Practical microscopy : a course of normal histology for students and practitioners of medicine

Front matter

*1.

15/

V

Preface

This volume has been prepared with a view of aiding- the instructors and students of the laboratory classes which are under my direction.

It is also presented with the hope that it may be useful to other instructors.

Again, students often wish to continue microscopical work during- the interim of colleg-e attendance; to such, it is my belief, these pages will have some value.

Still again, very many practitioners, not having had, during pupilage, advantages equal to those provided by the modern laboratory equipment, wish to acquire more knowledge of microscopy, for its value in practical medicine. To such workers, also, I desire to be useful.

So much technique has been introduced as has been found to be of absolute necessity, and no more. The processes for

the preparation and exhibition of tissues are generally simple and always practicable.

In the description of organs, I assume the student has a an knowledge of gross anatomy, but knows nothing of hiso og.v. he scheme or plan of the structure is first described

theS‘mode T amS Wh6re r°qUiSite *° c^earness — after which mode of preparing the sections indicated, and, under

practical demonstration, every histological detai tabu at A

proper order. The drawings will, I believe, aid in the recog-

tion of such elements in the field of the microscope.

ie illustrations are exact reproductions, by photographv

between' tl,TdrP'CtUreS; distinction must al"'a.vs be made drawings which are schematic-used to empha-

VI

PREFACE.

size the plan of structures — and those drawn from the tissue as seen in the microscope.

Our literature abounds in excellent works for the advanced student, and this volume is designed to pave the way for their appreciation.

I desire to record my high appreciation of the aid of Drs. Charles T. Jewett, Egbert Le Fevre, E. Eliot Harris, Milton Turnure, H. Pereira Mendes, J. Gorman, A. M. Lesser, J. Alexander Moore, Robert Roberts, Esq., Warden, and Mr. John Burns, Clerk of Charity Hospital, in facilitating my access to valuable tissue for the illustrations and for my own studies.

My thanks are due my First Assistant, Dr. F. T. Reyling, for his indefatigable efforts in furthering the work; and to Mr. A. J. Drummond, for photographical favors.

MAURICE N. MILLER.

New York, June 1st, 1887.

Contents

PAGE

Title-page, Dedication, List of Illustrations, and Table of Contents, . . . . . . . i. to xv.

Part First. Technology

THE LABORATORY MICROSCOPE.

Description of the Stand, ....... 1

Lenses, 3

General Adjustment, ....... 4

Adjustment for Illumination, ...... 4

Adjustment for Eocus, ....... 5

Method in Observation, ...... 6

Conservation of the Eyesight, ...... 7

Magnifying Power, ....... 7

Measurement of Objects, ....... 8

Sketching from the Instrument, ..... 9

PREPARATION OP TISSUES FOR MICROSCOPICAL

PURPOSES.

Tissue Teasing, .....

Section Cutting, ......

Free-hand Section Cutting,

Cutting with the Stirling Microtome,

Cutting with Schrauer’s Microtome,

Cutting with the Author’s Microtome,

Sharpening Knives— Honing and Stropping, .

Paraffin Soldering, .....

Tissue Hardening, .....

Rapid Hardening with Alcohol,

Hardening with Mailer’s Fluid, .

Hardening with Chromic Acid,

Decalcifying and Dissociating,

Imbedding and Infiltrating with Bayberry Wax, .

Imbedding and Infiltrating with Celloidin, vm

CONTENTS.

Freezing, .......

Staining Methods in General, ....

Staining with Hsematoxylin, ....

Staining with Hsema. and Eosin,

Staining with Carmine, ....

Staining with Carmine and Picric Acid,

Staining with Silver Nitrate, ....

Cleaning Slides and Cover-glasses,

Mounting Methods, .

Labelling Slides,

Care of the Microscope, ....

Part Second. Structural Elements

PRELIMINARY STUDY.

Form of Objects, Movements of Objects, Extraneous Substances,

CELLS.

Cell Distribution, .

Variation in Cell Forms, .

Flat Cells, . • • • '

Squamous, Stratified, and Transitional Epithelium, Pavement Epithelium,

Columnar Epithelium, .

Ciliated Columnar Epithelium,

Spherical Cells, . • • •

Red Blood-Corpuscles, •

Blood Plates, .

Colorless Blood-Corpuscles, .

Polyhedral Cells, . • • •

Stellate Cells, .

Polar Cells, .

CONNECTIVE (FIBROUS) TISSUES.

White Fibrous Tissue, .

Yellow Elastic Tissue Adipose Tissue, .

CARTILAGE.

Hyaline Cartilage, .

Elastic Cartilage,

Fibro-elastic Cartilage,

CONTENTS.

ix

Page

BONE,

SPECIAL

CONNECTIVE TISSUES.

Adenoid Tissue,

.

. 61

Neuroglia,

.

Embryonic Tissue, .

.

. 62

MUSCULAR TISSUE.

Non-striated Muscle,

. 62

Sti-iated Muscle,

.

Cardiac Muscle,

.

. 65

BLOOD-VESSELS.

Arteries, .

• • • • 0

Capillaries, .

.

. 67

Veins,

.

PAET TPIIKD.

ORGAN'S.

THE SKIN.

Layers or Strata,

Hairs,

• • • •

. 71

Sudoriferous Glands, .

.

Sebaceous Glands, .

THE TEETH.

. 74

The Pulp,

•

Dentine,

Enamel,

Crusta Petrosa,

•

THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES.

General Histology, .

The Stomach,

• (JfJ

Practical Demonstration, .

• Ut

Small Intestine,

. Ul

Practical Demonstration, .

THE LUNG.

oo

. 92

Bronchial Tubes,

Coats,

. 95

97 . 99

Pulmonary Blood-vessels. .

• • * .

X

CONTEXTS.

The Pleura,

Pulmonary Alveoli, . . . . t _ .101

Practical Demonstration, Lung of Pig, .... 103

Practical Demonstration, Human Lung, .... 105

THE LIVER.

General Scheme, . . . . . . .106

The Portal Canals, ....... 108

The Lobular Parenchyma, ...... 109

Practical Demonsti'fition, Liver of Pig, ..... 110

Practical Demonstration, Human Liver, .... 113

Practical Demonstration, The Portal Canals, . . . .114

Practical Demonstration, The Lobular Parenchyma, . . 116

Practical Demonstration, Origin of Bile Ducts, . . . 118

THE KIDNEY.

General Description. ....... 120

The Tubuli Uriniferi, ....... 122

Practical Demonstration, with Low Power, .... 128

Practical Demonstration, The Cortical Portion, . . . 130

Practical Demonstration, Medullary Portion, .... 133

THE GENITO-URINARY TRACT. URETER, BLADDER, UTERUS, VAGINA, ETC.

General Histology, .....

Practical Demonstration, Uterus and Vagina,

Practical Demonstration, Pelvis of the Kidney, .

Practical Demonstration, The Urinary Bladder,

Practical Demonstration, Urinary Deposits,

THE OVARY.

Practical Demonstration, Adult Human Ovary,

DEVELOPMENT OF THE OVUM.

Practical Demonstration, Foetal Ovary,

THE SUPRA RENAL CAPSULE,

Practical Demonstration, ....

SALIVARY GLANDS. PANCREAS. PLAN OF GLAND

STRUCTURE.

Typical Glandular Histology, ..... 153

Tubular Glands, ........ 153

Coiled Tubular Glands, ...... 154

Branched Tubular Glands, ....... 154

Acinous Glands, ....... 155

The Parotid Gland, ....... 157

141 143

CONTENTS. xi

PAGE

Submaxillary Gland, . • • • • * ' loy

Practical Demonstration, Parotic! Gland, Submaxillary Gland,

Pancreas, ..•••••

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

General Description, ..•••••

Lymph Channels, . . • • • • .162

Practical Demonstration, Lymph Channels of Central Tendon of

the Diaphragm, I®3

Lymphatic Nodes or Glands, . . • • • . 16i

Practical Demonstration, Mesenteric Lymph N ode, . • 1,j!)

THE SPLEEN.

Scheme of Organ, . . • • • • • .113

THE THYMUS BODY.

General Description, ....... 177

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Structural Elements, ....... 180

Connective Tissue of Nerve Trunks, .... 182

THE SPINAL CORD.

General Description, ....... 186

Practical Demonstration, Cervical Spinal Cord, . . .187

THE BRAIN.

Practical Demonstration, Cerebrum, ..... 192

Practical Demonstration, Cerebellum, .... 195

MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS, ETC.

Dammar Mounting Varnish, . . . . . .197

Varnishes and Cements for Ringing Mounts ; Dammar Varnish ;

Zinc Cement ; Aniline Colors ; Oil Colors ; Black Varnish ; Shellac Varnish, 197

Preservative Fluid, ....... 199

Normal Salt Solution, . . . . 19i)

Razor-Strop Paste, ...... 199 xii CONTENTS.

Silver Staining Solution, ....... 200

Osmic Acid Solution, ....... 200

Weigert’s Staining for Medullated Nerve Tissue, . . .201

Bayberry Infiltrating Method, . . . . . 201

Ivaryokinesis, ........ 202

Fixing and Staining Corpuscular Elements of Blood, „ 203

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.

8. 9.

20. 21. 22.

PAGE

Laboratory Microscope, . . . . . .2

Course of Light Through the Microscope, ... 3

Free-hand Section Cutting, . . . . ■ .10

Stirling Microtome, ...... 12

Method of Imbedding with Pith, Turnip, etc., . . .13

Section Cutting with Stirling Microtome, ... 14

The Schrauer Microtome, . . . . . .14

The Author’s Laboratory Microtome, .... 15

Method of Honing Razor, . . . . . .17

Turning the Razor on the Hone, ..... 17

Paraffin Soldering Wire, . . . . . .18

Cementing Hardened Tissue to Cork, . . . 19

Needle for Handling Sections, Covers, etc., . . .20

Diagram Illustrating Steps in Staining with Haema. , . 25

Diagram Illustrating Steps in Staining with Haema. and Eosin, 26 Diagram Illustrating Steps in Staining with Borax-Carmine, . 26

Section Lifter, ....... 32

Appearance of Balsam Mounted Specimen, . . .33

Mode of Handling Cover-glass, ..... 32

Diagram Showing Effect of Oil and Air Globules, . . 36

Extraneous Substances — Hairs, etc., ... .37

Extraneous Substances — Starch, etc., . . . .38

Elements of a Typical Cell, ..... 39

Structure of a Cell-Nucleus, . . . . . .40

Squamous Cells from Saliva, ..... 41

Pavement Epithelium, . . . . . . .42

Frog’s Mesentery— Silver Staining, .... 43

Columnar Cells from Intestine, . . . . . 4q

Ciliated Cells from Bronchus, ..... 46

Diagram Showing Organs of the Oyster, . . . .46

Corpuscular Elements of Human Blood, ... 47

Diagram. Human Red-Blood Corpuscle in Profile, . . 48

Blood Plaques, ....... 49

Glandular Cells from Liver, . . . . . .50

Fibrillated Connective Tissue, . . . .52

Yellow Elastic Tissue, ...... 53

Transvei-se Section of Ligamentum Nuchae, . . .53

XIV

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PIG.

88. Cells containing Fat, ....

39. Adipose Tissue from Omentum, ....

40. Hyaline Cartilage from Bronchus, ....

41. Fibro-Cartilage from Intervertebral Disc, .

42. Elastic Cartilage from Pinna of Ox, ....

43. Bone— Showing Laminated Structures,

44. Bone— Showing Haversian Systems,

45. Contents of Haversian Canals, ....

46. Contents of Bone Lacuna, . . ...

47. Bladder of Frog — Showing Non-Striated Muscle,

48. Diagram— Illustrating Structure of Striated Muscular Fibre,

49. Striated Muscular Fibre from Tongue,

50. Cardiac Muscular Fibre, ......

51. Artery in Transverse Section, ....

52. Blood Capillaries, .......

53. Layers of the Epidermis, .....

54. Structure of the Derma, ......

55. Hair in Transverse Section, .....

56. Hair Follicle, .......

57. Sudoriferous Gland, ......

58. Sebaceous Gland, .......

59. Skin in Vertical Section, .....

60. Human Canine Tooth in Vertical Section,

61. Fang of Tooth in Transverse Section,

62. Stomach. Diagram, ......

63. Cardiac Gastric Glands, .....

64. Pyloric Gastric Glands, ......

65. Stomach of Dog, ......

66. Diagram Illustrating Intestinal Secretion,

67. Diagram of Intestinal Absorption, ....

68. Small Intestine with Peyer’s Lymphatics,

69. Bronchial Tube Arrangement, ....

70. Bronchial Tube — Small, ......

71. Bronchial Tube — Medium, .....

72. Pulmonary Lobule — Perspective, ....

73. Pulmonary Lobule — Longitudinal Section,

74. Pulmonary Alveolus — Capillaries Filled,

76. Pulmonary Alveolus Showing Lining, ....

77. Liver. Diagram Illustrating Plan of Structure, .

78. Glandular Cells in Connection with Blood-vessels and Ducts,

80. Human Liver — Low Power, .....

81. Portal Canal, .......

82. Hepatic Cells — Detached, ......

83. Hepatic Lobule in Transverse Section,

84. Bile Capillaries — Origin of Bile Duct, ....

85. Kidney — Diagram Illustrating Plan of Structure,

86. Kidney Tubules — Isolated, .....

PAGE

60 60 62

65 60 67

73 73 75 79 82 83

86 87

90 92 94 90 98

104 107 109 111

118 119 121 123

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.

99. 100. 101. 102.

120. 121. 122.

Blood-vessels— Arrangement in Kidney, ....

Kidney— Low Power, ......

Kidney — Cortex in Vertical Section, ....

Kidney — Medulla in Longitudinal Section, .

Kidney— Medulla in Transverse Section, ....

Uterus with Vaginal cul-de-sac , ....

External Uterine Os, . .

Vaginal Epithelium, ......

Epithelium of Ureter, ......

Epithelium of Urinary Bladder, ....

Epithelium from Urinary Deposit, .....

Ovary — Adult, .......

Ovary — Foetal, .......

Suprarenal Capsule — Low Power, ....

Suprarenal Capsule — High Power, . . . .

Simple Tubular Gland, ......

Coiled Tubular Gland, ......

Branched Tubular Gland, .....

Dilated Tubular Gland, . .

Parotid Gland, .......

Submaxillary Gland, ......

Perivascular Lymph Spaces, . . . . .

Lymphatics of Central Tendon of the Diaphragm — Low Power, ........

Lymphatics of Central Tendon of the Diaphragm— High Power, ........

Lymph Node — Diagrammatic, .....

Mesenteric Lymph Node— Low Power, . . . .

Mesenteric Lymph Node — High Power,

Blood-vessel Arrangement in the Spleen,

Spleen,

Thymus Body, .......

Nerve Fibre, .......

Connective Tissue of Nerve Trunk, .

Connective Tissue of Brain, .....

Spinal Cord — Diagram, ......

Cervical Spinal Cord — Transverse Section, .

Anterior Cox-nu of Gray Matter — Cervical Spinal Cord, Cerebi-um, .......

Cei-ebellum — Low Power, .

Cerebellum — High Power, ....

XV

PAGE

133 136

143 145 148

158 162

166 168

PRACTICAL MICROSCOPY.