Text book of zoology

Preface

An English translation of Dr. Boas’s “ Lehrbuch der Zoologie,” which has already appeared in two Danish and two German editions, has been arranged in the hope that it may prove useful to yet a larger public.

The translation is designed, in the first place, to assist beginners in the study of Zoology ; hut the needs of students of Medicine, of Veterinary Surgery, and of Forestry have also been kept in view. It will be noticed that Dr. Boas gives prominence to facts rather than to theories, and of these, such as should be of use to one or other of the classes of readers just enumerated, or as should be most convenient for verification.

In the Grerman edition lists of the more important forms belonging to the Grerman fauna are appended to the descriptions of the several groups : these have been replaced here by species met with in the British Isles, and it is hoped that they will be of special service to Naturalists. For this amount of the subject-matter, and for this alone, are the Translators responsible : in all other respects they have merely endeavoured to give a faithful rendering of the Grerman text. Certain differences appear between the English and the German, as the book has undergone a thorough revision at the Author’s hands, and certain portions have been deleted, whilst new matter has been introduced. <

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IV

Preface.

The Translators desire to express their thanks to Mr. W. E. Hoyle for suggesting that they should undertake the work, and also for his valuable help throughout, especially for his kindness in looking over many proof-sheets : to Prof. Newton, for kind assistance with terms relating to the migrations of Birds : to Prof. E. B. Poulton, Mr. Barclay Thompson, and Dr. W. B. Benham, for many helpful suggestions. Einally, they desire to express their indebtedness to the Badcliffe Library, where they have not only had complete access to recent Zoological literature, but also every assistance in tracing references and in procuring records for the faunistic sections.

Oxford , 1896.

J. W. KIRKALDY.

E. C. POLLARD.

Contents

GENERAL PART.

PAGE

I. Cells and Tissues (Histology) 3

Appendix to the Annelida : page

Polyzoa 178

Brachiopoda 181

Class l. Crustacea 188

Sub-class l. Entomostraca 193

Order 1. Phyllopoda 193

Order 2. Cladocera 195

Order 3. Xiphura 196

Order 4. Trilobita 198

Order 5. Ostracoda 199

Order 6. Copepoda 200

Order 7. Cirripedia 203

Sub-class 2. Malacostraca 207

Order 1. Euphausiacea ........ 210

Order 2. Mysidacea 211

Order 3. Cumacea 213

Order 4. Isopoda 214

Order 5. Amphipoda . . . . . . . . . 217

Order 6. Decapoda 219

Order 7. Stomatopoda 227

Class 2. Myriapoda 227

Order 1. Chilopoda 229

Order 2. Chilognatha. . . , 230

Order 1. Orthoptera 252

Order 2. Bhynchota 256

Order 3. Neuroptera 260

Order 4. Coleoptera 263

Order 5. Hymenoptera 267

Order 6. Lepidoptera . . . . . . . . 272

Order 7. Diptera 275

Class 4. Arachnida 278

Order 1. Arthrogastra . . . . . . . . 281

Order 2. Araneina 283

Order 3. Acarina 284