Laboratory outlines for physiology

Preface

The present laboratory guide has been published primarily as the simplest way of preparing outlines for use in the authors’ own classes. It was thought probable, however, that other teachers also might find the outlines useful if printed in available form.

The part of the senior author has been largely that of editoi and counselor. The experiments are intended primarily to precede his lectures in Physiology. Most of the burden of presentation, as well as the actual supervision of the work in the laboratory has fallen to the junior author.

MICHAEL F. GUYER.

The accompanying outlines were prepared for the students taking the laboratory course in Physiology at the University of Cincinnati. They are so arranged that they may be given as a .separate course, or in connection with lectures. The work has been divided into three parts, viz.: (1) Metabolism, including

Digestion. Respiration and Circulation; (II) Nerve-Muscle Physiology, and (III) Central Nervous System and the Sense Organs. Each part can be presented independent of the other, but the order given seems best to prepare the student for the part which follows.

Inasmuch as satisfactory training in Physiological Chemistry can be obtained only by taking the regularly prescribed course in the Department of Chemistry, no attempt has been made to enter extensively into this branch of the subject. Only such tests as are absolutely necessary to an elementary knowledge of the composition of the body and a very general understanding of the processes of digestion are given. Likewise a very limited number of experiments upon the sense organs are given, in order not to duplicate work that is given in the Department of Psychology.

I wish to make acknowledgment for much valuable information received from Stewart’s Manual of Physiology, The Outlines of Practical Physiology by Professor William Stirling. The .■Vmerican Text-Book of Physiology, and Kirke’s Handbook of Physiology. 1 also wish to thank Professor Michael F. Guyer and Professor William Muhlberg for advice in planning the work. Any suggestions or criticisms on the text will be gladly received.

WILLIAxM O. PAULI.

Part I. Circulation, Respiration And Digestion

I. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE BODY 9

PROTEIDS: Xanthoproteic reaction, — Biuret test, — Millon’s

test, — Heller’s test, — Heat coagulation, — Precipitation with neutral salts, — Loosely combined sulphur test, — Test for nitrogen, — Physiological significance of proteids.

CARBOHYDRATES: Sugar, — Fehling’s test, — Fermentation

test, — Starch, — Iodine color reaction, — Physiological importance of carbohydrates.

FATS; Solubility, — Saponification, — Formation of an emulsion,— Osmic acid test, — Physiological importance of fats.

II. THE BLOOD 12

Reaction, — Microscopical examination, — Enumeration of red

and white blood corpuscles, — Estimation of haemoglobin, — Determination of specific gravity

III. COAGULATION OF BLOOD 16

Demonstration of coagulation,' — Defibrinated blood, — Oxalated

blood, — Fibrin, — Blood serum, — Haemin crystals.

IV. CIRCULATION OF BLOOD 18

Diagram of Circulation, — Dissection of sheep’s heart, — Mechanics of circulation.

V. CIRCULATION CONTINUED 21

Demonstration of capillary circulation of the blood — Anatomy

of the frog’s heart. — Beat of the heart, — Effect of temperature on the action of the heart, — Automatic rhythm of the heart, — Apex preparation.

VI. TRACINGS OF THE HEART BEAT 23

Graphic method, — Normal heart tracings, — Effect of warm

saline solution,— Effect of electrical stimuli,— “All or None” contraction.— ’Staircase” contraction.

VII. PULSE AND BLOOD PRESSURE 25

The pulse, — Demonstration of Marey’s Sphygmograph,

Examination of the pulse,— Demonstration of blood pressure.- Effect of stimulating the va.gus, — Effect of stimulating the sciatic nerve. — Effect of Suprarenal extract, — Effect of cutting the spinal cord.

VIII. INNERVATION OF THE HEART. HEART SOUNDS . . 28 Demonstration of inhibitory and augmentor fibres in the frog,

— Nerve theory of the heart beat, — Stannlus’ experiment, — Goltz’s tapping experiment, — Demonstration of the effect of Muscarine and Atropine, — Heart Sounds.

IX. RESPIRATION 30

Mechanics of respiration. — Action of the Intercostal muscles,

— Capacity of the lungs, — Properties of expired air.

X. RESPIRATION CONTINUED 33

Graphic method. — Normal respiratory tracings, — Effect of

cutting the vagi, — Movements of the diaphragm and ribs, — Effect of asphyxia, — Rhythmic contractions of the excised heart.

XI. DIGESTION 35

Food stuffs, — Classification of enzymes. Salivary digestion;

— Chemical properties of saliva, — Amylolytic action of saliva, — Physiological value of saliva. Gastric digestion; — Preparation of artificial gastric juice, — Digestive action of pepsin, — Action of rennin on milk, — Physiological value of gastric juice.

XII. DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION 38

Intestinal digestion: — Pancreatic juice. — Preparation of pancreatic juice, — Proteolytic action, — Diastatic action, — Lipolytic action, — Bile. — Reaction, — Action on fatty acids, — Gmelin’s test for bile pigments, — Succus Entericus. Absorption; — Diffusion and osmosi.e. — Dialysis and osmosis.