The practical and descriptive anatomy of the human body

Front matter

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Z ZLi

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Preface To The Second Edition

The first edition of this work having become exhausted, I have been induced to undertake the revision of a second, and it was only when fairly embarked in the undertaking that I became fully aware of the labour of the task I had imposed on myself; for so many and so various were the required alterations, that to have re-wntten the entire would, perhaps, have been attended with less labour. My great object was, however, to adhere to the general outline of a plan which experience had taught me was attended with many advantages to the student, and to preserve unbroken the link of association under which the whole was produced. And here I most gladly avail myself of the first and only opportunity that has hitherto presented itself, of assigning to each individual the part that he performed in the production of this work.

The articles on the Mmoles, on Hernia, on the General and nnary rgans, Penncmm, Heart, Brain, Orbit, Eye, Skin, and

f„T tT'6 °liei“aUy by Iate Iam“ted brother

8 Ha«eswoeth Ledivich; those on the Bones Luta

Z^atn‘ V“T’ ^nal *mw’ Spiml’ Cml’<

Sympathetic Nerves, the Ear, Nose, and the Arterial and Venous

’ C0I'3“Uted ‘he part alW« <» me. Unfortunately hero was no mutual supervision exercised, and hence arose I

fertde source of many of those verbal inaccuracies that appeared “ he former edition. In th„ present edition j

freely availed myself, in correcting the press, of the kind assist ance of Eobeut Webs, M.B. T.C.D., lecturer on Forensic - edicine, and College Professor of Medical Jurisprudence on

Vlll

FREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

whose judgment and accuracy, I feel that the most implicit reliance may he placed. In every way that it was possible, I have endeavoured to simplify what must always be a difficult and abstruse subject to the junior student, and I would consider my time and labour well expended should I succeed in winning him back to the subject— the only legitimate field in which a practical knowledge of anatomy can be obtained ; for, however faithfully executed the plates may be, the parts which they labour to represent will fade like a dream from the mind, while a single glance at nature, in the original, will impress itself on the senses

with enduring pertinacity.

EDWARD LEDWICH.

Preface To Original Edition

In presenting an additional Treatise on Human Anatomy -to the Profession, we are fully aware that a certain amount of censure will he incurred for adding another work to the many already existing on a subject which has heretofore been so ably treated by preceding anatomists. But whilst we disclaim being actuated by the mere desire of producing a hook, we must admit our belief that the existing class-books might be made more consistent with the wants of the student and profession generally; and with this view a systematic description has been adopted; whilst the discursive style, though more facile of execution and certainly more beautiful, has been rigidly avoided - thus allowing a greater amount of anatomical information ’ to he condensed into this, than into any other work of a similar magnitude. The relative anatomy of organs and parts has been also earned out minutely, together with their functions and structure, the descriptions being in conformity with the most recent discoveries on each subject, verified by our own observations and researches. The remarks on the Arteries and Veins We been confined to their practical anatomy only al the volumes of Power, Harrison, and Corbett render any further

:b;:rr on tbe surgicai reiati°- °f ^

21, York-street, Dublin, October, 1852.

Section I. — The Osseous System. — Osteologia, p. 1-117. Bones, classes of

composition of . . minute structure of development of Spinal, or vertebral column

Vertebra

Sacrum ’

Coccyx

Bibs

Sternum

Clavicles . . . , . '

Upper extremity

Lower extremity

Pelvic — Ilium

Ischium . .

Pape ib.

ib.

14 19 21 24

27-35

40-69

Pelvic— Sacrum

Page .. 13

Coccyx

. . 64-83

Face, bones of

. . 83-95 minute structure of development of . .

Os hyoides . .

Cranium interior of

Face

Nares

Schneiderian membrane . .

. . 109

Orbits

Section II.-Syndesmologt, ob the Anatomy of the Joints, p. 117-1 75. Cartilage

Ligaments .. [ ’

Yellow elastic tissue Synovial membranes Classification of joints Ligaments of Spine

of ribs to spine of ribs to sternum pf pelvis

Page

120 120 122 130 132

133-188

Ligaments of lower extremity . .

Hip-joint

Knee-joint

Ankle-joint .. ” "

Ligaments of upper extremity Shoulder-joint ..

Elbow-joint ’

Wrist-joint .. ,

Joint between lower jaw and skull

Page

Section III.—The Muscular System.— Myologia, p. 175-417. Muscles, voluntary involuntary

Minute structure of muscle Muscles of head and face of eyelids

Eyelids Eyelashes . .

Conjunctiva Lachrymal Sac '.

Salivary Glands .

Parotid Submaxillary Sublingual Muscles of the neck Cervical Fascia .

Page ib.

Triangles of the Neck Thyroid gland Pharynx Posterior Nares Eustachian Tube Velum Pendulum ..

Uvula Tonsils Mouth

Epiglottis ’■ •'

Dissection of upper extremity ” 250

Pectoral Muscles .. .. .. 251

231 231 233

CONTENTS.

xii

Section III. — continued.

Muscles of Back . .

Lumbar aponeurosis . .

Dissection of arm

of Forearm . .

Muscles of Hand Dissection of Lower extremity Abdomen, regions of . .

Muscles of Abdomen . .

Abdominal Ring , external Umbilicus Poupart’s Ligament Surgical Anatomy of Inguinal

Generative Organs, male Perineum Urinary Bladder Lithotomy

Generative Organs, female

Page

295 297

299-303

Generative Organs, female

Uterus

Ovaria

Urethra and Meatus urinanus Mammary glands

Milk

Surgical Anatomy of Femoral Hernia . .

Glutseal region

Dissection of the Thigh ..

Fascia lata Muscles of Thigh Hamstrings . .

Deep Abdominal Muscles Diaphragm

Psoas

Dissection of the Leg Dissection of the Foot

Page

369-378

Section IV. — Cavities and Visceba of the ; Thobax and Abdomen. — Splanchnologia, p. 417-497. Cavity of the Chest Anterior Mediastinum

Pleurae

Lungs

Bronchial Tubes Posterior Mediastinum

Vena azygos Thoracic Duct (Esophagus

Trachea

Middle Mediastinum Pericardium

Development of Heart Action of Heart Pulse at various ages Thymus Gland Cavity of the Abdoiien Peritonaeum

Gastro-hepatic Omentum

Page

418 418 420 423

428 430 432 432 434 447

ib.

Great Omentum

Mesentery

Small Intestines Great Intestines

Hepatic Artery

Vena Portal

Hepatic Ducts • • • •

Ductus Communis Choledoclius

Gall-bladder

Bile, analysis of Foetal Circulation

Spleen

Pancreas

Suprarenal Capsules

Kidneys

Ureters

Urine

Page

457 461 468 475 ib.

490 492

SECTION V.-NEBVOUS SYSTEM, AND ObGANS OF TOUCH, SIGHT, section Heabeng.— Neubologia, p. 498-631.

Ccrebro-spinal Nervous System Sympathetic System Ganglia • • ••

Membranes of the Brain Dura Mater Falx Cerebri Tentorium Cerebelli Sinuses of the Brain Torcular HerophlU Arachnoid Membrane Pia Mater The Brain Cerebrum PonsVarolii

Page

505 507 510

513 613 518

Corpus Callosum Corpus Striatum Optic Thalami Choroid Plexus Pineal Gland Tubercula Quadrigemina ebellum

Julia Oblongata . .

oi>ment of the Brain SUon of the Spinal Cord amentum denticulatum nal Nerves

..iVvrnl Mp.rVP.S • •

AND

Page

524 527

530 532

537 539 541 642

CONTENTS.

Sill

Cerebral Nerves P‘'ce First pair, Olfactorii . . 543

Second pair, Optici . . .. 544

Third pair, Molores Oculorum 545

Fourth pair, Pathetici . . 54(5

Fifth pair, Trigemini . . 547

Casserian Ganglion . . 543

Vidian nerve .. .. 554

. Otic Ganglion . . . . 557

Sixth pair, Abducenles . . 559

Seventh pair .. .. 559

Portio mollis, auditory . . 560

Portio dura, facial .. 560

Eighth pair 562

Glosso-pharyngeal . . 562

Pneumo-gastric, par vagum 564 Spinal Accessory . , 5gg

Ninth pair, Lingual . . 669

Cervical Plexus .. 570

Phrenic Nerve .. .. 573

Brachial Plexus . . 574

External Cutaneous, Perforans Casserii

Paccinian Corpuscles Dorsal Nerves, Intercostal 3 Lumbar Plexus . .

Internal Cutaneous Median Ulnar

Musculo-spiral Circumflex ..

I nguino-cutaneous Anterior Crural Internal Saphenous Obturator Lumbo-sacral Sacral Plexus ..

Pudic Nerve

Sacral Plexus: —

Great Sciatic Nerve Posterior Spinal Nerves Sympathetic System Cervical Ganglia Cardiac Nerve Cardiac Plexus Thoracic Ganglia

Great Splanchnic Nerve Semilunar Ganglia Solar Plexus Lumbar Ganglia Sacral Ganglia Hypogastric Plexus Organs of Special Sense of Touch. The Skin ..

Minute Structure of the Cutis Hairs ..

Nails ..

of Sight. The Orbit V Lachrymal Gland Muscles of the Orbit . .

Ocular Fascia Globe of the Eye Sclerotic

Cornea . . . "

Choroid Retina

Membrana Jacobaea ..

Iris

Membrana Papillaris Aqueous Humour Vitreous Humour Crystalline Lens of Hearing. The Ear . .

External Ear Tympanum ..

Ossicula anditus Labyrinth

Page

604 604 604

604 606

610 610

626 628 628 632

Section VI.-The Vascular System, Arteries, Veins ENTS. — Angiologia, p. 637. AND ABSORB

Arteries, coats of . .

Capillaries

Veins, coats and vaives of"

Arteries : —

Arch of the Aorta Branches from Arch Coronaries of Heart Arteria innominata Right Carotid Left Carotid External Carotid ..

Branches of External Carotid Internal Carotid . .

Subclavian Arteries Vertebral Artery Basilar Artery Circle of Willis Cerebral Circulation

Upper Extremity

Brachial ..

Palmar Arches . .

Page

639 641 643

647 660 660 668

671 671 678 678 683 690

Thoracic Aorta Abdominal Aorta . .’

Coeliac Axis Coronary of Stomach Hepatic

Superior Mesenteric Renal Spermatic Inferior Mesenteric Common Iliac Arteries Internal Iliac Pudic

External Iliac

AS"H:cUra'E5tra

Profunda ..

Poplltsea . . . '

Plantar Arch Venous System . "

Plantar Veins ..

Posterior Tibia]

Peronaaal Anterior Tibial .

M

Page

696 696

XIV

CONTENTS.

Section \~ 1 , — (Jo n ( i nuctl •

Venous System: —

Popliteal

Femoral

Internal Saphena External Iliac ..

Internal Iliac Haanorrhoidal Plexus ..

Prostatie Plexus Vesical Plexus Vaginal Plexus . .

Uterine Plexus ..

Common Iliac Veins Inferior Cava Spermatic Veins Eenal . .

Venae Cavse Hepaticse Veins of the Upper Extremity Veins of the Hand and Forear Cephalic Vein Basilic Median Brachial ..

Axillary .. ••

Sinus of the Axillary Vein Veins of Head and Neele . .

Subclavian External Jugular Anterior Jugular Posterior Jugular Internal Jugular Fascial . .

Lingual . .

Thyroid . .

Occipital ..

Brachiocephalic, or Innomina Vena innommata dextra Vena innominata sinistra Thyroid, interior Mammary, internal

Page

Page

Brachio-cephalic, or Innominata:—

Vertebral •• •• " 74,

Descending V ena Cava • • 427

Posterior ExoRachidian Veins Anterior Endo-Raclndian \ eins 74b

Postei-ior Endollachidian Veins 746

Portal Venous System .. •• _.g

Vena Porte .. •• ’ 748

Mesenteric Veins •• •• 748

Splenic .. 748

Absorbents 749

Lymphatic Glands .. •• ‘

Lymphatic vessels .. •• 7iy

Structure of Lymphatic and of

Lympludib^ Glands and Vessels of Lower Extremity .. ••

Popliteal Glands • • • • 75Q

Inguinal Glands • • * * 7

Iliac Glands • • •• " 750

Lumbar ' Glands and Vessels of ^

LjtepVhatfcXG\andsyand Vessels ^

Intestinal Lacteals •* ’* 7co

Lymphatic Glands of Th°rax • • 7_„

Lymphatic Vessels of Thorax Lymphatics of Head, Face, and ^

Ljnnphatic Glands and Vessels of Upper Extremity..

Great Thoracic Duct .. •• ?55

Right Thoracic Duct ..

ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY.