians Hunting Lost Horses — Sublime Mountain Scenery — Punch and Judy — A Stalwart Son of Erin —

VIII

Contents

He Buys un Indian Pony — His Rich Experience Therewith — A Scene Worthy of the Pencil of a Bierstadt — “ Riding a Bottle ” —

The Indian’s Friends Denounced — Indian Integrity — Striking Examples — Tin-tin-init-si, the Rich Old Indian Chief — “Why White Men are Fools ” . 32

CHAPTER ly..

Chapter I. Eakly Reminiscences, Pow-e-shiek’s Band

” Oh, that mine enemy would write a book ! ” With that ominous warning ringing in my ears, I sit down to write out my own observations and experiences, not without full appreciation of the meaning and pos¬ sible reiteration of the above portentous saying. In so doing I shall endeavor to state plain facts, in such a way, perhaps, that mine enemies will avail them¬ selves of the privilege.

Hoping, however, that I may disarm all malice, and meet with a fair and impartial criticism, based on the principles of justice both to myself and to the peoples of whom I write, I begin this book with the convic¬ tion that the truths which I shall state, though told in homely phrase, will nevertheless be well received by the reading public, and will accomplish the purposes for which it is written; the first of which is to furnish reliable information on the subject under considera¬ tion, with the hope that when my readers shall have turned the last leaf of this volume they may have a better understanding of the wrongs suffered and crimes committed by the numerous tribes of Indians of the north-west.

WIGWAM AND WARPATH.

Born on the free side of the Ohio river, of parents whose immediate ancestors, though slave-holders, had left the South at the command of conscientious con¬ victions of the gi’eat wrong of human bondage, my earliest recollections are of political discussions relat¬ ing to the crime against Grod and humanity; of power compelling weakness while groaning under the oppres¬ sion of wrongs to surrender its rights.

Coupled with the "great wrong” of which I have spoken, occasionally that other wrong, twin to the first, was mentioned in my father’s family; impressed upon my mind by stories I had heard of the treat¬ ment of Indians who had in early days been neighbors to my parents, driven mile by mile toward the setting sun, leaving a country billowed by the graves of their victims mingled with bones of their own ancestors. What wonder, then, that, while rambling through the beech woods of my native State, I should speculate on the remnants of ruined homes which these people had left behind them, and walk in awe over the bat¬ tle-fields where they had resisted the aggressive march of civilization ?

While yet in childhood my parents migrated to what was then the "Far West.” Our new home in Iowa was on the outskirts of civilization, our nearest neighbors being a band of Sacs and Foxes, — “ Saukees.”- This was the beginning of my personal acquaintance with Indians.

The stories that had kindled in my heart feelings of sympathy and commiseration for them were forgotten for a time in the present living history before my eyes.

I was one of a party who in 1844 assisted the Gov-

WIGWAM AND WAEPATH.

ernment in removing Pow-e-shiek’s band from the loAva river to their new home in the West. The scenes around the Indian village on the morning of their departure were photographed on my mind so plainly that now, after a lapse of thirty years, they are still fresh in my memory, and the impressions made on me, and resolves then made by me, have never been forgotten, notwithstanding the terrible dangers through which I have since passed.

The impression was, that power and might were compelling these people to leave their homes against their wishes, and in violation of justice and right. The resolution was, that, whenever and wherever I could, I would do them justice, and contribute what¬ ever of talent and influence I might have to better their condition.

These impressions and resolutions have been my constant companions through a stormy life of many years on the frontier of Iowa, California, and Oregon.

The bloody tragedy in the Lava Beds, April, 1873, through which the lamented Christian soldier, Gen. Canby, and the no less lamented eminent preacher. Dr. Thomas, lost their lives, and by which I had passed so close to the portals of eternity, has not changed my conviction of right, or my determination to do justice to even those who so earnestly sought my life, l^^arrow-minded, short-sighted men have said to me, more than once, "I reckon you have suffered enough to cure all your fanatical notions of humanity for these people ! ”

I pity the heart and intelligence of any man who measures principles of justice and right by the gauge

WIGWAM AND WAKPATH.

of personal suffering or personal interest. It is unworthy of enlightened Christian manhood.

"By their works ye shall know them.” So may these people of whom I write be adjudged in the lights of 1874; so shall this nation be adjudged; so judge ye the author of this book.

The spring of 1845, Pow-e-shiek’s band of Sacs and Foxes were removed from their home on Iowa river, twenty-five miles above Iowa City, Iowa, to Slmnk river, one hundred miles west. Eighteen or twenty teams were hired by the Government to con¬ vey the household goods and supplies.

Among the number who furnished teams, my father was one, and I went as captain of the ox-team. The Indians were assembled at the " Trading Post ” pre¬ paratory to starting. While the wagons were being loaded, some of them were gathering up their horses and packing their goods, ready for shipment; others were making the air vocal with wails of grief over the graves of their friends, or from sadness, conse¬ quent on leaving the scenes of a life-time.

I wonder not that they should reluctantly yield to inexorable fate, which compelled them to leave their beautiful valley of the Iowa. " The white man wanted it,^^ and they must retreat before the onward march of empire, notwithstanding their nationality and their ownership of the country had been acknowledged by the Government, when it went into treaty-council with them for the lands they held. This was not on the plea of " eminent domain,” but on account of the clamor for more room for the expanding energies of a growing population.

" The white man wanted it,” tells the story, as it

WIGWAM AND WARPATH.

has been repeated, time after time, since the founding of the Colonies in America.

I do not know that, in this instance, any advantage was taken of these Indians, except that advantage which the powerful always have over the weak. But I do know that if they had been allowed a choice, they never would have consented to leave the graves of their fathers. ’Twas easy to say, ” It was a fair transaction of selling and buying.”

So is it a business transaction when a man buys the lots adjoining your own, and builds high walls on three sides, erects powder magazines and glycerine manufactories, corrupts city councils, and, by means of extra privileges and excessive taxation, compels you to sell your valuable property for a mere song, by saying, "Take my price for your property, or run the risk of being blown up.”

Is it a fair " business transaction,” after he has thus forced the trade?

What though he does faithfully pay the contractprice? Does it atone for the first moral wrong, in legally forcing the sale? And how much more aggi’avated the injury becomes, when, through his agents^ or his sons, he " legitimately,” under various pretences, permits the unfortunate seller to be robbed, by paying him off in "chips and whetstones,” that he does not desire nor need, so that in the end he is practically defrauded out of his property, and finds himself at the last payment, homeless and penniless.

All done, however, under the sanction of law, and in the shade of church-steeples, and with sanctimoni¬ ous semblance of honesty and justice.

The picture is not overdrawn. The illustration is

WIGWAM AND WARPATH.

fair, or, if deficient at all, it has been in excess of advantage to the principal, not the victim. The latter has accepted the situation and suffered the conse¬ quences.

To return to Pow-e-shiek’s band leaving their home. Wlio shall ever recount the sorrows and anguish of those people, while they formed in line of march, and turned their eyes for the last time upon the scenes that had been all the world to them? What mattered it though they realized all the pangs their natures were capable of, in those parting hours, "with the un¬ comfortable promises that the ploughshare of civiliza¬ tion would level down the graves of their fathers, be¬ fore their retreating footprints had been obliterated froiirdhe trail which led them sadly away? They were "Injins; ” and they ought to have been in better luck than heing "Injins.”

Such was the speech of a white man in whose hear¬ ing I had said some word of sympathy on the occa¬ sion. I did not like the unfeeling wretch then, and have not much respect for him, or for the class he represents. JSTow I may have charity and pity, too, for all such. Charity for the poverty of a soul so devoid of the finer sensibilities of " common humanity that make mankind akin; ” pity for a heart overflow¬ ing w^ith selfishness, made manifest in thoughtless or spiteful speech.

The trying hour in the lives of these Indian people had come, and the long cavalcade moved out along the line of westward march, wagons loaded with corn and other supplies. The old men of the tribe, with darkened brows and silent tongue, sat on their horses ;

WIGWAJM AND AVAEPATH.

the younger ones, with seeming indifference, in red blankets, feathers, and gaudy paints, moving off on prancing ponies, in little squads, to join the funeral pageant; for so it was. They were leaving the cher¬ ished scenes of childhood to hunt for sepulchres in the farther W est.

The Avomen, young and old, the drudges of the Indian household, as well as homes, where the sun¬ light of civilization should Avarm the hearts of meiij and move them to truer justice, Avere gathered up, and preparing their goods for transportation, Avhile bitter tears were flowing and loud lamentations gave evidence of the grief that would not be repressed^ and each in turn, as preparations were complete, Avould lift the pappoose-basket with its young soul to altitudes of mother’s back or horse’s saddle, and then, Avith trembling limbs, climb to their seats and join the sad procession, adding what of woful wailing seemed necessary to make the whole complete with sights and sound that would bid defiance to painter’s skill or poet’s Avords, though, in the memory of those who beheld it, it may live as long as the throbs of sympathy which it kindled shall repeat themselves in hearts that feel for human sorrow.

The first day’s journey measured but four miles; the next, six; and at most never exceeded ten or twelve. I did not understand, then, why Ave Avent so slow. It may have been necessary to "kill tune,” in order to use up the appropriation for the removal. Wlien "camp” was reached, each day the wagons were "corralled;” that is to say, Avere drawn together in a circle, one behind another, and so close that when the teams were detached, the " pole ” laid upon the

WIGWAM AND WAKPATH.

hind wheel of the next forward wagon would close up the gap, and thus complete the '' corral,” which was to answer the double purpose of "penning the oxen when being yoked up,” and also as an extem¬ pore fort in case of attack by the Sioux Indians.

The wick-e-ups — Indian tents — were scattered promiscuously around, as each family might elect. After dinner was over the remainder of Uncle Sam’s time was spent in various ways : horse-racing, foot¬ racing, card-playing, shooting-matches by the men, white and red, while the w'omen were doing campwork, cooking, getting wood, building lodges, etc.; for be it understood, an old-style Indian never does such work any more than his white brother would rock the cradle, or operate a laundry for his wife. The old men would take turns standing guard, or rather sitting guard. At all events they generally went out to the higher hills, and, taking a command¬ ing position, would sit down all solitary and alone, and with blanket drawn around their shoulders and over their heads, leaving only enough room for vision and the escape of smoke from their pipes.

In solemn silence, scanning the surroundings, hour after hour thus wore away. There was something in this scene suggesting serious contemplation to a looker-on, and I doubt not the reveries of the lone watchman savored strongly of sadness and sorrow, may he revenge.

Approaching one old fellow I sought to penetrate his mind, and was rewarded by a pantomimic exhibi¬ tion, more tangible than "Black Crook” ever wit¬ nessed from behind the curtains, while recuperating

WIGWAM AND W’AEPATH.

his wasted energies that he might the more seem¬ ingly "play the devil.”

Rising to his feet and releasing one naked arm from his blanket, he pointed toward the east, and with extended fingers and uprising, coming gesture quick¬ ly brought his hand to his heart, dropping his head, as if some messenger of despair had made a sudden call. He paused a moment, and then from his heart his hand went out in circling, gathering motion, until he had made the silent speech so vivid that I could see the coming throng of white settlers and the assembling of his tribe; and then, turning his face away with a majestic wave of his hand, I saw his sor¬ row-stricken people driven out to an unknown home; while he, sitting down again and drawing his blanket around him, refused me further audience. Perhaps he realized that he had told the whole story, and therefore need say no more.

Often at evening we would gather around some grassy knoll, or, it may be, some wagon-tongue, and white and red men mingled together. We would sit down and smoke, and tell stories and recount tradi¬ tions of the past. Oftenest from Indian lips came the history of wars and dances, of scalps taken and prisoners tortured.

At the time of which I write the " Saukies ” were at variance with the "hated Sioux,” and, indeed, the latter had been successful in a raid among the herds of the former, and had likewise carried away captives. Hence the sentinels on the outpost at evening.

Just at dusk one night, when the theme had been the " Sioux,” and our thoughts were in that channel, suddenly the whole camp was in a blaze of flashing

WIGWAIH AND WARPATH.

muskets. We beat a hasty retreat to our wagons — which were our only fortifications — with mingled feelings of fear and hope ; fear of the much-dreaded Sioux, and hope that we might witness a fight.

My recollection now is that j^ear had more to do with our gymnastic exercises round about the wagonwheels than hope had to do with getting a position for observation. But both were short-lived, for soon our red-skinned friends were laughing loud at our fright, and we, the victims, joined in to make believe we were not scared by the unceremonious flight of a flock of belated wild geese, inviting fire from the warriors of our camj) ; for so it was and nothing more. Still it was enough to make peace-loving, weak nerves shake, and heated brain to dream for weeks after of Sioux and of Indians generally. I speak for myself, but tell the truth of all our camp, I think.

The destination of our chief, Pow-e-shiek, and his band was temporarity with "Kisk-ke-kosh,” of the same tribe, whose bands were on Desmoines river. There is among all Indians, of whom I have any knowledge, a custom in vogue of going out to meet friends, or important personages, to assure welcome, and, perhaps, gratify curiosity.

When we were within a day or two of the end of our journey, a delegation from Kisk-ke-kosh’s camp came out to meet our party, and, while the greeting we received was not demonstrative in words, the younger people of both bands had adorned them¬ selves with paint, beads, and feathers, and were each of them doing their utmost to fascinate the other. The scene presented was not only fantastic, but as

WIGW^iM AND WARPATH.

civilized people would exclaim,. ” most gay and gor¬ geous,” and exhilarating even to a looker-on.

At night they gathered in groups, and made Cupid glad with the battles lost and won by his disciples. Then they danced, or, to ears polite, '' hopped,” or tripped the light fantastic moccason trimmed with beads, to music, primitive, ’tis true, but music made with Indian drums and rattling gourds. They went not in waltz, but circling round and round, and always round, as genteel people do, but round and round in single row, the circling ends of whidi would meet at any particular point, or all points, whenever the ring was complete, without reference to sets or partners, and joining in the hi-yi-yi-eia-ye-o-hi-ye-yi and when tired sit down on the ground until rested, and then, without coaxing or renewed invitation, join¬ ing in, wherever fancy or convenience suited; for these round dances never break up at the unwelcome sound of the violin, — not, indeed, until the dancers are all satisfied.

The toilets were somewhat expensive, at least the "outfit” of each maiden cost her tribe several acres of land, — sometimes, if of fine figure, several hundred acres, — and not because of the long trails or expensive laces, for they do not need extensive skirts in which to dance, or laces, either, to enhance their charms; for the young gentlemen for whom they dressed were not envious of dry goods or fine enamel, but rather of the quality of paint on the cheeks of laughing girls; for girls will paint, you know, and those of whom I write put it on so thick that their beaux never have cause to say, " That’s too thin.”

The boys themselves paint in real genuine paint.

WIGWA^I AND WARPATH.

not moustaches alone, but eye-brows, cheeks, and hair. They wore feathers, too, because they thought that feathers were good things to have at a round dance; and they followed nature, and relieved the dusky maidens of seeming violation of nature’s plain intention.

As I shall treat under the head of amusement the dances of Indians more at length, I only remark, in this connection, that the dance on this occasion, while it was a real " round dance,” dilfered somewhat from round dances of more high-toned people in several ways, and I am not sure it was not without advan¬ tage in point of accommodation to the finer feelings of discreet mammas, or envious wall-flowers.’’ At all events, as I have said on former pages, the whole set formed in one circle, with close rank, facing always to the front, and enlarged as the number of the dancers grew, or contracted as they retired; but each one going forward and keeping time with feet and hands to the music, which was low and slow at first, with short step, increasing the music and the motion as they became excited, until the air grew tremulous with the sounds, rising higher and wilder, more and more exciting, until the lookers-on would catch the inspiration and join the festive ring; even old men, who at first had felt they could not spare dignity or muscle either, would lay aside their blankets until they had lived over again the fiery scenes of younger days, by rushing into the magnetic cordon, and, with re¬ called youth, forget all else, save the soul-storming fury of the hour, sweetened with the charm of exult¬ ant joy, over age and passing years.

And thus the dance went on, until at last by degrees

WIGWAM AND WARPATH.

the dancers had reached an altitude of happiness which burst forth in simultaneous shout of music’s eloquence, complete by higher notes of human voice drawn out to fullest length.