Australia and New Zealand

Front matter

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OLNOHOL 4O ALISHAAI re

_ STANFORD'S COMPENDIUM

Preface

In the present volume an attempt has been made to give a compact description of our great Australian Colonies, which shall be useful to intending visitors or emigrants ; and which will also be interesting to the general reader who may wish to become acquainted with the natural features -and social condition of the Britain of the Southern Hemisphere.

é A very full account has been given of the natural : history and geology of Australia, and the many interesting a problems connected with its past history are discussed. | The physical characteristics, customs, languages, and probable origin of the aboriginal inhabitants have also been treated at considerable length.

A chapter is devoted to the history of Australian

| exploration with its thrilling records of physical endurance and heroic sacrifice.

Following the general treatment of the subject, the separate Colonies are described at some length from the point of view of the intending emigrant or traveller, and much attention is given to the special characteristics and

Vill PREFACE productions of such, as well as to their more importa industries. )

The Districts, Counties, and chief Towns are brie described; while the numerous Maps and Illustration) and the full Index, will, it is hoped, add greatly to ti) value of the work as a book of reference.

All the information is brought up to latest da) obtainable. ,

Thanks are due to Mr. John Murray for his courte) in permitting the use of several blocks from Dr. Lumhol interesting volume “ Among Cannibals”; and to Mess} Cassell, Blackie and Son, and the Religious Tract Societ for illustrations borrowed from various of their publicatioi} }

LIST OF WORKS USED IN PREPARING THIS VOLUME

_MGorvon and Gotch, Australian Handbook: 1891.—Silver’s Aus- 4 ‘Wwtralia and New Zealand. 2nd Edition: 1874.— Encyclopedia

Britannica, article “Australia.” Angas, G. F., Australia, Society for | Promoting Christian Knowledge——Angas, G. F., Savage Life and ‘Scenes in Australia and New Zealand: 1847.—Lang, History and ‘Statistics of New South Wales: 1875.—Russell, Climate of New @| South Wales: 1877.—Hayter, Notes on the Colony of Victoria : |f# 1876.—Harcus, South Australia: 1876—Miiller, Select Plants of Victoria: 1876.— Miller, Baron von, Second Systematic ‘Census of Australian Plants: 1889.—Sturt, Interior of South | Australia: 1833.—Sturt, Central Australia: 1849.—Mlitchell, Expedition in Interior of New South Wales: 1839.—Mitchell, # Expedition in Interior of Tropical Australia: 1848.— Forrest, # Explorations in Australia: 1875.—Warburton, Journey across the ig, Western Interior of Australia: 1875.—Leichhardt, Journal: pb} 1847.—M‘Douall Stuart, Explorations in Australia: 1864.— } Wills, J. E., Exploration from Melbourne to Gulf of Carpentaria : ° —1863.—Giles, Travels in Central Australia : 1875.—Giles, Journey from South to West Australia, Journal and Proceedings of Royal Geographical Society: 1876.—Giles, Australia Twice Traversed : 1889.—Howitt, Land, Labour, and Gold: 1858.—Trollope, A., Australia and New Zealand : 1873.—Journal of Royal Geographical Society.—Proceedings of Royal Geographical Society.—Clarke, Rev. W. B., Remarks on the Sedimentary Formations of New South Wales.—Wood, Geological Observations in South Australia.—Strzelecki, Physical Description of New South Wales: 1843.—Smith, R. Brough, Geological Map of Australia: 1878.— Reports of the Geological Survey of Victoria— Hooker, Sir Joseph, Essay on Flora of Australia.— Hooker, Sir Joseph, Flora of New

TW a

X LIST OF WORKS USED IN PREPARING THIS VOLUME

Zealand.—Transactions of Ethnological Society of London, vol. 3. Oldfield on Australian Aborigines.—Transactions and Proceedings of New Zealand Institute.—Wallace, Geographical Distribution of Animals, and Island Life.—Dilke, Sir C. W., Greater Britain, 1868.—Dilke, Sir C. W., Problems of Greater Britain: 1885.— Stow, J. P., South Australia, its History, Productions, and Natural Resources: 1883.—-Leigh, W. H., Reconnoitring Voyages and Travels in South Australia: 1839.—Murray, Reginald A. F., Victoria, Geology and Physical Geography: 1887.—Griffin, G. W., New South Wales, her Commerce and Resources : 1888.—Bennett, Dr., Wanderings in New South Wales, 2 vols. : 1834.—Meredith, Mrs., My Home in Tasmania, 2 vols. — Cook, Samuel, The Jenolan Caves: 1889 (photographs and maps)—Foster, J. J., Official Guide to the Jenolan Caves.—Wilkins, W., Australasia : 1888.—Grey, Lieut. George (now Sir George Grey), Journals in North-west and West Australia: 1841.— Wall, H. B. de la Poer, Manual of the Physical Geography of Australia : 1883.—Lumholtz, Carl, Among Cannibals: 1889.—Favenc, Ernest, History of Australian Exploration from 1788 to 1888 (maps and illustrations). —Curr, Edward M., The Australian Race, its Origin, Languages, Customs, etc., 4 vols.: 1886.—Calder, J. E., The Native Tribes of Tasmania: 1875.—Hochstetter, Dr. F., New Zealand, Physical Geography, Geology, Natural History, etc.: 1867.—Taylor, Rev. R., Te Ika a Maui, New Zealand and its Inhabitants, Geology, Natural History, etc.: 1855.—Taylor, Rev. R., New Zealand, Past, Present, and Future: 1868.—Payton, E. W., Round about New Zealand: 1888.—Haynes, 8. L., A Ramble in the New Zealand Bush.—Green, Rev. W. 8., The High Alps of New Zealand : 1883.—Ross, M., Guide to the Lakes of Central Otago: 1889.—Hutton, F. H., Report on the Geology and Gold-fields of Otago: 1875.—Year Books, Almanacks, Official Hand-

Books, and Reports of the various Colonies, 4

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION i

Definition and nomenclature—Extent and distribution of lands and islands—Geographical and physical features—Ocean depths—

¥ Races of mankind— Zoology and botany—Geological relations Ar and past history—Geographical divisions

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND CHAPTER II

Tue PuoysicAL GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE oF AUSTRALIA

Dimensions, form, and outline—Contour of the country—Mountains and table-lands—The interior—Rivers—Climate of Australia— Climate of New South Wales— Winds—Snow—Droughts and floods : : : : ; : : ;

CHAPTER III Toe NaturRAL History oF AUSTRALIA

Characteristics of Australian vegetation—DBotanical features and relations of the Australian flora—The external relations of the Australian flora—General features of Australian zoology—Mammalia bs —Birds—Reptiles, fishes, and insects

CHAPTER -IV THE GEOLOGY AND Past History oF AUSTRALIA

General considerations— Paleozoic formations—Mesozoic formations— Tertiary formations—Quaternary or Post-pliocene deposits—Ex-

PAGE xi CONTENTS

PAGE tinct volcanoes and their products—Geological features of the gold mines—The ‘‘oldest”’ drifts—The ‘‘older” drifts—‘‘ Recent” drifts—Quartz reefs—Probable past history of Australia —Origin of the desert sandstone—Subterranean waters—Origin of the drifts and alluviums : : : . 88

CHAPTER V THe AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES

Physical characteristics—Mental qualities—Clothing, dwellings, and food—Cannibalism— Weapons and tools—Occupations and amusements— Government and war—Religion ; ceremonies of initiation, marriage, and burial—Language—Probable origin of the Australian aborigines . : : ; / Lig

Chapter VI

THE BRITISH COLONISATION OF AUSTRALIA; THE DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION OF THE COUNTRY

Outline of Australian colonisation—Early history, discovery, and maritime exploration of Australia—Inland exploration—Early explorations of Hume, Sturt, and Mitchell—Journeys of Eyre and Sturt to the desert interior—Grey’s explorations in the north-west—Leichhardt and Kennedy in the north-east—Gregory in the north-west—M ‘Douall Stuart’s journey across the continent—The fatal expedition of Burke and Wills—Establishment of the telegraph line to the north coast—The western deserts traversed by Giles, Warburton, and Forrest—Further exploration in South Australia and Queensland—General result of these “ explorations ; : : ; ; : , 158

Chapter VII Material Progress Of Australian Colonies

Growth of the population—Agriculture—Irrigation — Mines—Commercial activity-—-Railways and Telegraphs—General condition of the people , ; ; . 198

CONTENTS Xl

CHAPTER VIII THE CoLtony oF New South WALES

PAGE Origin, geographical limits, and area—Physical features—Climate, natural history, and geology—Caves and caverns—Colonisation, population, etc.— Productions, trade, shipping, etc. —Roads, railways; and telegraphs—-Government, public institutions, education, etc.—Political and civil divisions—Alphabetical list of counties—Cities and towns. 3 209

CHAPTER IX THE CoLONY OF VICTORIA

Origin, geographical limits, and area—Physical features—Climate, natural history, and geology—Colonisation, population, etc.— Productions, trade, shipping, etc.-—-Roads, railways, and telegraphs — Government, religion, public institutions, education, etc.—Political and civil divisions—Cities and towns. . 265

CHAPTER X THE CoLtony oF SoutH AUSTRALIA

Origin, geographical limits, and area—Physical features—South Australia proper—Central Australia—The northern territory— Climate, natural history, and geology—Colonisation, population, etc.—Productions, trade, shipping, etc.—Roads, railways, and telegraphs—Government, public institutions, education, etc.— Political divisions, cities and towns—The northern territory . 304

CHAPTER xI THE Cotony oF WeEstT AUSTRALIA

Origin, geographical limits, and area—Physical features—Climate, natural history, and geology—Colonisation, population, etc.— Productions, trade, etc. —Communications—Government, education, etc.—Political divisions, cities and towns . ; . 833

X1V CONTENTS

Chapter XII

A THE COLONY OF QUEENSLAND PAGE Origin, geographical limits, and area—Physical features—Climate, natural history, and geology — Population — Production and trade—Roads, railways, and telegraphs—Government, religion, education, etec.—Political divisions—Cities and towns . . 848

CHAPTER XIil

Tor CoLony oF TASMANIA

Origin, position, area—Physical features—Rivers—Lakes and scenery —Climate, natural history, and geology—Colonisation, population, etc. —Aborigines— Productions and trade—Government, religion, education, etc. — Roads, railways, and telegraphs — Political divisions, cities and towns : : : : . 882

CHAPTER XIV PaysicaAL History oF THE NEW ZEALAND GROUP

Position, extent, islands, etc.—Physical features and scenery—Lakes and hot springs of the North Island—Lakes and glaciers of the South Island—Climate—Geology—Natural history—Past history of New Zealand—The Maoris and the aborigines of New Zealand —Other islands of the New Zealand Group ; . 412

CHAPTER THE CoLtony oF NEw ZEALAND

Colonisation and population—Agricultural and industrial pursuits—

Railroads and communications—Government, education, religion,

_ ete.—Political divisions—Auckland—Taranaki—Hawke’s Bay—

Wellington—Nelson— Marlborou Shee emesis — Westland— Otago—Cities and towns . : . 464 miot.OF MAPS sa A Chart of Australasia, showing the depth of the Sea To face page 1

2. Physical Map of Australasia : ; p aS oat AG 3. Geological Map of Australia : : : a at (So a Australia and Tasmania, with explorers’ routes . ad nt Log 5. New South Wales ' ; , 4 #0 209 6. Victoria . } : ; : : 4 3 20D i; re South Australia—Southern part . : : 7 Pree 03) 8, P55 re Northern part . : p a6 i. Ook 9. Western Australia—Southern part , f ~ 1 poe 10. eo i e Northern part hg eee ia Queensland : Agi : ; ; ¥ wy 049 1 me lasmania . : ‘ : ; : 5 bys base 18. New Zealand—North Island , ‘ : sf 3 6418 = .,, South Island ; RUNOhes = Age

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1. New Zealand Chief, Frontispiece PAGE 2. A Burial in the Australian Steppes . ; 1 3. Mount Kosciusko 18 4, An Australian River Scene 21 5. A Woodland 45 6. Leaves, Flowers, and Fruit of Eucalyptus tie a pact . 50 7. Eucalypti . . Be 8. Kangaroo . : 67 9. Bass River Opossum . 69 10. Native Bear with Young 70 11. Wombat gil 12. Yarri (Dasywrus maculatus) 72 13. Duckbill ‘ : IS 14. Lyre-Bird . 74 15. Emu. 77 16. Laughing Jackass. 79 17. Section eat ti “Oldest Drift, |. 93 18. Section showing various Drifts and Lava-flows 95 19. Queensland Native 112 20. Australian Aboriginals and Hut E ; 119 21. Native Woman. : 150 22. Junction of the Murray and the Darling 163 23. Cooper’s Creek . 184 24. Entrance to Port Jackson . 214 25. The Godarigby Caves near Kiandra . 227 26. Jenolan or Fish River Cave 230 27. A Sharp Corner. 236 28. Zigzag Railway in the Blue Mountains : 238 29. The Heads, Sydney Harbour 249 30. Town Hall, Sydney . 250 31. Near Murrurundi 260 32. Summer on the Plains 267 33. Fallsin the Dividing Range 271 34. Inthe Mountains, Fernshaw 275 35. Railroad through the Gipps Land Forest 286 36. Houses of Parliament, Melbourne » 291

38. 39. 40.

41. 42.

43. 44, 45.

46. 47.

48, 49, 50. 51. 52.

54, 55.

68. 69.

GE Government House, Melbourne . 292 Ballarat from Black Hill . 294 General View of Walhalla. 302 Currency Creek, Lake Alexandrina . 306 Mountain Pass i in the Flinders Range. 308 Peake Overland Telegraph Station . . 309 Cave, Mount Gambier . 318 Perth, Western Australia . 332 Government House, Perth. 345 Government Cottage, Rottnest Island 346

Squatter’s Station, Darling Downs . ' B12 Parliament House, Brisbane 376 Mount Wellington . 384 Hell’s Gate, Tasmania . 386 On the South Esk, Tasmania 388 Hobart 407 Launceston from i oract

Hill : . 409 Huka Falls, Taupo : . 415 Geysers on ‘the River Wai-

kato . 418

White Terrace ,Rotomahana, New Zealand . : , 421

A distant View of Mount Cook

Lake Scenery of the South Island .

The Glacier System of Mount

423 425

Cook . .. 4877 The City, Milford Sound . 431 In Milford Sound .. . 432 Nikau Palms, Wellington . 440

Carved New Zealand Chest A Maori Dwelling .

War Club of New Zealand.

The Wharf, Auckland, New

450 . 451 453

Zealand . 472 Tongariro and Ruapehu Vol-

canoes . . 475 Waterfall at Wairau . . 478 The Avon at Christchurch. 480

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A CHART OF AUSTRALASIA SHEWING THE DEPTH OF THE 180

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EXPLANATION

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120 140 160° East of Greenwich ) West of Greenwich

Yondon: Bdward Stanford 26 & 27 Cockspur St.Charing Cross, SW.

A BURIAL IN THE AUSTRALIAN STEPPES.

AUSTRALASIA.