The Autobiography of a Journalist

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Preface

The assumption by a man thai his Kfe is worth the venture of a record in the form of an Autobvography^ suggests a degree of seif^tmceH which my life does not justify and which I am not guilty of On my own initiatioe it would never have occurred io me thai i would be worth the publication^ and the first suggestion thai I should write it, coming from a man of such experiemu in books and such a judgment of men as the late Oscar B. Hou^don} was as much of a surprise to me as my book can be to any one. The impression it made on me was so vivid thai I have never forgotten the least detail of the occasion on which U was made, I had gone with Mr. Houghton and his daughters to the vUla of Hadrian, near Tiuoli, and wandering idly, and not in the spirit of crude sight-seeing, amongst the rums on a lovely autumn morning, I was led to talk of myself and my experiences more than I am wont to do. ** You should writeyour life,'* said he, knowing better than most men what books are read, and with a tone of authority which determined me that if ever I came to a pause in my life in which the past amid be safely preferred to the present, I would set about it. Had I at an earlier date entertained such a project, I should ketve preserved many documents and data now lost, and have been able to write more precisely of some things more important than my personal adventures. But in that part of my life in which events of definite public interest occurred, I have ample record made at the time — for what is peculiar to me, and of

vi PREFACE

relativtfy irivial momeni — daUs and the order of going are of Uitle importance. It occurred to me thai a human document^ in which the development of a mind from the archaic condition of New England Puritanism to freedom of thought, by the cvoIuf' tionary process and without revulsions^ honestly and unreservedly toU, might be worth doing, as far as it was essential to follow the working out of the result. I have told my stoty frankly and without consideration of my own dignity. This for personalities.

Orthodox journalists may object to my styling myself one of them. In my multifarious occupations and random life I have, as I see when I look back, found my highest utility, and rendered my most serious services to humanity, in my occupation as jour^ naHst — cUl the rest was fringe and failure. If I have been of use to anybody, it was in connection with, or through my position on, the Press. And ii would be ungrateful and dishonest if I should omit to bear my testimony to the noble character and services to humanity of that great journal to which the most of my strength for more than twenty years of the best period of my life has been given. If ever I have had a noble impulse aroused by wrongs that came to my knowledge during the course of the years in which I served ii, a good cause to defend or an abuse to attack, the Times has never refused to give me room to tell my story; I have never been expected to conform my views to those of the office, nor have I ever done so, and I consider ii the greatest honour that has ever come to me to have been so long in its service, and to have maintained the confidence of its directum.

To my critics much that I have told may seem trivial. I do not quite know what might interest others. I had hardty be^ lieved that my life could interest, as a whole, a public that does not know me, and in default of any criterion by whwh to estimate the value of its details, I can only select such items as seemed most important to me, or had a marked effect on the shaping of it. I have told things that wiU seem trite to Americafis, others

PREFACE vii

that are commonplace to Englishmen; but it must be remembered thai I have undertaken to address two publics.

In affixing portraits of myself to the book^ I have yielded my own judgment to that of my friends and my publishers. To me flf seems a vanity for one to offer his likeness to a public which cannot be supposed yet to have become interested in him^ and that that should follow the awakening of the interest. The drawing by Rossetti was done when we were living together at Robertsbridge m 1870, and he considered it one of his best heads — that wHl give it an interest to many who will not be interested in the originaL I would only entrust the interpretation of it to my good friend^ T. Cole^ the ablest^ to my mind, of living wood-engravers, and his rendering of it, done con amore, is a tour de force quite unsurpassed by anything he has ever done, in its extraordinary fidelify even to the least important tedmical qualities of the drawing. That by my daughter was done after the completion of the book in 1900.

DSSPDKNE, FRIMLBY GRBBN,

January 1901.

VOL. I.

Contents

PAGB

Preface v

CHAT.

Chapter I A New England Mother And Her Family

A THEORY is advanced by some students of character that in what concerns the formation of the individual nature, the shaping and determination of it in the plastic stage, and especially in respect to the moral elements on which the stability and purpose of a man's life depend, a man is indebted to his mother, for good or for ill. The question is too abstruse for argument, but, so far as my own observation goes, it tends to a confirmation of the theory. I have often noticed in children of friends that in childhood the likeness to the mother was so vivid that one found no trace of the father, but that in maturity this likeness disappeared to give place to that of the father. In my own case, taking it for what it is worth, I can only wish that the mother's part had been more enduring, not that I regret the effect of my father's influence, but because I think my mother had some qualities from ^rtijch my best are derived, and which I should like to see completely carried out in the life of a man, while I recognise in a certain vagarious tendency in my father the probable hereditary basis of the inconstancy of purpose and pursuit which may not have deprived my

VOL. I. A life of interest to others, but which has made it comparatively barren of practical result. As a study of a characteristic phase of New England life which has now entirely disappeared, I believe that a picture of her and her family will be of interest to some readers.

In my oldest brother, Thomas B. Stillman, known in the last generation as the chief of the steam engineering of his day in the United States, the mentor of that profession, I can see more of my mother than in any other of the six brothers. He inherited, like all of us, his father's mechanical tendency and inventiveness, and added to it a persistency and constancy of purpose peculiarly hers, which none of the other children inherited to the same extent ; and he had in its fullness the devotional sentiment, the absorption in religious duties, as the chief motive in life, which was her ruling passion — for passion it was in her — the hanging on the Cross of everything she most valued in life.

My mother, Eliza Ward Maxson, was born in Newport, Rhode Island, on September ii, 1783, my father being seven years her senior. The childhood of both was, therefore, surrounded by the facts and associations of the war of American independence. He, in fact, as I have heard him say, was born under the rule of the King of England, and his father considered the Revolution so little justified that to the day of his death he refused to recognise the government of the United States ; but, living a quiet life on his farm, he was never disturbed by the pressure which exiled the noted and active Tories.

My mother's earliest recorded ancestor was a John Maxson, one of the band of Roger Williams, driven by the Puritans out of Massachusetts into the wilder parts of ''Rhode Island and Providence Plantations," where — in the absence of all established law, as well as government— « they might worship God in the way their consciences dictated, free from the restrictions on the liberty of conscience imposed by the Pilgrim Fathers. There, at last, complete freedom of dissent was found, and one of the consequences was that the colony became a sort of field for Christian dialectics, where the most extreme doctrines on all points of Christian belief were discussed without more serious results of the odium theologicum than the building of many meeting-houses and the multiplication of sects. Among these sects was one which played an important part in the local theology of that day and for many years afterward, that known as the '' Seventh-Day Baptist," to which, it seems, John Maxson belonged. It was not a new invention of the colonists, but had existed in England since the days of early dissent, and it is possible that John Maxson had brought the doctrine with him from England. Adhering to the practice of baptism by immersion, the sect also maintained the immutable obligation of the Seventh-Day Sabbath of the Ten Commandments, the Jewish day of rest.

The grave disabilities imposed on them in Massachusetts by the obligatory abstention from labour on two days, on one day by conscience and the other by the rigorous laws of the Puritans, made Roger Williams's little state a paradise for the Sabbatarians, and the sect flourished greatly in it, while the social isolation consequent on the practice of contracting marriages only in their church membership — made imperative if family dissensions were to be avoided on a question of primary importance to that conununity, which had sacrificed all worldly advantages to what it believed to be obedience to the Word of God — at once knit together their church in closer relations, and drew to it others from the outside, attracted by the magnetism of this ascetic faith.

Amongst the emigrants from England on the Restoration were a family by the name of Stillman, who, having had relations with the regicides, went into what was then the most obscure and remote part of New England and settled at Wethersfield, in Connecticut. One of the brothers, George, hearing of this strange doctrine denying the sanctity of the '< Lord's Day," came to Newport to convert the erring brothers ; but, convinced by them, remained in the colony, where he became a shining light. Thus it happened that both lines of my ancestry became involved in the mystic bonds of a faith which was shut o£F in a peculiar manner from all around them. The doctrinal isolation of the sect, I fear, made much for self-righteousness. In their eyes it was this Sabbath observance which maintained continuity between the Christian church and the institutions imposed in Paradise, and therefore made them peculiarly the people of God. This amiable fanaticism, fervent without being uncharitable, interfered in nowise with the widest exercise of Christian sympathy with other sects, the observance of the Seventh-Day Sabbath not being held as an essential to godliness or to Christian fellowship, the nonobservance being possibly only due to ignorance, so that the relations of the historic First Seventh -Day Baptist Church at Newport with the churches observing the <' Lord's-Day Sabbath " were always most kindly. The meeting>house occupied by the Sabbatarians on the seventh day was occupied by one of the Sundayobserving sects on the first, and the preachers of one often officiated for the other. But the worldly advantage enjoyed by the Sunday keeper was so considerable that all who did not hold to the finest scruple of conscience in their conduct passed over to the majority, and were excluded from the communion as a precaution against the

Sunday keepers becoming a majority in the church and taking it away from the Sabbath keepers, as did actually occur with one of their congregations in Vermont. In our community generally there was a most scrupulous avoidance of any occupation on Sunday which might annoy those who held it as Sabbath, and though in the State of New York the laws were extremely liberal in this respect, my father in my boyhood always made it a point not to allow in his workshop any work which would be heard by the neighbours.

The absolute freedom of religious belief and practice, for the first time found in this colony, had, as its first effect, the banishment of all forms of sectarian persecution, so that the maxim of the Broad Church — ** Freedom in non-essentials '' — ^was here put in practical activity to an extent probably never before known in the Christian world.

It can be readily understood that this continual selection of the most scrupulous consciences, the closest thinkers, and the least worldly characters in the church of my ancestors must have developed a singularly fine and cutting-edge temper in its adherents, and the succession of generations of men and women who had graduated in the school of Scripture dialectics, and knew every text and its various interpretations, made a community of Bible disputants such as even Massachusetts could not show.

Amongst the refugees for religious liberty who found their billet at Newport were many Jews, between whom and the Sabbatarians the community of the Sabbath was a strong tie, and amongst the formulas of prayer in use, even down to my own boyhood, I remember a common petition for the restoration of Israel ; and the Sabbatarian eye of prophecy looked forward to the day when, in the peace of the millennium, the Jews in Jerusalem should be the witnesses of the faith of the Seventh-Day Baptist Church in the keeping alive the observance of the Eden repose initiated by the Creator. Amongst my own earliest personal recollections concerning Newport is that of a long visit of some Jewish friends of my mother's girlhood, who lived there, to my father's house in Schenectady.

My mother's grandfather, on her mother's side, was a clergyman. Elder Bliss, who, though a non-combatant, was a fiery patriot, two of whose sons were in the Revolutionary army. His house was in a valley under the fort held by the British force in occupation, between whose guns and those of a battery held by the rebels there was occasional firing, during which the balls sometimes went through the house, so that when the first shot was heard he used to order all the family down into the cellar, which afforded a valid protection. The girls of the household were patriots, in whom zeal often overran discretion, and the pranks they played on the British officers must sometimes have tasked the gentlemen in the latter to a point on the limits of endurance. I remember one incident recounted by my grandmother to my mother, and by her to me, in which two of the girls stole past the sentry in the British fort, or battery, for I could never learn exactly what was the nature of these two outposts of authority and rebellion, and, running the flag down, tore it into thirteen stripes and ran it up again and escaped unseen. This insult brought the whole force about their ears, and the commandant came, with his staff, to question the household if any clue to it could be found. Fortunately, when the girls had come back from their expedition and went giggling in their glee to their mother, she suspected some dangerous venture, and peremptorily ordered them to hold their tongues and not come to her with any of their mischief. She was thus able to reply to the officer charged with the inquisition that she knew nothing of the matter, and such was the rigid obligation of the truth in that Puritan community that even the danger of a courtmartial would not have induced her to tell a falsehood, however the truth might compromise the family. The officers, who well knew their sometime hosts, were so well assured of this that the seniors were at once acquitted, and, regarding the girls, they were too gentlemanly to posh an inquiry which might have punished a childish freak with the gravest military consequences, for, as the officer on the quest said, '' Even its being a woman would not protect the author of such a grave insult to the flag." Irrepressible as they were, in spite of the danger they had so narrowly escaped, they, not much later, stole the sword of one of the officers when they were all temporarily quartered on the preacher, and, when the island was evacuated by the British forces, brought it out and gave it to the brother, an officer in the American army.

A feat of practical housewifery, which my mother used to tell of, shows another side of the Rhode-Islander, which is not less illustrative of the stock. One of the boys of the pastor's family volunteered, or was drawn, in the militia for active service ; but, as he had no clothes fit for the camp, the sisters had a black and white sheep brought from the pasture and clipped, and within twenty-four hours had spun, woven, and made up a suit of mixed grey clothes for the brother to go to the war in. No doubt such things have been done in many another home, even in later times, but this is the home I have to deal with, and in this my mother grew up. She was the eldest of a family of five, left motherless when she was sixteen. Her father was the director of the smallpox hospital in Newport, then an institution of grave importance to the community, as the practice of obligatory inoculation prevailed, and all the young people of the colony had to go up in classes to the hospital and pass the ordeal. Her mother's death left her the matron of the hospital and caretaker of her sister and brothers, and the stories of her life at that time, which she told me now and then, showed that, with the position, she assumed the effective authority, and ruled her brothers with a severity which my own experience of her maturer years enables me to understand. *^ Spare the rod and spoil the child " was the maxim which flamed in the air before every father and mother of that New England, and my mother's physical vigour at sixty, when her conception of authority began to relax — I being then a lad six feet high, and indisposed to physical persuasion — satisfied me that when her duty had required her to assume the responsibility bequeathed her by her mother, she was fully competent to meet it.

Accustomed to the hardest life, the most rigid economy in the household, and without servants, for, except rare and lately emancipated negro slaves, there was no servile class in that colony, the children had to perform all the duties pertaining to the daily life, official or private ; and my mother was able to pull an oar or manage the sail-boat with her brothers, and catch the horses and ride them bareback from pasture, when necessary for the daily work, which was not insignificant ; for Newport was really the seaport of that section of the State, and as it was on an island of importance, the intercourse with the mainland called for sea and land service* The boys were all fishermen, for a large part of the subsistence of the family came from the fishing-grounds outside the harbour, and, as the oldest brother took early to the sailer's life, my mother had to assume a larger share of all the harder services. The hospital was also the quarantine station, and received all the cases of smallpox which came to the port, and they must have been many and fatal, for I have heard her say that she had to go the rounds of the hospital at night, and that there would sometimes be five or six dead in the deadroom at once.

The first acquaintance of my parents with each other was made in the inoculating class, my father being resident in Westerly, a town of Rhode Island on the borders of Connecticut. The marriage must have taken place about two years later, on the second marriage of my grandfather Maxson to the daughter of Samuel Ward, one of the leading delegates from Rhode Island to the convention which drew up and promulgated the Declaration of Independence.^ Their early days of married life must have been passed in an extreme frugality, for my father was one of a large number of children, and, brou^t up on a farm, learned the trade of ship-carpenter, which he alternated, as was generally the habit of the yoong men of the New England coast, with fishing on the banks of Newfoundland in the cod-fishing season. Having, in addition, a share of the Yankee inventiveness, he became interested in the perfecting of a fullingmachine, to introduce which into what was then the West, he made a temporary residence in New York State, at the old Dutch town of Schenectady, at that time the entrepot of commerce between the Eastern cities and New York, and the North-west. Utica was then a frontier settlement, Bu£Falo an outpost in the wilderness, and, the country having barely recovered from the

' Mr. Ward died juit before the signing of the Declaration, so that his name Dot 6gttrc in the list of signers.

war of 1812-15 between the United States and England, enterprise and exploration had just begun to push through the thin lines of settlements along the valleys of the Mohawk and Upper Hudson, westward by BufiFalo and the great lakes to Ohio (then the Far West), and northward to the valley of the St. Lawrence. Schenectady was the distributing point of this waggon-borne commerce and movement until the completion of the Erie Canal, which, down to my own period of recollection, was the quickest channel of communication westward, with its horse ''packets," travelling at the creditable speed of four miles an hour, the traffic barges making scarcely more than two.

Hardly established in what was intended for a temporary visit, the residence of the family became fixed at Schenectady, owing to the partner of my father, left to manage the business at Westerly, becoming involved in personal embarrassments which brought on the bankruptcy of the firm and the seizure of all my father's little property, and, what was worse, the certainty of imprisonment for debt in the case of his returning home. Owing to the judgments hanging over him, which a succession of misfortunes prevented him from ever satisfying, it was late in my own remembrance, I think about 1848 or 1850, before he was enabled to visit his early home. Hard times came on the whole people of that section, and the practical destruction of his business by the loss of all his capital drove him into seeking any employment which would give a momentary relief.

Of this period of their existence my mother rarely spoke, and it must have been one of severe privations. She. has told me that she often went to bed hungry, that the children might have enough to eat. She had no assistance in her household duties, except that of her

A NEW ENGLAND MOTHER AND FAMILY ii

daughter, a girl of tender years, and, having her husband's five joumeymen as members of the household, with five children, of whom my sister was the second, she not only did the daily household duties, including washing and baking, but spun and wove the cloth for the clothes of her husband and children, cut and made them up. Her cheerful faith in an overruling Providence must have been in those days a supreme consolation, for, even in recalling them in the days of my boyhood, the light of it still illumined her, and she never questioned that He who had led them into the wilderness would maintain them in it. She seemed to have but one care in her life while I knew her — ^to know and do her duty. She found a special providence in every instance of relief from their pressing wants, and I recall the religious serenity with which she told me of the greatest strait of the hardest winter of that period, when resources seemed to have been exhausted to the last crumb, and they unexpectedly received from one of her half-brothers, who had gone farther west, and lived in what was practically the wildernessy a barrel of salted pigeons' breasts. There had been one of those almost fabulous flights of the now nearly extinct passenger pigeons, which used to come north to breed in such numbers that the forests where they colonised were so filled with their nests that the settlers went into them and beat the young down with poles, and the branches became so overloaded with the broods in their nests that their weight often broke them down and threw the young on the ground. They had that year chosen the forests in my uncle's neighbourhood for their nesting ground, and had been killed by thousands and salted down for winter provision, only the breast being used, owing to the superabundance of the birds. The gift came like the answer to a prayer, for there was hunger in the house and the snow was heavy on the ground, all the community being more or less in the same straits.

Being the youngest of nine children, I can remember my mother only in the days of comparative freedom from anxiety, when, the day's work over and the house quiet, she used, as she sat by the fire with her knitting, which occupied all the moments when her hands were not required for other duties — she knit all the stockings required for the family-^^to tell me incidents of her past life, mostly to show how kind God had been to her and hers, and how faith in His Providence was justified in the event. Of herself she spoke only incidentally. Dominating every act and thought of her existence was the profoundest religious veneration I have ever met with, an openness of her mind upward, as if she felt that the eternal eye was on her and reading her thoughts. The sense of her responsibility was so serious that I think that only the absorbing activity of her daily life, and the way in which every moment was occupied with positive duties, prevented her from falling into religious insanity. Her life was a constant prayer, a wrestling with God for the salvation of her children. No image of her remains in my mind so clear as that in which I see her sitting by the fireside in the dim light of our single home-made candle, her knittingneedles flying and her lips moving in prayer, while the tears stole down her cheeks in the fervency of her devotion, until she felt that she was being noticed, when the windows of her soul were suddenly shut, and she turned to some subject of common interest, as if ashamed to be discovered praying, for she permitted herself no ostentation of devotion, but reserved it for her nights and solitary moments. Of her own salvation she had only a faltering hope, harassed always by a fear that she had at some time in her life committed the unpardonable sin, as to the nature of which she knew nothing, and which waS| therefore, all the more feared, as the nature of it was to her the terrible mystery of life and death.

What I inherit from her, and doubtless the indelible impression of her fervent faith overshadowing my young life, produced a moulding of my character which has never changed. I lived in an atmosphere of prayer and trust in God, which impressed me so that to this day the habit of thought and conduct so formed is invincible, and in all the subsequent modifications of the primitive and Hebraic conception of the spiritual life which she inoculated me with, an unconscious aspiration in prayer and an absolute and organic trust in the protection of the Divine Providence persist in my character, though reason has long assured me that this is but a crude and personal conception of the divine law. Truly from the environment of our early religious education we can never escape. This the Jesuits know and profit by.

My mother was also haunted by the dread of God's wrath at her loving her children more than she did Him, for, with all the fervency of her gentle devotion, she never escaped the ghastly Hebrew conception of God, always in wrath at every omission or transgression of the Law, and who, at the last great day, would demand of her an account of every neglect of duty, every idle word and thought, and especially of the manner in which she had taught her children to obey His commandments. She seemed to scan her life continually to find some sin in the past, for which she had not specifically repented, and, at times, as I knew by the confidences of my later years, when she would appeal to me for my opinion, the problem of the unpardonable sin became one of absorbing study, which she finally laid aside in the supreme trust in