Parasites : a treatise on the entozoa of man and animals including some account of the ectozoa

Preface

My introductory treatise on the Entozoa having long been out of print, it occurred to me that instead of attempting another edition it would be better to write an entirely new work, employing only such fragmentary portions of the old treatise as would harmonise with the far wider design I have now in view. Whilst, therefore, I have freely utilised a selection of the illustrations given in the elementary volume, comparatively few of its pages have been incorporated in the present work.

Dealing with parasites and parasitism after a manner not hitherto attempted I have purposely omitted minute anatomical descriptions, and, with rare exceptions, I have avoided the introduction of clinical details. While bringing to a focus the records of, and principal references to, a widely scattered, intricate, and voluminous literature, it has been my chief endeavour to supply abundance of original matter of a kind that cannot be found in the columns of any existing treatise. Whether I have succeeded or not the experienced helminthologist alone can judge. He, at all events, will perceive that the summary, though compressed within the space of a moderate-sized octavo, can only have resulted from sustained effort.

This treatise is not professional, that is to say, it does not concern itself with therapeutics or the curative treatment of parasitic affections \ yet it introduces and helps to solve

VI

PREFACE many questions relating to epidemics, endemics, and epizootics due to parasites. The medical man who only looks at the phenomena of parasitism as displayed within the human territory must of necessity acquire a cramped, narrow, and distorted conception of the role played by parasites in the production of disease. Let it be freely granted that to the practising physician, as such, it matters little how many beasts, birds, reptiles, or fishes perish annually from parasitic affections ; yet, when it is demonstrable that a large proportion of the strictly human entozoa require a change of hosts-^or, in other words, need to pass through the bodies of the lower animals — then it is evident that some acquaintance on his part with the entozoa infesting animals becomes a practical necessity. Knowledge of the kind here offered will often materially aid him in recommending prophylactic measures. Moreover, the study of comparative pathology, almost ignored in England, conveys with it other lessons of high value in relation to the healing art. The great mind of John Hunter comprehended all this long ago, as any student of the beautiful preparations contained in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons may readily convince himself ; and this is all the more noteworthy, since the subject concerns the physician rather than the surgeon.

To the naturalist the second half of this book addresses itself in a very direct manner. When engaged in his dissections, an appeal to its pages will often enable him to decide at once as to the species of parasite accidentally encountered, and if a full diagnosis be demanded it will guide him to better sources of information. Many hundreds of correspondents, not having ready access to the systematic writings of Rudolphi, Diesing, and Dujardin, have requested me to identify their " finds." I have rarely or never failed to comply with their requests ; but it is hoped that the present work may prove of ready service to subsequent inquirers, and thus place a reasonable limit upon the number of future applicants. Since the manuscript of this work was completed I have received Dr von Linstow's Compendium

PREFACE

Vll der Helminthologie, which, for the purposes held in view by the author, leaves little to be desired.

Expressly to meet the requirements of the Sanitarian I have dwelt upon the developmental phenomena exhibited by those parasites that occasion fatal helminthiases ; and, in this relation, I have not confined my remarks to the parasites that are injurious to man in a direct manner, but have extended my observations to the genesis of those entozoa that prove destructive to horses, to beasts of burden generally, and to other creatures which, like cats and dogs, are in various ways subservient to man's wants. It will be seen that in this way several questions relating to the purity of water and fleshfood, respectively, have been incidentally brought under notice.

In view of the magnitude of the task which my enthusiasm, perhaps unwarrantable, has led me to undertake, I know full well how considerately my foreign friends and correspondents will deal with the errors of omission and commission that they will certainly detect in these pages. If there be any educated persons at home who still affect to despise the revelations of helminthology, I can assure them that their prejudices are misplaced. The study of the structure and economy of a humble parasite brings to the investigator no slight insight into the workings of nature. If these workings cannot at all times be pronounced to be " good and beautiful/' they must at least be characterised as " true." The knowledge of the true — especially if that knowledge by its practical applications be calculated to confer substantial benefits upon man and his inferior fellow- creatures — ought to be held in high esteem; but, apart from this purely utilitarian view, there remains for the investigator the delight occasioned by the in-rush of new scientific ideas. The average mind, being either essentially commercial or ridiculously sentimental, as the case may be, is totally incapable of comprehending the motive power that animates and guides the votary of science. The late Professor Faraday, a viii

PREFACE man wholly un tinged by the ambitions of wealth and power, once remarked to me that there were no people so difficult to instruct as those who were ignorant of their own ignorance. It is just these very persons who, when placed in high positions of social, political, or professional trust, most powerfully contribute to check a nation's progress. There are too few genuine workers at science in this country. As one of the rank and file, I claim only to have honestly contributed my mite. I should like to see a small army of helminthologists rise up and lay siege to the fortresses at present securely held by thousands of death-dealing parasites.

T. S. C.

74, Portsdown Road, London May, 187(J.

SYNOPSIS OE CONTENTS.

PAGE

General Introduction ... . 1

Section I. — Trematoda (Flukes) . . . . 14 „ II. — Cestoda (Tapeworms) . . . .56

„ III. — Nematoda (Roundworms and Threadworms) . 149 „ IV.-

Part I.— Acanthocephala (Thornheaded Worms) . 256 „ II. — Suctoria (Leeches) .... 257

„ III. — Arachnida (Parasitic forms of) . . 259

„ IV. — Crustacea (alleged Parasitic forms of) . 268

„ V. — Insecta (Parasitic forms of) . . . 269

,, VI. — Protozoa (Parasitic forms of) . . 276

Appendix (Statistics) ..... 284

Book II. Parasites Of Animals

Section I.— Parasites of Mammalia.

Part I. — Parasites of Quadrumana . . . 2S9

„ II. — Parasites of Cheiroptera . . . 293

III. — Parasites of Insectivora . . . 295

55 IY. — Parasites of Carnivora . . . 297

„ V.— Parasites of Pinnipedia . . . 313

„ VI. — Parasites of Rodentia . . . 315

„ VII.— Parasites of Edentata . . . 320

„ VIII. — Parasites of Ruminantia . . . 322

„ IX. — Parasites of Solidungula . . . 356

„ X. — Parasites of Pachydermata . . . 393

„ XI. — Parasites of Cetacea and Sirenia . . 416

„ XII.— Parasites of Marsupialia and Monotremata . 430

„ II. — Parasites of Aves .... 434

III.— Parasites oe Reptilia . . . 451

„ IV. — Parasites of Pisces .... 457

,, V. — Parasites of Evertebrata . . . 480

Appendix (Hsgmatozoa) . 485

LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

PAG B

No. 1. General and systematic treatises

2. Minor treatises, general memoirs, and monographs

3. Literature of Fasciola hepatica in man .

4. Distoma lanceolatum in man

5. „ crassam

6. „ sinense

7. ,, conjunctum in man

8. ,, heterophy cs .

9. ,, ophthahnobium

10. Tetrastoma and Hexathyridium .

11. Amphistoma hominis .

12. Bilharzia hcematobia .

13. Taenia mediocanellata and the beef-measle

14. „ solium and the pork-measle

15. tenella and the mutton-measle

16. „ lophosoma

18. Tapeworm varieties and monstrosities .

19. Bothriocephalic latus, B. cordatus, and I?, crislatus 20 a. General literature of hydatids (English)

b. Hydatids of the liver

c. „ and other organs together

d. Liver hydatids. American cases

e. Hydatids of the lungs and pleura /. „ of the kidney

g. of the spleen, omentum, and abdominal cavity

h. ,, within the pelvic cavity

i. ,, of the heart and blood-vessels h. „ of the brain and cranial cavity I. „ of the bones

m. ,, of the breast, muscles, and soft parts

n. „ of uncertain seat

o. „ of animals

p. in man. Foreign literature .

21. Trichina spiralis. English literature „ Foreign literature

LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES

XI

PAGE

Trichocephalus dispar

. 180

Filaria Bancrofti (F. sanguinis hominis) .

. 202

Supplement (Hsematozoa)

. 488

Filaria loa .

. 206 lentis ....

. 206 a

labialis ....

. 207 jj

trachealis and F. bronchialis

. 208

Eustrongylus (Strongylus) gigas

. 210

Dochmius duodenalis ....

. 216

Dracunculus medinensis

. 224

Oxyuris vermicularis ....

. 232

Leptodera (Anguillula) stercoralis and L. intestinalis

. 235

Ascaris mystax ....

. 241 lumbricoides ....

. 251

Echinorhynchus gigas ....

. 257

Sangu

isuga medicinalis and other leeches

. 259

Pentastoma tcenioides and P. constrictum .

. 265

Demodex, Sarcoptes, and other Arachnidan ectozoa

. 268

Gammarus pulex in man

. 269

Bugs, lice, and other insect parasites of man

. 275

Psorospermice, Gregarinte, and other protozoa

. 283

Entozoa of monkeys ...»

. 293 and ectozoa of bats

. 295 of insectivorous mammals

. 297 a

of carnivorous mammals

. 310 j»

of seals ....

. 315 jj

of rodents ....

. 320 of sloths and ant-eaters

. 322 of ruminants

. 352 and ectozoa of solipeds

. 389 jj

„ of elephants

. 400 jj

of rhinoceroses

. 402 jj

of the hippopotamus and tapir .

. 403 jj

and ectozoa of swine .

. 414 jj

of whales, dolphins, and dugongs

. 429 jj

of marsupial animals .

. 434 jj

and ectozoa of birds . . *.

. 448 jj

of reptiles ....

. 456 jj

and ectozoa of fishes .

. 477 jj

of insects, crustaceans, and mollusks

. 484

ERRATUM.

Page 296, line 24 from the top, for " in the glow-worm (Glomeris)" read " in a myriapod (Olomeris) which is phosphorescent like the glow-worm."

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PARASITES

Introduction

No person can derive advantage from the study of parasites unless the subject be approached in a right frame of mind. In other words, the student of helminthology must, as a primary discipline, dispossess himself of all preconceived opinions whatsoever, and in an attitude of child-like simplicity seek truth for its own sake. Unless the mind be absolutely free and unfettered it cannot rightly interpret the facts of this peculiar department of biological science. Those students who are nervously anxious to reconcile the conclusions of modern science with the ideas of their forefathers are certain to remain just as ignorant of the true value and significance of nature-teachings as all their fathers were.

Whether dealing with the external or internal forms, the study of parasites of man and animals is practically one of boundless extent ; and there is probably no department of knowledge, possessing an equal value in relation to the welfare of man and beast, that is so thoroughly misunderstood by those who are directly concerned in the appreciation of its revelations. This has arisen from a total misconception as to cause and effect. Most people, not excluding even the votaries of the healing art, following tradition, regard the internal parasites or entozoa as creatures either directly resulting from certain diseased conditions of their hosts or as organisms which would not have existed if their hearers had been perfectly healthy. Nothing can be more absurd. Such a conclusion is utterly at variance with all logical deduction from known facts. It is, however, quite on a par with multitudes of other popular delusions which, in spite of the advance of science, will probably never become wholly eradicated from the public mind. People who hold these notions either cannot or do not desire to reject a view which has for them a dominating power almost equal to that of any known religious dogma. In conversation I have repeatedly noticed this to be the case. These people are the victims of educated ignorance and they will never allow that parasites are natural developments, accomplishing ends or parts of the orderly mystery which reigns everywhere. Some of them still cling to the creed that the presence of parasites, of internal ones at least, betokens evidence of Divine disfavor ; and their minds are troubled with all sorts of distressing and childish conceptions. In the present age one would have thought that such ridiculous ideas could not be seriously maintained ; but instead of being relegated to the limbo of similar " old wives' fables " they dominate the opinions of thousands of our so-called educated people. The genuine searcher after truth does not need to be told that all preconceptions of this order hopelessly obscure the mental vision. They operate to render a just and adequate understanding of the science of helminthology impossible. The biologist may say what he lists, but he knows perfectly well that the superstitious mind will continue to ignore the precious and elevating results of scientific research, and that it will perseveringly continue to persuade itself that internal worms, parasites, and entozoa, of whatever kind, belong to the category of <c plagues" liable to be distributed as special punishments for human wrong-doing.

As remarked in my previous treatise, the best way of studying the entozoa is to regard them as collectively forming a peculiar fauna, destined to occupy an equally peculiar territory. That territory is the wide-spread domain of the interior of the bodies of man and animals. Each bearer or <( host " may be viewed as a continent, and each part or viscus of his body may be regarded as a district. Each district has its special attractions for particular parasitic forms ; yet, at the same time, neither the district nor the continent are suitable as permanent restingplaces for the invader. None of the internal parasites " continue in one stay all have a tendency to roam ; migration is the soul of their prosperity ; change of residence the essential of their existence ; whilst a blockade in the interior soon terminates in degeneration and death. I repeat it. The entozoa constitute a specialised fauna. What our native country is to ourselves, the bodies of animals are to them. To attack, to invade, to infest, is their legitimate prerogative. Their organisation, habits, and economy are expressly fashioned to this end. How remarkable and complex is their structure, and how peculiar, diverse, and varied are their ways and wanderings, the contents of this volume will, I trust, sufficiently explain. The puerile horror which even some scientific persons affect to display in regard to the subject is altogether out of place. To the rightly balanced mind the study of these much abused cc worms " is just as attractive as any other section of zoology. Helminthology opens up to our view many of the strangest biological phenomena of which the human mind can take cognisance ; whilst a profound and extended knowledge of the subject, in all its bearings, is calculated to secure to the community a rich practical reward by enabling us to do effectual battle with not a few of the many ills of life to which our flesh is heir.

Further on the general advantages to be derived from the study of parasites I cannot here dilate, and it becomes the less necessary that I should do so, since I have entered upon the subject very fully elsewhere. The character of the present work, moreover, imposes brevity. If the plan which I now propose to follow should not be deemed altogether satisfactory from the purely zoological standpoint, it will nevertheless have the advantage of simplicity and novelty ; and knowing full well the difficulties that must surround any attempt to give a perfect classification of the entozoa, considered as a natural group, I feel sure that my helminthological friends will credit me with exercising a wise discretion in selecting the simplest available method of arrangement. My plan, therefore, is to devote separate sections of this work to the parasites of the different classes of vertebrated animals, including man, treating of the various species in regular succession. This arrangement is merely one of convenience and has no reference whatever to conceptions of zoological equivalency as variously interpreted and maintained by authors and investigators. The parasitic groups will be taken up in the following order, quite irrespective of their relative importance, and also without any attempt to treat each group with equal fulness. In the matter of recent literature only will the present record and summary make any approach toward completeness, my hope being to render this treatise indispensable and trustworthy as a ready means of reference.

I. Flukes. Trematoda. — This group embraces several families of parenchymatous worms. The various species exhibit one or more suckers,, which the older naturalists regarded as so many mouths or perforations. Hence the ordinal title. The term fluke is of Saxon origin, meaning anything flat. Thus, it has been applied to sole-fish or flounders, to the flattened halves of the tail of cetaceans, to the blades of anchors, and so forth. Although the common liver fluke is flat, many species of the order are round, biconvex, or even filiform organisms. I recognise six families : — Monostomdda, Distomidm, AmphistomidcBj Tristomidce, Polystomida, and Gyrodactylida. Most of the species are entozoal; but many adhere to the surface of the body of piscine hosts.

II. Tapeworms. Cestoda. — This comprises not only the tapeworms, but also the measles and other bladder-worms or cystic Entozoa of the old authors (Cystica). The Greek word hestos means a band or girdle ; hence the ordinal term above given. The bladder- worms, including Hydatids, Cysticerci, &c, are the larval stages of growth of various tapeworms. The further reduction of this order into sub-orders or families requires careful attention. At present we have Tceniadce, Acanthotaniada, Dibothridce (=BothriocephalidcB) , Diphyllobothrida, Tetrarhynchida, and Tetraphyllobothrida. All the genera and species are entozoal. The proposal to separate the snouted or proboscidiform tapeworms (RhynchotaeniacUeJ from those in which the rostellum is absent (Arhynchotaniada) does not recommend itself to my judgment.

III. Roundworms. Nematoda. — This series comprises not only lumbricoid or roundworms proper, but also threadworms. The term derives its origin from the Greek word nema, signifying a thread. It likewise includes the strongyles, the term strongulos meaning round or cylindrical. This is a very extensive group whose parasitic members are strictly entozoal, whilst the non-parasitic forms are either entirely free or they infest plants. Some of the so-called free nematoids live in the slime of animals. The artificial classification by Schneider, based on the muscular system, places these parasites in three well-marked groups, but I think it a disadvantage to separate widely many really closely allied forms. Thus, in his Polymyarii we have the genus Eustrongylus, and in his Meromyarii the Strongyli proper. Most of the genera may be fairly included in the following families : — Ascarida, Cheiracanthida, Oucullanida,

IV. Thornheaded-worms. Acanthocephala. — This group embraces a small series of parasites, which, in general appearance, resemble the nematode worms. They differ, however, essentially, being, as the term indicates, furnished with spinecovered heads. They are, moreover, destitute of digestive organs. The species are entozoal in habit, abounding particularly in fishes and reptiles. At present, all the known forms are included in one family (Echinorhynchidce), which also comprises only a single genus.

V. Annelid parasites. Suctoria. — In this category one must place all such suctorial annelids as affix themselves to hosts for a longer or shorter period. Many of the leech-like parasites (Clepsinida, and especially Mallacobdellida) remind one of certain flukes (Tristoma, &c.) possessing ectozoal habits ; whilst the leeches, properly so called, afford instances of the passage from a semi-parasitic to what has been called the free parasitic mode of existence. In tropical countries these creatures very readily attach themselves to man and animals, often creating severe distress. The genera Clepsine and Hcemocharis attack mollusks and fishes respectively. The species are all ectoparasitic and exceedingly numerous. They cannot be described in this work.

VI. Arachnid parasites. Arachnida (part of). — The great class of articulated, limb-jointed, or, more strictly, arthropodous animals, includes a variety of parasites. The mites, true ticks, and such like creatures, belong to this group. Some few of them are entozoal in habit, others are only partially so, whilst the majority are entirely ectozoal. Of the two great sections of Arachnida, namely, Pulmonaria and Trachearia, the latter alone contains strictly parasitic forms. The parasitic species belong to the following families : — Pentastomidce, Pycnogonidce, Ixodida, Acaridce, Gamasidce, Hydrachnidce, Solpugida. The parasitism of some of the species is very partial or slight. Thus, certain of the water mites, in their juvenile state, dwell on aquatic insects only ; and the tick-like Gamasidte occur upon dung-beetles. The other ectozoal species attack vertebrated animals, and Several attach themselves to man himself. The whale lice (Gyamida) are here included in the Pycnogonidce , though often placed by zoologists with the Crustaceans.

VII. Crustacean paeasites. Crustacea (part of). — A large number of species belonging to various well-marked sections of this great class of Invertebrates are parasitic in their habits, most of them being comprised in the so-called haustellated group. They are familiarly known to zoologists as Epizoa. As this latter term implies, they are strictly ectozoal in character, most of the species victimising fishes by attaching themselves, not only to the general surface of the body, but also to the eyes, and especially to the gills or branchiae. The species for the most part belong to the families Lemeeida , Galigida, Dichelestid(e, and Argulidce. In this category must likewise be placed two other families belonging to the so-called isopodous section of edriophthalmatous crustaceans. These are the Gymothoidae, which attach themselves to the tails of fishes, and the Bopyrida, which occupy the branchial cavity of shrimps. The nature of this work precludes any detailed notice of the numerous members of this section,

VIII. Insect parasites. Insecta (part of). — The insects, properly so called (that is to say, arthropodous, evertebrated creatures, with six legs), are many of them essentially parasitic in their habits. The most important of these are " bots 33 and other larvae or maggots of various flies (Diptera). The varieties of lice are also included in this group. Some few of the insect parasites are strictly entozoal in habit, at least for a part of their lifetime, being previously attached externally for a short period only. Most of the forms are essentially ectozoal. A very large number of insect tormentors, although deriving nourishment from their victims, attach themselves to the animals for so short a time that they cannot be classed as parasites under the ordinary acceptation of the term. As examples of the so-called free parasitism, the autumnal flies (Tabanida) and Stomoxys may be cited. Although embracing but few strictly parasitic forms we have the following • — (Estridcs, Hippoboscidce (with Melophagus), and Nycteribiidce. In regard to the maggots of Muscida and Sarcophagi, some of them are parasitic on animals and man, whilst others are parasitic upon insects themselves. The larvae of Gonojpidce attack humble-bees internally. Those parasitic insects, properly so called, which, like certain of the crustaceans, are sometimes spoken of as epizoa, comprise three well-marked families. Thus, we have Pediculidae (the source of lousiness), Pliilofpterid(E) and Liotheida, Both of the latter embrace numerous species which for the most part content themselves with devouring the feathers of birds and the hairs of quadrupeds. In addition to these it may be added that some of the rat-tailed larvae or Helophilus maggots (Syrpkidae) are parasitic in man and quadrupeds, as are also the larvae of the churchyard beetle (Blajjtidce) . The closely allied Tenebrionidce and other coleopterous families also supply various maggots possessed of parasitic habits. Fleas and bugs come under Van Beneden's category of free parasites. This is equivalent to calling them non-parasitic parasites, an expression which looks very like a contradiction of terms.

IX. Protozoal Parasites. Protozoa (part of.) — This miscellaneous assemblage of minute creatures embraces a number of parasites of very low organisation. In the present work it is neither desirable nor necessary to hazard any statements respecting their precise zoological position. It is sufficient to say that the parasitic protozoa are for the most part entozoal in habit, not a few of them possessing vegetable affinities. The microscopic Bacterid®, Gregarinidce, and Psorospermice, comprise a multitude of organisms which are strictly parasitic in their habits, whilst amongst the Infusoria we find numerous forms which, though dwelling in the intestinal canal of their hosts, do not derive nourishment in a direct manner from their bearers. Of this kind are Paramecium and Balantidium. The separation of the psorosperrnias and gregarinse into genera is attended with difficulty ; nevertheless, I have for convenience long recognised various types under titles corresponding with the names of the observers who first discovered them (Hesslingia, Gubleria, Lin derm annia, and so forth). Of necessity, the protozoal parasites will only be incidentally noticed in this work. In this category I place the falsely so called <c cattle-plague bodies." The micrococci and bacteria hardly come within the province of the helminthologist.

Without prejudice to the foregoing restrictions I must at the same time observe that the Varied characters presented by the above-mentioned groups show how impossible it is to treat the subject of parasitism adequately, if one is obliged to confine his remarks to the internal parasites or helminths proper. Many creatures possessed of entozoal and ectozoal habits are parasites in every legitimate sense of the term, and yet they do not belong to the class Helmintha in its common zoological acceptation. That class taken by itself may still be allowed to stand pretty much as I represented it in 1864; but in the present work I cease to speak of the Entozoa as in any sense the zoological equivalent of the Helmintha. I prefer to employ the term Entozoa in its popular and wider acceptation. It conveniently stands thus, moreover, in direct contradiction to the term Ectozoa.

As this work treats of parasites only, I purposely refrain from dealing with the Turbellarians, and certain other creatures usually classed with Vermes* The vague term " worms/' so often employed as the equivalent of Helmintha, is misleading in many ways. I should like to see it adopted only when speaking of the Annelids proper. It would still have a sufficiently wide application, seeing that it would include Leeches, Earth-worms, Naids, Tubed- worms, Sea-lobworms, Sea-mice, Nereids, and a host of other setigerous species. Notwithstanding the remote connection subsisting between " intestinal worms'" and worms properly so called, the notion that an intimate relation subsists between the lumbricoid helminths and earth-worms will probably never entirely disappear from the popular or even from the professional mind.

Since one of the principal features of this treatise is to afford a handy means of reference to the rich and extended literature of parasitism, I here subjoin a list of general and systematic treatises. To most of these I shall constantly refer. Pull special references to detached memoirs will appear in the bibliographies scattered throughout the body of the work.

Bibliography (No. 1). — Bremser, ( Ueber lebende Wiirmer im lebenden Menschen/ Vienna, 1819 ; French edit., by Grundler, 1824. — Idem, ( Icones helminthium/ Vienna, 1824. — Cobbold, T. 8., ' Entozoa, an Introduction to the Study of Helminthology, with reference more particularly to the Parasites of Man/ London, 1864; Supp., 1869. — Reviews in the e Lancet/ Sept. 24th, 1864, p. 353; in the < Med. Times and Gaz./ Oct. 29th, 1864, p. 474; in the ' Athenasum/ Oct. 15th, 1864, p. 493; in ' Cosmos/ Oct. 27th, 1864, p. 463 ; in the 'Reader/ Nov. 26th, 1864, p, 668 ; in the ' Edinburgh Vet. Review/ Nov.,

1864, p. 662 ; in ' Intellectual Observer/ vol. vi, 1864, p. 190 ; in the ( Quarterly Journal of Science/ No. v, January, 1865, p. 145 ; in the ( Quart. Journ. of Micr. Science/ New Series, No. 17, Jan., 1865, p. 43; in 1 Popular Science Review/ Jan.,

1865, p. 214; in the < Veterinarian/ Feb., 1865, p. 97; in the ( Medical Mirror/ Jan., 1865, p. 23; in the c Natural History

Review' for July, 1865 ; in the 'British and Foreign Medico- Chirurgical Review/ April, 1865, in the f Edinburgh Medical Journal ' for April, p. 929 ; in the ' Social Science Review' for Feb. 1, 1866, p. 169 ; in ' Dublin Quart. Journ. of Medical Science' for Aug., 1867. — Davaine, C, e Traite des Entozoaires et des maladies vermineuses de l'homme et des animaux domestiques/ Paris, 1860, 2nd edit., 1877-79.— Diesing, G. If., ' Systema helminthum/ Vienna, 1850. — Dujardin, F., ' Histoire naturelle des helminthes ou vers intestineaux/ Paris, 1845. — Goeze, T. A. S., ' Yersuch einer JSTaturgeschichte der Eingeweidewiirmer thierischer Korper/ Blankenburgh, 1782. — Kuchenmeister, F., ' Die in und an dem Korper des lebenden Menschen vorkommenden Parasiten/ Leipsic, 1855, 2nd. edit., 1878-79 ; Eug. edit., by Lankester, 1857.— Le Glerc, D.} <A Natural and medicinal History of Worms bred in the bodies of men and other animals' (sic), Browne's edit., London, 1721. — Leuckart, R., ' Die menschlichen Parasiten, und die von ihren herruhrenden Krankheiten,' Leipsic und Heidelberg, 1863-1876. — Bedi, F., ' De animalculis vivis quae in corporibus animalium vivorum reperiuntur, observationes / Coste's edition, Anistelasdami, 1688. — Rudolphi, G. A.} ' Entozoorum sive vermium intestinalium historia naturalis,' Amsterdam, 1808. — Idem, 'Entozoorum Synopsis/ Berlin, 1819. — Van Beneden, P. J., 'Animal Parasites and Messmates/ London, 1876.