Manual of chemical analysis as applied to the examination of medicinal chemicals : a guide for the determination of their identity and quality, and for the detection of impurities and adulterations for the use of pharmaceuticists, physicians, druggists, and manufacturing chemists and of pharmaceutical and medical students

Front matter

M5

22102051998

Med

Preface

Since chemical tests and examinations bear upon and involve the methods of systematic chemical analysis, and as these cannot be described in each particular instance, I have deemed it expedient to preface the volume with a few notes on operations and reagents, and on a few important general tests, and to present a brief outline of a simple course of qualitative analysis for the systematic and progressive recognition of such substances as are met with in the medicinal chemicals. A brief guide has also been added, for the volumetric estimation of those compounds to which this mode of examination is especially applicable.

Upon these preliminaries is based the subsequent description of the physical and chemical properties and relations of the medicinal chemicals and their preparations, and of the methods employed for establishing their identity, and for ascertaining their quality and purity. It has been compiled with special reference to the fifth decennial edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia, to the latest British Pharmacopoeia, and to the Phannacopoea Germanica of 1872. It has been brought within the briefest possible compass, with the view to furnish a concise and trustworthy guide, combining easy execution, simple apparatus, and economy of time, with the greatest attainable accuracy.

A glance at the table of contents will at once give an idea of the arrangement of the subject-matter, and of the scope as well as the limitations of the work. Chemical notation, although the most precise and definite, and at the same time the most comprehensive, method of expressing the constitution of compounds, has been omitted, for want of unanimity and absolute certainty in this particular point of chemical philosophy. The weights used are, with the exception of the volumetric tests and examinations, those of the troy scale, and the word “ parts ” means invariably parts by this weight, unless where volume-parts are expressly stated. Temperatures are denoted,

PREFACE.

in accordance with general adoption, by degrees of the centigrade scale. Comparative tables of the two scales, and of the troy and metric weights, are given at the end of the volume.

In preparing this compendium, I have consulted, and. at times made free use of, a number of standard works, and periodicals of the kindred literature. I have, however, felt compelled, not without hesitation, to omit the introduction of references, which would have required much space, and would have greatly increased the size of the volume, without affording a corresponding advantage.

Though well aware of the shortcomings and imperfections of the work, I nevertheless venture to hope that it will meet with kind consideration, and will prove both serviceable and stimulating in a province not yet duly appreciated or deservedly cultivated. This hope is the stronger, as the work appears at a time when the rapid advance of both sciences and arts, the drift of public sentiment, and the consequently increasing obligations of the pharmaceutist and the physician, all tend toward higher qualifications, and necessitate also, among other attainments, a more extended exercise of knowledge and skill in chemical and microscopical investigation. I trust, moreover, to the candor of critics, who, while it is easy to detect faults in a volume of this nature and scope, in which perfection would scarcely be attainable even under more favorable circumstances, can at the same time appreciate the difficulties of a work that has been written in a pursuit and position which exclude, almost wholly, the quiet reflection and undisturbed study requisite for the prosecution of scientific or literary labor.

In conclusion, I desire to express my obligations and thanks to Prof. D. S. Martin, of Rutgers Female College, for his kind assistance in the revision of the proofs.

New York, February , 1873.

Part First. Page

OPERATION'S and REAGENTS, 15

COURSE OF QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, 34

Preliminary Examination, 35

Solution, 37

Examination for Bases, 38

Examination for Acids, 44

Table of the Deportment of the Compounds of the Common Metals

with some of the General Reagents, 49

Estimation of Alkalies, . 56

Estimation of Acids, 60

Estimation of Iodides and Bromides, 62

Estimation of Arsenitcs and Hyposulphites, 63

Estimation of Iodine and Chlorine, 63

Part Second. Medicinal Chemicals And Tiieik Preparations

Acetum, 67

Acidum Aceticum, 69

“ Arseniosum, 73

“ Benzoicum, 75

“ Boracicum, 78

“ Carbolicum, 78

“ Chromicum, 80

“ Oitricum, 80

Gallicum, 82

“ Ilydrochloricura, 83

CONTENTS.

Acidum Hydrocyanicum dilutum,

“ Lacticum

U

Nitricum,

u

Oxalicum,

u

Phosplioricum,

u

Succinicum,

u

Sulpliuricum,

u

Tannicum,

u

Tartaricum, '

u

Valerianicum

Aconitia,

either,

iEther Aceticus, 116

Alcohol, 118

Alcohol Amylicum, 122

Alumen, 122

Aluminii Sulphas, 124

Ammonii Benzoas, 124

“ Bromidum, 125

“ lodidurn, 128

“ Yalerianas, 131

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, 131

“ Oxy-sulphuretum, 135

“ Sulphuretum nigrum, 138

“ “ aurautiacum, 140

Aqua Ammonhe, 142

“ Amygdalarum amararum, 14G

“ Chlorj, . 147

“ Destillata, 149

Argenti Nitras, 150

“ Arsenici Iodidum, 154

Atropise Sulphas, 165

Barii Chloridum, 156

Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras, 157

“ Subcarbonas, 158

“ Subnitras, 159

“ Yalerianas, 161

Bromum, * 16®

CONTENTS.

Oadmii Sulphas, .

Calcii Carbonas prascipitata,

“ Hypophospbis,

“ Phosphas priecipitata,

Calx Ohlorinata,

Carbonei Sulphuretum,

Cerii Oxalas, .

Chlorali Hydras,

Chloroformum,

Cinchonias Sulphas,

Codeia,

Coffeia,

Colchicia,

Conia,

Creasotum,

Cupri Acetas,

“ Oxidum, ,t

Cuprum Ammoniatum,

Digitalinum,

Emetia,

Ferri Arsenias,

“ Carbonas saccharata,

“ Citras,

“ et Ammonii Chloridum,

“ “ “ Citras,

“ “ “ Tartras,

ii et Potassii Tartras,

“ “ Quiniae Citras,

“ Ferrocyanidnm,

“ Lactas,

“ Oxidum Hydratum,

“ “ Magneticum,

“ Pyrophosphas,

ot Ammonii Citras,

“ Subcarbonas,

Glycerinum,

PAGE

175 178 181 182

186 188 189 191

198 200 201 201 202

204 204 206

210 211 212

218 221

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Hydrargyri Chloridum corrosivum, 225

“ Oyanidam, 228

“ Iodidum rubrum, 229

“ “ viride, 231

“ Oxidum flavum, 232

“ “ rubrum, 232

“ Snbnitras, . 235

“ Sulphas flava,. 236

“ Sulphiiretum rubrum, 236

“ Ammoniatum, 240

Iodoformum, 242

Iodum, 243

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, 245

“ Antimonii Chloridi, 246

“ Oalcis, 247

“ Ferri Acetatis, 247

“ “ Nitratis, 248

“ “ Sulphatis, 249

“ Hydrargyri Hitratis, • 250

“ Plumbi Subacetatis, 251

“ Potassaj, 252

“ Potassii Arsenitis, 254

“ Sodae, 254

Litbii Carbonas, 256

“ Citras, 257

Magnesii Carbonas, 259

Manganesii Oxidum nigrum, 262

Morphias Aeetas, 271

“ ITydrochloras, 271

Nicotia, 273

Oleum Amygdalarum amararum, 274

“ Sinapis 277

Plumbi Aeetas, 278

“ “ rubrum, 284

CONTENTS.

Potassii Acetas,

“ Bicarbonas,

“ Bicbromas,

“ Bitartras,

“ Bromidum,

“ Carbonas cruda, . . .

“ “ depur ata,

“ Chloras,

“ Hydras,

“ “ cruda, . .

“ Ferrocyanidum,

“ Permanganas, . ,

“ et Sodii Tartras,

“ Sulphuretum, . . .

“ Tartras,

Quiniffl Hydrochloras, . .

“ Tannas,

“ Yalerianas,

Quinoidinum,

Santoninum,

Sodii Acetas,

“ Arsenias,

“ Biboras,

“ Bicarbonas,

. “ Ciiloridum,

“ Hydras,

“ Ilypopbosphis,

“ Hyposulphis,

“ Pliosphas,

“ Pyrophosphas, . . .

“ Sulpliis,

Spiritus yEtheris nitrosi,

Strychnia) Nitras,

PAGR

288 290 292

335 337 339 339 341 343

351 354

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Sulphur prsecipitatum, 359

Sulphur sublimatum, 361

Sulphuris Iodidura, 363

Yeratria, 364

Zinci Acetas, 365

“ Oxiduin, 368

“ Yalerianas, 372

Table of Elementary Bodies, with their Atomic Symbols and

Weights, 377

Table for converting Degrees of the Centigrade Thermometer into

Degrees of Fahrenheit’s Scale 378

Table for converting Troy-weights into Metric Weights, 380

Table for converting Metric Weights into Troy-weiglits, 381

Index, 383