The races of Europe : a sociological study (Lowell Institute lectures)

Preface

This work is the outgrowth of a course of lectures upon “ physical geography and anthropology ” in the School of Political Science at Columbia University in the city of New York; delivered before the Lowell Institute in the fall of 1896. It originally comprehended, in a study of aboriginal societies and cultures, an analysis of the relation of primitive man to his physical environment. Gradually, with a growing appreciation of the unsuspected wealth of accumulated data, it has expanded along lines of greater resistance, concentrating attention, that is to say, upon Europe — the continent of all others wherein social phenomena have attained their highest and most complex development. Containing little that may be called original, strictly speaking, it represents merely an honest effort to co-ordinate, illustrate, and interpret the vast mass of original material — product of years of patient investigation by observers in all parts of Europe — concerning a primary phase of human association : that of race or physical relationship.

An earnest attempt has been made to bring this abundant store of raw material into some sort of orderly arrangement, and at the same time to render it accessible to future investigators along the same line. The supplementary bibliography under separate cover has, it is hoped, materially contributed to both of these results. The intimate relationship between

V

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THE RACES OF EUROPE.

the main volume and the bibliographical list, as explained in the preface to the latter, is too apparent to need further explanation. It will be noted at once that all citations according to author and date may be immediately identified in full, by reference to the supplementary list of authorities at the appropriate place.

To secure a graphical representation of facts by maps which should conform to strictly scientific canons, was an indispensable requisite in a geographical work of this kind. By rare good fortune it has been possible to develop a chance suggestion from my artist friend, Mr. Frank B. Masters, into a definite and simple system of map construction, whereby the work could be done by our own hands. The sacrifice of artistic finish incident thereto, was deemed unimportant beside the manifest advantage of a close adaptation of the maps to the text, both being prepared in unison. To secure this result a number of the maps have been entirely redrawn ; in several cases they have been experimentally prepared even to the engraving of the plates, three times over. Many of the maps in this volume — probably the majority — are the handiwork of my wife, to whose constant material aid as well as inspiration, reference has elsewhere been made. From these all extraneous details have been purposely omitted. Moreover, the various maps have been co-ordinated with one another, with the adoption of a common scheme for all. Thus, for example, dark shades invariably denote the shorter statures, and similar grades of tinting, so far as possible, designate equal intensities of the phenomena in question. In the maps of head form this co-ordination has been applied most consistently. In respect of maps of stature and pigmentation, the diverse anthropometric methods employed and the extraordinary range of variation, have rendered it a more difficult matter to preserve a strict uniformity.

PREFACE.

vii

In several cases in the reproduction of standard maps it will be noticed that the graphical system has been considerably modified from the original. Sometimes, as in the map of Limousin on page 83, the author’s scheme has been simplified ; in others, as in Broca’s classical map of Brittany on page 100, the number of degrees of shading has been greatly increased, it is believed to good effect ; and oftentimes, as in the map on page 143, an entire rearrangement of the graphical representation has been made to conform to precise statistical methods ; for it is a cardinal principle in graphic statistics that the visual impression must, so far as possible, conform to the represented facts. To denote one grade of variation of ten per cent by a single tint, and to make the succeeding shade designate a range three times as great, involves almost as serious misrepresentation as an actual misstatement in the text. At times, as in the evidently misleading scheme used on Odin's map on page 525, where equal shades of tint are used for widely different ranges of variation, the original scheme has been left, because of difficulties in a proper rearrangement from the published data.

Another detail upon these sketch maps will certainly attract attention — viz., the apparent lack of system employed in the lettering, French, German, Italian, or English orthography being alike employed. The rule — unfortunately not invariably observed — has been to apply the spelling native to each country in question wherever the map was a direct copy : thus Bretagne for Brittany in maps of France, Roma instead of Rome in Italy, and Sachsen, not Saxony, on maps of the German Empire. When it is an original one. constructed herein from statistical data for the first time, English transliterations have been used. The purpose of this confessedlv awkward arrangement has been to permit of a possible adaptation of these selfsame maps to foreign translation. It is the

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TIIF, RACES OF EUROPE.

only possible international arrangement, that each country should preserve its indigenous spelling. As for the legends and titles, they lie outside the drawing proper, and necessarily must correspond to the language of the text.*

It would be disingenuous not to confess pride in the collection of portrait types inclosed between these covers. This is the more pardonable, inasmuch as a failure thus to recognise its value and completeness would be to reflect lesser credit upon those to whose entirely disinterested efforts the collection is really due. Without the earnest co-operation and neverfailing interest of the eminent authorities in all parts of Europe, to whom specific reference is made at appropriate places in the body of the text, as well as by name in the index list of portraits, this work of scientific illustration of the dry matter of the text would have been almost impossible. For the proper selection of portrait types necessitates an intimate knowledge of the people of each country, not possible to the observant student but only to those who have lived and worked among them often for months at a time. Words are inadequate fully to express the deep measure of obligation of which I am sensible for assistance along these lines.

Among all the European authorities to whom I am indebted in various ways, there is no one to whom the obligation is so great as to my friend Dr. John Beddoe, F. R. S., late president of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain. From first to last, his interest in the work — especially evidenced by way of candid criticism upon all points of detail —

* In this connection vve may note a few errata indelibly fixed in the engravings : viz., on page 170, for Basse Navarra in France, read Basse Navarre; on page 169, for Medoc, read M6doc ; on page 1S9, for Bilboa and Plamplona, read Bilbao and Pamplona respectively ; on page 225, it should obviously be Schleswig; and on page 517, Savoie; at page 318 possibly Edinburgh ; and on the folding map at page 222, Tyrol should be Tirol and Wurtemburg should properly be Wiirtemberg.

PREFACE.

IX has been a constant source of inspiration. Without the sure guidance of such criticism, many more errors than now remain for future elimination, must surely have occurred.

The courtesy manifested by the officers and council of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, in intrusting the valuable albums of British photographs belonging to the Society to my charge, merits the deepest gratitude. As an act of international courtesy it is peculiarly worthy of note at this time. Professor A. C. Haddon, of Cambridge University, and Dr. C. R. Browne, of Dublin, Ireland, have also, among English authorities, rendered important service. In Germany, I have continually turned to Dr. Otto Ammon, of Carlsruhe, for aid, and have not failed in any instance to find a ready response.

A goodly share in the preparation of this volume has been performed by my wife — fully enough to warrant my own personal desire that two names should appear upon the titlepage, instead of one. For a large part of the drawing of the maps, much wearisome reading of proofs, interminable verification of references and of bibliographical details have fallen to her share of the work : and in addition, the invaluable service has been rendered of remorseless criticism in all matters of style as well as of fact. The six years required for the completion of the work by our joint labour must have been greatly prolonged, and the final product would surely have been far more imperfect, had it not been for her constant and devoted aid.

W. Z. R.

Boston, April 2p , iSgg.

Chapter I. Introduction. — Environment, Race, And Epoch In Social

EVOLUTION.

PAGE

History of the study of environment — The pre-evolutionary period — England and the Continent contrasted — Buckle’s influence — Recent revival of interest among historians— Scope and character of geographical study as related to sociology.

Environment versus race — Antagonistic explanations for anthropological and social phenomena illustrated — Distinction between social and physical environment — Direct and indirect influence of milieu compared; the latter more important in civilization — Selection and specialization — Progress dependent upon such processes — Limitation of environmental influences by custom — Moral and social factors . . . 1-14

Chapter II. Language, Nationality, And Race

Apparent contrast between eastern and western Europe only a difference of degree — Population seldom static — Migration dependent primarily upon economic considerations; not transient, though changing with modern industrialism.

Language and race — The former often a political or historical product; the latter very rarely so — Examples — Linguistic geography of the Iberian peninsula (map); Castilian. Catalan, and Portuguese — Friction where political and linguistic boundaries not identical as in Alsace-Lorraine (map)

— Celtic languages in the British Isles (map) — Switzerland linguistically described — Burgundy — Eastern Europe — Language migratory — Proof by study of place names.

Language and customs or culture independently migratory xi

THE RACES OF EUROPE.

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— Languages often political or official, customs seldom so — Languages seldom coalesce, while borrowing in culture common — Race and customs or culture equally independent of one another for similar reasons.

Migrations and conquests — Historical data often unreliable — Conquest unevenly distributed — Military and domestic conquest contrasted — Persistency of populations racially — Race often coincident with religion.

The anthropometric data for Europe — Its character and defects — Conscripts and school children — Males and females —

All classes and districts represented 15-36

Chapter III. Ti1e Head Form

Measured by the cephalic index — Definitions and methods — Head form and face correlated — Head form no criterion of intelligence— Size unimportant — Distribution of head form among races (world map) — Primary elements in the species — Geographical parallels between head forms, fauna and flora — Areas of characterization — Artificial selection — “ Consciousness of kind ” — Little operative in head form, though common in facial features — Cranial deformation — Head form not affected by environment — Elimination of chance variation — Distribution of head form in Europe (map) — Extreme human types comprehended — Two distinct varieties — Geographical parallels again — Isolation versus competition . . . 37-57

Chapter IV. Ri.onds And H Runets

Pigmentation a physiological process — Distribution of skin colour among races (world map) — Environmental causes not clearly indicated — Colour of hair and eyes of Europeans more peculiar than their skin colour — The available data ample but indefinite— Comparison of methods of observation — Reciprocal relation of colour in hair and eyes — Types versus traits — Distribution of brunetness in Europe (map) — Blonds centred in Scandinavia Persistency of brunet traits — African blondness problematical— Racial aspects of pigmentation— Walloons— British Isles — Jews — Less clear divisions than in head form — Environmental disturbance indicated — Blondness of mountain populations a concomitant of climate or poverty — Pigmentation thus inferior to head form as an index of race . . 58-77

CONTENTS.

Xlll

Chapter V. Stature

PAGE

Variations in the human species — Geographical distribution (world map) — Direct influence of environment through food supply — Mountain peoples commonly stunted — Selection at great altitudes reverses this — The peasantry of Limousin (map) and of Landes in France — Artificial selection — Stature and health or vigour — In Finisterre (map) — Military selection — After-effects of the Franco-Prussian War — Selection shown by stature among American immigrants — Professional selection — Swiss results — Differences between occupations and social classes due to natural selection, followed by direct influence of habits of life — Social classes in the British Isles — Depressing influences of industrialism — General upward tendency due to amelioration of conditions of life — Influence of urban life twofold, selective and direct — Distribution of average stature in Europe (map) — Teutonic giantism — Brittany (map) and the Tyrol (map) 78-102

Chapter VI. The Three European Races

Trait, type, and race defined — Two modes for the constitution of types from traits — The anthropological one described — Association of blondness and stature — Difficulty of the problem — Analysis of seriation curves of stature — Scientific definition of race as an “ ideal type ” — Further interpretation of seriation curves of head form — Pure and mixed populations contrasted — The second or geographical mode for constitution of types from traits — Heredity and race, with examples — Final results for Europe — Three distinct types — The Teutonic race described— The second or Alpine type — The name Celt — History of the Celtic controversy — Difficulty in use of the term illustrated— The Mediterranean racial type — Subvarieties and their distribution 103-130

Chapter VII. France And Belgium

France comprehends all three racial types — Its physical geography (map) — Axes of fertility and areas of isolation — Savoy, Auvergne, and Brittany — Distribution of head form (map) — The Alpine type in Isolation — The Catinais and the Morz’cm — Burgundy— Social versus racial hypotheses — Distribution of bra-

XIV tup: races of Europe.

PAGE

netness and stature (maps) — Normandy and Brittany — Teutonic invasions — The Veneti — Place names and ethnography (maps).

Northern France historically as well as racially Teutonic — Not distinguishable from Belgium — Flemings and Walloons — Physical geography of the Ardennes plateau (map) — Head form, colour, and stature in Belgium (maps) — Aquitaine — Its physical geography — Anomalous racial distribution — Dolichocephaly about Limoges and Perigueux (maps) — The Lemovici Teutonic, the Petrocorii Cro-Magnon — The Limousin barrier (map) — The Cro-Magnon type, archaeologically and in the life — Survival in Dordogne, due to geographical circumstances —

The general situation described 1 31—179

Chapter VIII. The Basques

Number and distribution — Social and political institutions — The Basque language, agglutinative and psychologically primitive in structure — Early theories of origin based upon language —

This language moving northward (maps) — Cephalic index of the Basques (map) — Difference between French and Spanish types of head form — The Basque facial type peculiar to both — Its geographical distribution as related to language (map)

— Threefold stratification of population in the Pyrenees — Recent theories as to origin — Historical data — Collignon’s hypothesis— Artificial selection engendered by linguistic individuality— Stature and facial features — Corroboration by local customs of adornment 180-204

Chapter IX. The Teutonic Race: Scandinavia And Germany

Head form in Norway (map) — Peculiar population in the southwest, both brachycephalic and dark — Stature in Norway and Sweden (maps) — The Alpine type surely settled along the southwestern coast — Anthropology of Denmark corroborates it — Sweden as a whole more homogeneous than Norway.

Germany — Nationality, language, and religion no index of race — Racial division of the empire — Physical geography (map) — The head form: Teutonic in the north, Alpine toward the south — Place of the Prussians — De Quatrefages versus Virchow— Blonds and brunets (map) — Teutonization of Franconia— Bavaria and Wiirtemberg compared — Stature (maps) —Austria and Salzburg— Historic expansion of the Germans

CONTENTS.

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PAGE

— The Rcihengriiber — Franks and Romans — The Black Forest (maps) — Environmental factors at work — Alsace-Lorraine (maps) — The Vosges — The Teutonic expansion an economic movement — Influence of customs of inheritance — The great Slavic expansion — Traced by place names and village types (diagrams and maps) — Somatological results of Slavic invasions— Thuringia and Saxony compared — Parallels between ethnic and physical phenomena 205-245

Chapter X. The Mediterranean Race: Italy, Spain, And Africa

Italy — Its physical geography (map) — The Po Valley and the peninsula compared — The Alpine type in Piedmont — Stature and blondness (maps) — Teutonic racial survivals, especially in Lombardy — Germanic language spots — Sette Comuni and Valdesi — Veneto — The Mediterranean type in Liguria — Garfagnana and Lucchese (map) — Ethnic hypotheses — The Ligurians historically and physically — Difficulty of the problem — Anthropology versus philology — Recent views — Umbria and Tuscany (map) — The Etruscans (map) — Two opposing views — Evidence of prehistoric archieology — Rome and Latium — Calabria — Foreign settlements, Albanians and Greeks — Sardinia and Corsica compared — Historical and ethnic data.

Spain — Its isolation and uniformity of environment — Climate and topography — The head form (map) — Stature (map)

— The Iberians, historically and physically considered — Influence of the Moors and Saracens.

Africa — Oriental and Western divisions — The Berber type described — The Libyan blonds — Ethnic and historical hypotheses— Indication of environmental influences . . . 246-280

Chapter XI. The Alpine Race: Switzerland, The Tyrol, And The Netherlands

Geographical circumstances — Isolation versus competition — Diversity of languages and dialect — The head form — Burgundians and Helvetians — Blonds and brunets (maps) — Environmental influences in the Bernese Oberland (map) — Stratification of population in the Tyrol (map).

The Netherlands — Frisians, Franks, Hollanders, and Walloons— The head form (map) — The Neanderthal controversy — The Alpine race in Zeeland, Denmark, and the British Isles » . . . ... . . . . 281-299

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Chapter XII. The British Isles; Iberian Origins (?)

PAGE

Insularity as an ethnic factor— Ireland “ a little behindhand ’’—Relative fertility and accessibility — Parallel in social relations — Uniformity in head form (map) — Prehistoric chronicle — Cave dwellers — The Long Barrow epoch — The Round Barrow type — “Long barrow, long skull; round barrow, broad skull” — Modern survivals of type — The Romans — The Teutonic invasions— Evidence of place names (map) — The Anglo-Saxons ubiquitous — Two varieties of Danish invasion — Norwegians along the Scottish coast — The Normans, last of the Teutonic invaders.

Distribution of pigmentation (map) — A brunet substratum still extant in areas of isolation — Relative brunetness as compared with continental countries — Subvarieties — The “ light Celtic ” eye and the red-haired Scotch type — Parallel between Celtic languages and brunetness — Peculiarities of Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire — Iberian origins, historically and philologically considered — Piets, Basques, and Silures — The witness of stature (map) — Contradictions in Scotland — Weight and stature — Facial features — Old British compared with Anglo-Saxon — Temperament as a racial trait . . . 300-334

Chapter XIII. Russia And The Slavs

Political boundaries of Russia — Monotony of environment described— Its relative fertility — Forest, black mould, and steppe — Distribution of population — Languages: Great, White, and Little Russians — Letto-Lithuanians and Finns — Uniformity of Russian cephalic type (map) a product of environment — Peculiarity of the Letto-Lithuanians — Broad-headedness of the southern Slavs — The phenomena of brunetness — The Baltic Sea as a centre of blondness — Distribution of stature (map)

— Tallness of the Teutons and the southern Slavs — Giantism of the modern Illyrians — Similarity in stature between Finns and Teutons. — Duality of physical type throughout eastern Europe — Priority of the dolichocephalic one — Evidence from the Kurgans — Prehistoric distribution — Which is the Slav? — Outline of the controversy.

The aboriginal peoples of Russia— Finns, Turks, and Mongols—Impossibility of linguistic classification— Two types physically considered— Contrast between Mongols and Finns

CONTENTS.

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— Close similarity of the Finnic type to the Scandinavians —

The Finnic branch of Teutonic racial descent — Importance of the theory in the anthropological history of Europe . 335 -367

Chapter XIV. The Jews And Semites

Social solidarity despite diversity of language and geographical dispersion — Is racial purity responsible for it? — Number and geographical distribution (map) — Political and social problems— Concentration in cities — Former centre in Franconia — Original centre of Jewish dispersion — Relation of the Jews to the Semites — Course of Jewish migrations traced — Peculiar deficiency in height among Jews — Stature as evidence of social oppression — Its distribution in Poland (map) — Parallel between stature and prosperity in Warsaw (maps) — Narrowchestedness of Jews — Their surprising longevity and vitality — Its causes examined.

Traditional division of Ashkenazim and Sephardim — Their early physical type described — Modern testimony as to the head form of Jews and Semites — Approximation of type to that of surrounding peoples — Impossibility of purity of descent— Historical evidence as to intermixture — The Jewish facial features — Strong brunetness — The nose and eyes — Purity of facial type, despite cranial diversity — Potency of artificial selection — Peculiar persistency among the women — The Jews a people, not a race — Religion as a factor in selection — Parallel between Jews and Armenians .... 368-400

Chapter XV. Eastern Europe: The Greek, The Turk, And The Slav; Magyars

AND ROUMANIANS.

Geography and topography of the Balkan peninsula — Comparison with Italy and Spain — Political role of the Slavs — Numerical importance of the Greeks and Turks (map) — Reasons for Turkish political supremacy — Mohammedans and Turks. Greece — Physical type of classical antiquity — Racial immigrations from the north— Evidence of Albanian and Slavic intermixture— Characteristics of the modern Greeks — Brunetness and classical features. The Slavs — Illyrians and Albanians — Bosnia and Servia — Physical individuality of the western Balkan peoples — Giantism, brachycephaly, and brunetness — Evidences of environmental disturbance. The Osmanli Turks —

Will

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Their linguistic affinities — Mongols and Finns — Turkomans — Their Alpine characteristics — The modern Turkish type not Asiatic— The Bulgarians— Their Finnic origin — Their geographical extension into Thrace and Macedonia. The Roumanians— Their geographical distribution (map) — Theories as to their linguistic origin — The Pindus Roumanians — Physical type of Bulgarians and Roumanians compared — Peculiar dolichocephaly of the lower Danubian Valley — Its significance in the anthropological history of Europe — Superficiality of political and national boundaries. The Hungarians — Geographical distribution (map) — The political problem — Origin of the Magyars — Linguistic affinity with the Finns — Physical characteristics— Head form and stature — Difficulties in their identification 401-435

Chapter XVI. Western Asia: Caucasia, Asia Minor, Persia, And India

Caucasia — The Caucasian theory of European origins — Its present absurdity — Linguistic heterogeneity of the region — All types of languages represented — Influence of physical environment producing “ contiguous isolation ” — Variability of head form (map) — Cranial deformation prevalent — Various types described— Lesghians — Circassians — Ossetes — Tatars.

Asia Minor and Mesopotamia — Its central position and nomadic peoples render study difficult — Distribution of languages— Duality of physical types — Iranian and Armcnoid peoples — Cranial deformation common — The Kurds — The Armenians— Evidence of artificial selection among the latter —

I heir social solidarity and purity of physical type — Religion as a factor in selection — Wide extension of the Armcnoid type — Its primitive occurrence — Its significance as a connecting link between Europe and Asia.

Persia — Absence of sharp segregation, as in Asia Minor —

1 lie environment described — Three subvarieties — The Semites — Azerbeidjian Tatars — Turkomans — Suzians.

India — Importance of the Pamir as dividing racial types — Hindoos and Galchas — Affinities between Turkomans and the Alpine race 436-452

Chapter XVII. European Origins: Race And Language ; The Aryan Question

The classical theory of an Aryan race— Importance of distinguishing race, language, and culture — Misconceptions due to their

CONTENTS.

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confusion — The Teutonic-Aryan school — The Gallic-Aryan theories.

Physical origins — Proof of secondary character of European races — Evidences of hair texture (map) — Lowest stratum of European population, long-headed and dark — Historical outline of opinions — Reversal of earlier theories of Lappish origins— The blond, long-headed, Teutonic type evolved by the influences of climate and artificial selection — Later appearance of the brachycephalic Alpine race, submerging its predecessor in many parts of Europe — Its Asiatic derivation doubtful — Difficulties to be cleared up.

Linguistic origins— Two modes of study — Structure versus root words — The original Asiatic hypothesis — Its philological disproof — Arguments based upon other primitive languages of Africa and Asia — The Finnic theory — Attacks upon the “ Stammbaum ” hypothesis — Net results of all observation —

The second mode of research based upon root words — Its fundamental defects — Variant conclusions among authorities — Impossibility of geographical localization of the Aryan centre.

453-485

CHAPTER XVIII. European origins ( continued ): race and culture

The indigenous culture of western Europe described — Recent change of opinion respecting its origin — Outline of the controversy— The Hallstatt civilization in eastern Europe — Its Oriental affinities — Situlce as illustrating its culture in detail —

The bronze and iron ages — Koban in the Caucasus — Olympia and Myceme — Human remains of the Hallstatt period — Their head form and racial affinities — Bronze culture and incineration— Difficulties in the interpretation of data — The Hallstatters probably of Mediterranean race — Comparison with the Umbrian people and those of the Lake Dwellings — The early civilizations in Italy — Their dual origin — Tcrramare and Palaftttc — Umbrians and Etruscans — The cultural status of northwestern Europe — Scandinavia consistently backward in civilization because of its remoteness and isolation — Extraneous origin of its people and culture — Its stone age unduly protracted. attaining a wonderful development thereby — The bronze age — Its chronological development — Bearing of this evidence upon the Aryan theories of the school of Penka — General summary of the question of European origins — The necessity of careful distinction of the phenomena and principles of race, language, and culture again emphasized . 486-512

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Chapter XIX

social problems: environment versus race.

PAGE

Hereditary forces as distinct from environmental ones — Importance of the latter — Examples of the climatic influences in cotton manufacture — The racial explanation peculiar to the “ anthropo-sociologists ” — Examination of the social geography of France as compared with the phenomena of race — Divorce and domestic organization, in how far Teutonic (map)

— Suicide as a racial characteristic (map) — Suicide in England also (map) — Correlative social phenomena, such as artistic and literary fecundity (maps) — Adequacy of purely environmental explanations — The social geography of Italy examined by the distribution of intellectuality, etc. — Overwhelming importance of the social environment and density of population — Progressive and conservative societies compared — The vital criteria of civilization — Further examination of the social geography of France — Statistics of “ home families ” (map) — Intricate nature of the problem — Certain environmental factors in evidence — Comparison of Brittany and Normandy — Political aptitudes and proclivities — Radicals and conservatives in France — The election of 1885 (map) — Potency of the influence of isolation — Isolation and competition fundamentally opposed — The modern phase is competition, especially in urban life.

513-536

CHAPTER XX. MODERN SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( continued ): STRATIFICATION AND URBAN

SELECTION.

Mobility of population all over Europe — Currents of internal migration— Powerful trend toward the cities — Recent wonderful development of urban centres — Twofold attractions, economic and social— Depopulation of the country — A process of selection at work — Hansen’s “ three population groups ” — Vital versus psychic classes — The comparative increase and distribution of each — Peculiar long-headedness of urban populations — Ammon s law — Universality of the phenomenon proved —

Its claim to a purely racial explanation— Is the Teutonic type peculiarly an urban one?— Or is the process one of social selection alone? — Temperament of the Alpine and Teutonic types compared— The phenomenon of re-emigration— The stature of urban populations — Conflicting testimony, yet general deficiency in height indicated— The phenomenon of segre-

CONTENTS.

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gation — Differentiation of the tall from the short — Social selection clearly proved in this respect — Relative brunetness of city populations almost universal — Brunetness as an index of vitality — Urban immigrants compared with urban “ persistents ” — Pigmentation and force — Further proof of the efficiency of social selection in this regard — Importance of the problem for the future 537_559

CHAPTER XXL

ACCLIMATIZATION : THE GEOGRAPHICAL FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN

RACES.

Threefold aspects of the problem of climatic adaptation — Its bearing and significance as applied -to tropical countries — Factors to be eliminated at the outset, such as change of habits of life, immorality, the choice of food, profession, or occupation, and finally race — Racial predispositions to disease — Consumption, syphilis, and alcoholism — The negro and Mongolian compared— Effects of racial intermixture — Vitality of half-breeds — Their lessened powers of resistance.

The physical elements of climate — Heat alone not a serious obstacle — Humidity the important factor — Heat and dampness together — Advantages of a variety of seasons — Benefits of altitude — Relative value of parts of Africa.

Physiological effects of a change of climate — Rise of bodily temperature in relation to immunity from tropical diseases — True physiological adaptation a slow process — The results of hygiene and sanitation — The effect of tropical climates upon fecundity — Inadequacy of proofs of sterility — Comparative aptitudes of European peoples — The handicap of the Teutonic race — Comparison of opinions of authorities — Racial acclimatization a slow process — Two modes outlined for a practical policy — Relative value and advantages of each described.