Preface
This work aims to be a concise and popular Natural History, at once accurate in statement, handy in form, and ready of reference.
The several departments of Zoological science are treated by specialists, all of whom are distinguished as authorities and as original investigators ; and the text is illustrated by upwards of five hundred original drawings made and reproduced expressly for the work.
A concise systematic index precedes the work, and a full alphabetical index which contains about ten thousand references is given at the end. Great pains have been taken to render these both accurate and complete.
As a whole the volume contains nearly eight hundred pages and is issued at a price which makes it phenomenal. In the result it is hoped that much time may be saved to busy people and much help afforded to students.
A. H. M.
TABLE OF AUTHORS
Mammalia (. Mammals )
Aves (Birds) - Reptilia (Reptiles) - Amphibia (Frogs, Toads, &*c.) Pisces (Fishes)
Cyclostomata (Lampreys, &c.) Protochorda (Lancelet, &*c.) Hemichorda (Balanoglossus) Arthropoda (Insects, &*c.) - Mollusca (Snails, Sr’c.) Brachiopoda (Lamp Shells, &c.) Echinoderma (Star Fish, &*c.) Bryozoa (Moss Animals)
Vermes ( Worms)
Coelentera ( Corals , <5rv.) Protozoa (Animalcules)
R. Bowdler Spiarpe, LL.D., & c.
F. A. Bather, M.A., F.G.S., &c.
R. Kirkpatrick (British Museum).
R. I. Pocock (British Museum).
H. M. Bernard, M.A., F.L.S., &c.
H. M. Bernard, M.A., F.L.S., &c.
CORRIGE N DA— MAM M ALS.
Page 56, Fig. 32, for Fclidce, read Felts.
,, 102, line 45, for Trilophomys , read Lophiomys. ,, 1 12, line 23, for Trianlacodus , read Thrynomys .
SUB-KINGDOM I.-~ VERTE BRAT A.
CLASS I.— MAMMALIA.
MAMMALS.
Page
Characteristics of Vertebrates i
Distinctive Features of Mammals 2
Geographical Distribution ... 7
Order I. — Primates.
Order II. — Chiroptera.
Order III. — Insectivora.
Insect-eating Mammals ... ... 42
Order IV. — Carnivora.
Order V. — Rodentia.
Page
Order VI. — Ungulata.
The IToofed Mammals ... ... 1 1 8
Order VII. — Sirenia.
The Manatis and Dugongs ... 165
Order VIII. — Cetacea.
Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins 169 Order IX. — Edentata.
Sloths, Ant-eaters, and Armadillos 181 Order X. — Effodientia.
Aard-varks and Pangolins ... 188
Order XI. — Marsupialia.
Order XII. — Monotremata.
Egg-laying Mammals ... ... 214
CLASS II.— AVES.
BIRDS.
Bird Structure and Development
Sub-Class Saurur/e.
Order Archaeopteryges.
The Archaeopteryx
Sub-Class Ratit/e.
Order Rheiformes.
The Rheas
Order Struthioniformes.
The Ostriches
Order Casuariiformes.
The Emus and Cassowaries
Order Dinornithiformes, Etc.
The Extinct Moas
Order Apterygiformes.
The Apteryges ...
Carinate Birds.
Order Tinamiformes.
Order Galliformes.
The Game-birds .. ... ... 226
Order Pterocletes.
The Sand-grouse ... ... 241
Order Columbiformes,
Pigeons 242
Sub-order Didi.
The Dodo, Etc 245
Order Opisthocomi formes.
The IToatzini ... ... ... 247
Order Ralliformes.
Order Podicipedidiformcs.
lx
X
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Birds — continued.
Order Colymbiformes.
The Divers
Order Sphenisciformes.
The Penguins Order Procellariiformes.
The Petrels Order Alciformes.
The Auks Order Lariformes.
The Gulls
Order Charadriiformes.
The Plovers and Bustards Sub-order Attagides.
The Seed-snipes ...
Sub-order Charadrii.
The Plovers Sub-order Glareolae.
The Pratincoles
Sub-order Cursorii.
The Coursers Sub-order GEdicnemi.
The Stone- plovers Sub-order Otides.
The Bustards Order Gruiformes.
The Cranes Sub-order Grues.
The True Cranes Sub-order Arami.
The Litnpkins Sub-order Khinochetides.
The Kagus Sub-order Mesitides.
The Madagascar Kagus Sub-order Eurypygae.
The Sun-bitterns Sub-order Psophiae.
The Trumpeters ...
Sub-order Dicholophi.
The Seriamas Order Stereornithes.
The Extinct Birds of Patagonia Order Ardeiformes.
The Herons, Etc.
Sub-order Ciconii.
The Storks
Sub-order Scopi.
Hammer-headed Storks Sub-order Balaenicipitides.
Shoe-billed Storks Sub-order Herodiones.
The Herons
Sub-order Platalem.
The Spoon-bills, Etc
Page
282 282 286
Order Phoenicopteriformes.
The Flamingoes ...
Sub-order Palamedeae.
The Screamers ...
Order Anseriformes.
Geese, Etc.
Sub-order Anseres.
Ducks, Etc.
Order Pelecaniformes.
The Pelicans, Etc.
Sub-order Suite.
The Gannets
Sub-order Phalacrocoraces.
The Cormorants ...
Sub-order Pelecani.
The Pelicans Sub-order Fregati.
The Frigate Birds Order Cathartidiformes.
The Turkey Vultures Order Accipitriformes.
Birds of Prey Sub-order Serpentarii.
The Secretary Birds Sub-order Accipitres.
The True Birds of Prey.
Sub-order Pandiones.
The Ospreys Sub-order Striges.
The Owls
Order Psittaciformes.
The Parrots Order Coraciiformes.
The Picarian Birds Sub-order Meatornithes.
The Oil-birds Sub-order Podargi.
The Frog-mouths Sub-order Leptosomati.
The Kiroumbos ...
Sub-order Coracke.
The Rollers Sub-order Halcyones.
The King-fishers Sub-order Bucerotes.
The Hornbills ...
Sub-order U pupae.
T he Hoopoes Sub-order Meropes.
The Bee-eaters ...
Sub-order Momoti.
The Motmots Sub-order Todi.
The Todies
Page
299 299 301
303 504
333 335
MAMMALS.
xi
B 1 rds — continued.
Sub-order Caprimulgi.
Page
The Nightjars Sub-order Cypseli.
• • 342
The Swifts Sub-order Trochili.
• •• 345
The Humming-birds Sub-order Colii.
The Colies Order Trogones.
... 348
The Trogons Order Coccyges.
••• 349
Cuckoo-like Birds Sub-order Cuculi.
■ 349
The Cuckoos Sub-order Musophagi.
The Touracoes ...
Order Scansores.
The Climbing Birds
Sub- order Rhamphastides.
The Toucans Sub-order Capitones.
The Barbets Sub-order Indicatores.
The Honey-guides Order Piciformes.
Woodpecker-like Birds .
Sub-order Pici.
The Woodpeckers Sub-order Buccones.
The Puff-birds ...
Order Eurylaemi.
The Broad-bills ...
Order Passeriformes.
The Perching Birds
CLASS III.— REPTILIA.
REPTILES.
Characteristics of Reptiles ... 377
Classification of Reptiles .. ... 378
Order I. — Crocodilia.
Crocodiles. Alligators, Garials ... 378
Order II. — Chelonia.
Sub-order i. — Cryptodira.
Land Tortoises, Etc. ... ... 385
Sub-order ii. — Pleurodira.
Fresh-water Tortoises ... ... 392
Sub-order iii. — Trionychoidea.
The Soft Tortoises ... ... 394
Order III. — Squamata.
Scaled Reptiles ...
Sub-order i. — Lacertilia.
The Lizards
Sub-order ii. — Rhiptoglossa.
The Chamoeleons Sub-order iii. — Ophidia.
The Snakes
Order IV. — Rhynchocephalia.
The Tuatera
CLASS IV.— AMPHIBIA.
AMPHIBIANS.
Characteristics of Amphibians Order I. — Ecaudata.
Frogs and Toads Sub-order i. — Firmistcrnia.
•• 435
Typical Frogs, Etc.
Sub-order ii. — Arcifera.
.. 436
The Toads, Etc. ..
.. 440
Sub-order iii. — Aglossa.
The Surinam Water-toad, Etc.
Order II. — Caudata.
Newts and Salamanders Order III. — Apoda.
The Cmcilians
Page
353 353 353
• 395
• 396
. 411 . 412
• 429
445 453
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
xii
CLASS V.— PISCES.
FISHES.
Characteristics of Fishes
The Classification of Fishes
Sub-Class I. — Dipnoi.
Lung-fishes ...
Sub-Class II. — Holocephali.
The Chimaeroids
Sub-Class III. — Teleostomi.
Bony Fishes and Ganoids ...
Order I. — Actinopterygii.
The Fan-finned Teleostomes ..
Sub-order i. — Acanthopterygii.
The Spiny-finned Fishes, Etc. ...
Section Perciformes.
The Common Perch, Etc.
Section Scorpceni formes.
The Micropus, Etc.
Section Berychiformes.
The Slime-heads Section Curtiformes.
The Indian Curtis, Etc.
Section Polynemiformes.
The Polynemus, Etc.
Section Sciseniformes.
The Meagre, Etc.
Section Xiphiiformes.
The Sword-fish Section Trichiuriformes.
The Scabbard Fish, Etc.
Section Cotto-Scombriformes.
The Surgeons, Etc.
Section Gobiiformes.
The Lump-suckers, Etc.
Section Blenniiformes.
Marine Band-fishes, Etc.
Section Mugiliformes.
The Barracuda-pikes, Etc.
Section Scombresociformes.
The Flying-fish, Etc.
Section Gastrosteiformes.
The Sticklebacks, Etc. ...
Section Centrisciformes.
The Bello ws-fish, Etc. ..
Section Gobioesociformes.
The Sucker-fishes, Etc. ...
Section Channiformes.
The Serpent-heads, Etc.
Page
463 463 463
468 468
470 470
480 482 482 482
Page
Section Labyrinthici.
The Climbing-perch, Etc. ... 483
Section Lophotiformes.
The Unicorn-fish ... ... 484
Section Tremiformes.
The Riband-fishes ... ... 484
Section Notacanthiformes.
The Thorn-backs ... ... 485
Section Pharyngognathi.
The Coral-fishes, Etc. ... ... 485
Sub-order ii. — Lophobranchii.
The Pipe-fishes, Etc. ... ... 487
Sub-order iii. — Plectognathi.
The Spine-clad Globe-fishes ... 488
Sub-order iv. — Anacanthini.
The Common Cod, Etc. ... 490
Sub-order v. — Physostomi, ... 493
Section A. — Apodes.
Section B. — Nematognathi.
Section C. — Plectispondyli.
The Common Carp, Etc. ... 497
Section D. — Haplopomi.
The Common Pike, Etc. ... 501
Section E. — Scyphophori.
The Gymnarchus, Etc. ... ... 5°3
Section F. — Isospondyli.
The Salmon, Etc. ... ... S°3
Sub-order vi. — EEtheospondyli.
The Bony Pikes, Etc. ... ... S°9
Sub-order vii. — Protospondyli.
Sub-order viii.— Chondrostei.
The Sturgeons ... ... ... 510
Order II. — Crossopterygii.
Fringe-finned Ganoids ... ... 5 12
Sub-Class IV. — Elasmobranchii.
... 519
Order Selachii.
Sharks, Dog-fishes, Etc.
Sub-order i. — Asterospondyli.
The Blue Shark, Etc. ...
Sub-order ii. — Tectospondyli.
The Saw-fish
AKTHROPODA.
XUl
CLASS VI.— CYCLOSTOMA.
LAMPREYS AND HAG-FISHES.
Page I Page
Characteristics of Cyclostoma ... 523 | Lampreys and Hag-fishes ... ... 524
CLASS VII.— PROTOCHORDA.
Sub-Class I.— Cephalochorda. Sub-Class II. — Urochorda.
The Lancelet 526 The Common Sea-squirt, Etc. ... 527
CLASS VIII.— HEMICHORDA.
Hemichorda or Enteropneusta ... 528 | The Balanoglossus 528
SUB-KINGDOM II.— ARTHROPODA.
CRUSTACEA , INSECT A, &c.
CLASS I.— CRUSTACEA.
Characteristics of Arthropoda ... 529
Edible Arthropoda, Etc. ... ... 530
Sub-Class I. — Entomostraca.
The Smaller Crustacea ... ... 531
Order I. — Phyllopoda.
The Water-flea, Etc. ... ... 531
Order II. — Ostracoda.
The Ostracoda ... ... ... 532
Order III. — Copepoda.
The Cyclops, Carp-lice, Etc. ... 532
Order IV. — Cirripedia.
Sub-Class II. — Mai.acostraca.
The Higher Crustacea ... ... 533
Order I. — Arthrostraca.
Sub-order i. — Isopoda.
Sub-order ii. — Amphipoda.
The whale-louse, Etc 334
Order II. — Thoracostraca.
Sub-order i. — Cumacea.
Marine Parasites, Etc. ... .. 535
Sub-order ii. — Stomatopoda.
Squilla Mantis, Etc. ... ... 535
Sub-order iii. — Schizopoda.
Shrimp-like Crustacea ... ... 536
Order III. — Decapoda.
Sub-order i. — Macrura.
Shrimps, Lobsters, Crayfish, Etc. 536 Sub-order ii. — Anomura.
Robber Crabs, Hermit Crabs, Etc. 537 Sub-order iii. — Brachyura.
The Spider Crab, Etc. ... ... 537
Sub-Class III. — Gigantostraca.
Order Xiphosura.
The King-crabs .. ... ... 538
Sub-Class IV. — Pycnogonida.
Order Pycnogonida ... ... 539
CLASS II.— ARACIiNIDA.
SPIDERS, SCORPIONS, AND MITES.
Order I. — Scorpionidea.
The Scorpions, Etc.
Order II. — Solpugidea.
Galeodes Arabs, Etc.
XIV
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Ar ACH n I DA — continued.
Order III. — Pseudoscorpionidea.
Book-scorpions ...
Order IV. — Pedipalpi.
False Scorpions ...
Order V. — Plialangiida.
Harvest-men, Etc.
Order VI. — Araneida.
Spiders
Page
Order VII. — Acarina.
Mites and Ticks ...
Order VIII. — Tardigrada.
Moss Mites, Etc.
Order IX. — Linguatulida.
Worm-like Parasites
Page
CLASS III.— MYRIOPODA.
CENTIPEDES AND MILLEPEDES.
Order Chilopoda. Order Chilognatha.
Centipedes 54^ Millepedes 549
CLASS IV. — PROTRACIIEATA.
Order Peripatidae ...
- 550 1
Peripatus Iuliformis
CLASS V.-
-INSECTA.
Classification of Insects
• 551
Order Lepidoptera.
Order Coleoptera.
Butterflies and Moths ...
Eeetles
••• 553
Order Hemiptera.
Order Orthoptera.
Bugs and Frog-hoppers...
Crickets, Locusts, Etc....
... 562
Sub-order Heteroptera.
Order Neuroptera.
Bugs, Etc.
Lace-winged Insects
... 568
Sub-order Ilomoptera.
Order Trichoptera.
Frog-hoppers, Plant-lice, Etc. ...
Caddis Flies, Etc.
... 572
Order Anoplura.
Order Hymenoptera.
The True Lice ...
Bees, Wasps, Ants, Etc.
• •• 573
Order Diptera.
The Flies...
SUB-KINGDOM 1 1 1.— MOLLUSCA.
WHELKS , OYSTERS, SNAILS, &c.
CLASS I.— AMPIIINEURA.
Characteristics of Mollusca Classification of Mollusca Order I. — Polyplacophora.
Chitons, Etc.
610 Order II. — Aplacophora.
615 (Worm-like Mollusca) ...
Sub-order i. — Neomeniina.
615 Neomenians
Sub-order ii. — Chcetodermatina.
MOLL USC A —BRA CH LOBODA .
xv
Characteristics of the Pelecypoda...
Order I. — Piotobranchiata.
Nut-hells, Etc. ...
Order II. — Filibranchiata.
Sub-order i. — Anomiaceae.
The Saddle Oyster, Etc. . .
Sub-order li. — Arcacea.
Noah’s Ark Shells, Etc.
Sub-order iii. — Trigoniacea.
The Trigonia Sub-order iv. — Mytilacea.
The Marine Mussel, Etc.
Order III. — Pseudolamellibranchiata.
The Oyster, Etc. 622
Sub-order i. — Aviculacea.
Swallow Shells, Etc. ... ... 622
Sub-order ii. — Ostreacea.
Oysters 622
Page
Sub-order iii. — Pectinacea.
Scallops, Etc ... 622
Order IV. — Eulamellibranchiata.
Sub-order i. — Submytilacea.
Fresh- water Mussels ... ... 623
Sub-order ii. — Telliuacea.
Sunset Shells, Etc. ... ... 624
Sub-order iii. — Veneracea.
The Venus Shells, Etc. ... ... 625
Sub-order iv. — Cardiacea.
The Cockles, Etc. ... ... 625
Sub-order v. — Myacea.
The Mya or Caper, Etc. ... 626
Sub-order vi. — Pholadacea.
The Piddock and Ship-worm, Etc. 627 Sub-order vii. — Anatinacea.
Order V. — Septibranchiata.
Poromyidae, Etc. ... ... 628
CLASS II.— PELECYPODA (B/VALVES).
Page
616 620
621 621 621 621
CLASS III. — SCAPHOPODA.
Scaphopoda or Solenoconcha ... 628 | The Elephant’s-tooth Shells ... 628
Sub-Class A. — Streptoneura.
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