Ancient India

Front matter

PRINTED IN U.S.A.

GAYLORO rir ae

PNCIENT INDIA

Preface

Tue first chapter deals with the early portion of Indian History, and so the title ‘Ancient India’ has been given to the book. The other chapters deal with a variety of subjects, and are based on lectures given on different occasions. One was originally prepared as my thesis for the M.A. Degree Examination of the University of Madras.

The favourable reception given to my early work by historical and oriental scholars encouraged me to put my researches into a more permanent form, which a liberal grant from the Madras School Book and Literature Society has enabled me to do.

J have to thank the editors and publishers who have so kindly allowed me to reproduce articles which first appeared in their respective periodicals. Amongst these are Sir Richard Temple, Mr. G. A. Natesan, the Committee of the South Indian Association, Mylapore, and the Mythic Society, Bangalore. I also desire to acknowledge the assistance which has been given me in the publication of the work by the Rev. Canon Sell, and my obligation to Mr. Vincent A. Smith for his valuable Introduction.

pee NDE; Sele

BANGALORE City, | August 1, 1911. } yarn (RU els bas re i te » = we r

Introduction

CHAPTER

9?

I

II Til

IV

VI

VII

VIII Ix

XI XII

XII1 XIV

Contents

A HISTORICAL SURVEY UP TO A.D.

700 = es ies HISTORY OF SOUTH INDIA he STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE IN SOUTH

INDIA ... Aes aes INDIA AT THE DAWN OF THE

Chapter I A Historical Survey Up To A.d. 700

In attempting to look back upon cur own history, the first essential would appear to be the marking of a few of the more salient features, so that we may group round these a number of minor events and incidents. This will give us perspective; and whatever imperfection there may be in detail it will make the whole presentable. If, at this distance, we take a retrospect, the history of India of the Aryan invasions would appear, like our own Himalayas at a great distance, all smooth but for a few peaks of commanding height. ‘Happy is the nation whose annals are a blank,’ said Carlyle, and if we can derive comfort from this seeming blankness, we shall perhaps be in a delusion. I shall attempt, therefore, to present in outline the outstanding features with a view to clothing these: later on to make them as presentable looking as we may.

We have to begin with the Aryans in their own homes r Erb along wit . This will be extra-Indian in character and withal essential to the proper understanding of their doings in India. We shall name this the Pre-Indian age of the Indo-Aryans circ. 3000 B.c. During this age the Aryans advance up_to_t dian fronti

They are a nomadic-agricultural folk, already differentiated from their lranian brethren, developing some

ND of the features peculiar to the Indo-Aryans of the Rig- Veda.

Aeecceee en ee a

The next step in advance takes them across the frontier into India. During this stage of their migra- > tion we find them in occupation of the land of the five

rivers. It is here for the first time that the Aryans i come in contact with the aboriginal inhabitants of

India and the struggle for possession of the country epee

_begins. The more rudimentary civilization, of course,

| gives way to_the more advanced and wigorgus. It is again in the land of the five rivers that the simple civilization and compact tribal orgomation take form

~ ob ) and are pictured to us in the Rig-Veda. The rich 3 soil and flourishing communities catch the eyes and oC | attract the desires of the neighbouring, but_ still pri-

mitive, cousins of _ these Indian Aryans. To make room for these new arrivals, not without a fight perhaps, the Indo-Aryans move forward across the rivers to the Doab of the Ganges and the Jumna. All this may be ascribed roughly to the half millennium ¢ 2000-1500 B

As the Greek) cousins of these Indo-Aryans did, so these latter underwent a similar course of development according to their own environment, geographical and political, In the Gangetic Doab, we find the Aryans developing more powerful communities, which, instead of becoming city-states as In Greece, led to o_strong monarchies ruling great tribes and - vast kingdoms, | particularly as the country was more open. It was in theSe regions that the great inter-tribal wars typified in the Mahabharata must have taken place. At least, é incidents referred to in the great epic have their theatre here. Hence this period of history has come aon “to be_known that of the Mahabharata. It is here for the first time that the Aryans get into fouch, not only with the uncivilized aborigines who are the feature of the Punjab plains, as even the Tater Drinat hatha “makes it clear, but also with the civilized Dravidians of India. It or a the eS ee Attica and

THE VELOPMENT, oe \ 3

—_ Boeotia, a the Aryans chang ge their policy of usur-) tpation to/that 0 which alone was possible under thé circumstances. To these events is ascribed the period included in the centuries between _ 1500-1000 B.c.

From here the further expansion eastwards could not be in the wholesale fashion as heretofore, but had to be in driblets. This expansion takes the form of a few powerful kingdoms farther east than the Doab. What the Kurus (or Kauravas) and the Panchalas were to the Doab, the Kosalas and Vidéhas were to the further east of those times. It is these regions that the Réma- © yanaw describes. The period taken up in the ‘heen

(or infiltration) into these regions may have been the quarter millennium<1000-750 BG

During these periods the Indo-Aryans were a ‘ those great j of learning and_religion, which have given this land of ours all its claims to greatness in the Nauas departments of human_ activity. ae pre- Vedi ns_ brought in their traditions, which ey could elaborate at leisure in the Punja These, in course of time, were put into shape in the hymns of the Veda, which, as time advanced, required to be explained by an elaborate commentary. These commentaries are the Brahmanas,) These in their turn led to the further disquisitions called the Aranyakas cul- 36 minating in the philosophical flights of the Upanishads, This transformation, or rather elaboration, has been going on steadily up to the period we arrived at in the last section. This is not all.. Certain scientific inquiries had to be made for the proper understanding of the Vedas and the Vedic ritual. Their need was met by the elaboration of the Vedangas namely, (1) Kalpa which included geometry so far as it applied to the construction ficial altars, (2) Siksha or phonetics, (3) Chandas or metre, (4) Viyakarana or grammar, (5) Nirukta or study of words, (6) Jydtisha or astronomy. These Vedangas find brief treatment in the Brahmanas or Upanishads and acquire the necessary scientific cast in the age we have come to just now. his development leads us on to the so-called Sitra. period, because this growing mass of literature required to be put in a shape which could easily be mastered. The alphabet, no doubt, had been invented already (or adapted thoroughly to Indian requirements), though perhaps it was not brought quite into common usage. This period overlaps the next and may be taken to occupy the four centuries between 750 B.c. and say 350 B.c. So far then we have to rely entirely upon such evidence as is available in our sacred literature, and scholars have allottedthese to very varying periods. ALY: The Aryan home is placed within the Arctic Circle by Mr. Tilak, and he ascribes a very early period fv (7000_B. Cc.) 1 or the earliest hymns of the Rig- Veda; while | Huropean scholars‘ would bring it to 1500 s.c. Mr. Tilak rests his arguments upon certain solar and other astronomical phenomena referred to in the earlier hymns which upon his hypothesis find clear explanation. The late Mr. Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit ( refers certain at least of the Brahmanas to 3800 B.c. \. there being a reference in the Satapada Brahmana - the Pleiades being in the Equinox, which_is verifiable astronomically. Dr. Thibaut considers that the verse eater a late interpolation. So our position. here is not very secure, and therefore our chronology respecting this period cannot lay claim to much accuracy. The ultimate downward limit of our period may be taken to be accurate, as it brings in an unlooked for synchronism. Pythagoras,’ the Greek philosopher, is believed to have learned in India not only his theory of transmigration, but also his theory of ‘numbers from our Sankya system. Drs. Goldstiicker

1 A,B. Keith disputes this. J.R.A.S., vol. 1909, pp. 569 et seq,

ARYAN IMMIGRATION INTO THE SOUTH 5 and Bhandarkar refer the grammarian Panini to this

period, and if this be correct it brings the history of

‘South India into touch with that of the North. Taking a fresh starting point, therefore, somewhere if / 1

in the sixth century B.c., we find ourselves upon some-

what firmer ground as outside light begins to beat in

upon us. In the centuries on either side of 750 B.o.

the Aryans begin penetrating into the Mahakantara

round about the Vindhyas, the memory of which is

preserved in the tradition regarding Agustia’s advent

into the south. If the Ramayana could be trusted to

be correct regarding its geographical details, the great

forest extends up to the Pampa Saras, which is on

the north bank of the Tungabhadra near modern

Hampe, though the Saras (or tank) must have been

forgotten under the name, as the author of the Tamil

Ramayana makes it, Pampanadi. The advent of Agustia

introduces reclamation of the jungle into arable land;

and he is the reputed author of the first ‘Tamil gram-

mar. Whoever this Agustia was, Rishi or some one

else by that name, he does for Tamil what Panini did

for Sanskrit. That he criticizes Panini appears to be

in evidence in one of the very few quotations that

have come down to us. It would thus appear that the

“Aryan migration into south India has to be referred to this period of the Sitras.

— When the whole of India, north and south, is getting organized, the overgrowth of ritualism, and perhaps of religion becoming too much of a mystery, sets thoughtful people thinking about this very subject. There appear in the sixth century B.c. two great men who have contributed very much to bring about a mighty transformation. It is certainly in the fitness of things that these should have flourished in the spots favoured by nature, where before their time the daring flights of speculation into the mystery of the Unknown reached , its grand climacteric under the Indian Pisistratus as he is called, or Rajarishi Janaka. These two great sons. of India are Maha Vira Vardhamana, the founder of the pO. religion. of the Jina, and Gautama Sakyamuni, the Buddha. The new teachings of the latter, and the whl appeal they made to the people have long been recoges as the potent cause of the development of the languages of the people. This influence from the distant north fotmd ready response even in the distant south, with which communication appears to have been maintained by way of the sea, while yet the Dandakaranya had not been penetrated by a great highway, the Dakshinapatha. In another way the advent of the Buddha has also been of advantage to students. of history. His religion it was that took India from her blissful isolation, and led her to take her place a the world Powers, but this was not as yet. With the advent of Buddhism comes into promi-. nence the kingdom _of Magadha, perhaps semi-Aryan, as it_was in the borderland of Aryavarta. The capitals. of this kingdom appear to have been Rajagriha, Kaikeyi’s father’s kingdom, and VaiSali, also spoken of in the Ramayana. Bimbisara of the Saigunaga dynasty and his patricide son Ajatagatru were contemporaries. of the Buddha. Before the Buddha attained nirvana, Buddhism had obtained a great hold upon the peopleof India, and Buddhist monks and nuns had gone about carrying the Buddhist gospel. his age when two religious reformers flourished, and in which the foundation of the greatness of the kingdom of Magadha was laid is remarkable in many ways. ——, This is the age in which an Indian contingent fought in the battles of Thermopylae and Plataca tn Greece, ‘in cotton clothes, cane bows, and iron- tpped arrows”. This was possible because of the twentieth satrapy on: eA the west bank of the Indus, formed by the adventurous skill the Carian admiral of Darius Hystaspes, by name Skylax. The date of the navigation of the Indus.

KINGDOMS AND TRIBES t by this admiral andthe foundation of the satrapy are placed at about 510 3.9. Not far from this period ndia, then known to the Aryans, was divided into sixteen kingdoms and a number of autonomous tribes. For besides_the accepted line of advance of the Aryans there appear to have-béen two other streams of migration—one skirting the lower Himalayas and the other moving down the valley of the Indus. The tribes are found along the mountain borders east of the Ganges, some of them also along the upper reaches of the Punjab rivers. Several of them were governed by their own tribal meetings, held in the hall of the tribe—, X

- -T mention only one of them, because it was a kingdom previously. I mean the Vidéhas of modern Tirhut whose King Janaka has already been mentioned. These were a section of the great Vajjian clan and were during this period under the government of a republic, whose headman, as in the case of other republics as well, was called_a Rajah, answering to the Roman consul or Athenian archon. It is from one of these clans of northern Bihar that the Buddha himself was born.

ingdoms were, proceeding from the west in

geographical order, Kambhoja with capital Dvaraka, answering to modern Sindh and Gujarat; Gandhara eastern Afghanistan between the Afghan mountains and

a little way to the east of the Indus with its capital

Taxila (near Shah Deri); Avanti, the modern Malva

with its capital Ujjain; the Assaka (Asmaka or Asvaka)

with its capital. Potali or Pdtana on the banks of the

Godavari ern Paitan); the Stirasénas with their

capital Madhura, the modern Muttra; the Matsyas

west of the Jumna answering to the cis-Sutle; Sikh

States or Phulkian States; the two Panchalas round

about Kanouj and Kampilla; fhe Kurus occupying the

country round about Delhi; Vam&a, the country of the

Vatsas with its capital Kdsambi; Chédi, one at least

Has fn of the tribes having had their local ‘habitat in Bundlekhand, the other being located somewhere in Nepal ; the Mallas round about KuSinara along the Nepal Tarai; the Vajjians, a confederation of eight clans of which the chief were the Licchavis of Vaisali and the Vidéhas of Mithila; the Kosalas whose kingdom during this period included Sravasti in Nepal on the one side and Benares on the other with Sakéta in the middle; the Kasis round modern Benares; Maghada round Patna including in it southern Behar up to Bhagalpur on the Ganges; and Anga with its capital Champa not far from Bhagalpur.

It is clear from the above that so far the southern expansion had come up only to the Godavari. This is not inconsistent with the state of things portrayed in the Ramayana, which nowhere mentions an Aryan kingdom nor an Aryan settlé any importance Syshd, TaN ae of the Godavari. The political feature of this period is the struggle for supremacy between IM®iieishbours, the Kosala and the “Macednen The eee particularly under Bimbisaéra and his patricide son Ajata- Satru were successful in expanding Magadha to include Vaisili and the Licchavi country and keeping Kosala, well within bounds. It was during their rule that Rajagriha was fortified and the capital changed to Vaisali. It was a successor of Ajatagatru, by name Udayana, who enlarged his predecessor’s fort of Patalipura into the great capital of Magadha. The fall of this great dynasty was, however, at hand and was probably brought. about by dissensions within and invasion from without. The invasion of Chanda Pajjota’ (Pradhyota) of Ujjain must have weakened

1 This is the father of Vasavadatta, Queen of Udayana of Kdgambhi. © It was this king who is described in the Brihat Kathaé as Chanda Mahasena. That the two refer to the same king is clear from Priyadarsika.

PORUS 9 the State much and a palace revolution did the rest. ‘The Saisunagas were overthrown and the Nandas came to power. The ill-gotten power lasted for two generations only, and the Nandas, in turn, were overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya.

——it is while this revolution in politics was gradually working out in the middle kingdoms that the western y frontiers were thrown into confusion by the advent of Macedonia, the young champion_of Hellenism, Alexander the Great, marched eastwards combining with the warlike instincts of the general the insatiable curiosity of the explorer. Meeting with feeble resist- $2/ ance on the way across the empire of Persia, he marched along the left banks of the Kophen (Cabul 5 river) and crossed the Indus somewhere above _Attock, with the friendly hospitality of Omphes of Taxila, whose jealousy towards his powerful neighbour Porus threw him into the arms of Alexander. It cost Alexander a great effort of skill and daring before he could take the hill fort of Aornos (identified with Mahaban). This done be marched down the Peshawar plain to the banks of the Jhelum. Here at last he met his match. Porus was after all worsted; but so far compelled Alexander’s admiration, as to get his kingdom restored to him. It was probably extended, under the viceroy Philip. Alexander’s further advance upon the Magadha kingdom was prevented by a mutiny among his troops, and he had to turn back, never to return, Having been thus baulked in his attempt to bring about Alexander’s intervention, Chandragupta was able to levy troops in the Punjab among the several war- -like tribes, and brought about the revolution which, thanks to the exertions of the most astute diplomatist of the times Chanakya (or Kautilya or Vishnugupta)~ga e him the kingdom of Magadha. ‘The accession of )this first Maurya is placed in the year ool B.C. provides

Vy * a “us with the first reliable date in the history of India. 4) uring the first decade of his reign, he was able so. far to organize his resources th was master of Hindustan up to the roti (Pons ras assassinated in the meanwhile. It was in -c. or a few years earlier that one of the most promising among Alexander’s generals, who had made himself ruler of Asia after his master’s death, attempted the conquest of the east. This time the east outmatched the west. Seleucus Nicator (the victorious) had to agree to a humiliating treaty, giving up to Chandragupta Alexander’s eastern viceroyalty under Philip, i.e. the country of Afghanistan. ae, er this, Chandragupta’s empire stretched from the mountains running across Afghanistan to the Bay of Bengal, and from the Himalayas to the Vindhyas. This vast empire was organized on the time-honoured basis of local autonomy, with the condition attached of providing contingents to the imperial army and of acknowledging supremacy. No other closer arrangement could have been made on account of mere distance alone. The empire might have lasted on, if only the members of such a federated empire understood each other better and had acted up to the agreements entered into, or in the absence thereof, had consulted the common interests of all. This perhaps. was too much in advance of the times to expect. Chandragupta’s successor Bindusara followed in the wake of his predecessor and considerably added to. the empire. He entrusted the two important frontiers to his two sons, the eldest being viceroy of the north-west at Taxila, while the younger, the more famous Asoka, was the viceroy at Vidisa- (Bhilsa) of the akshinapatha.

From Bindusira’ we pass on with pleasure to his son Asoka, the Constantine of India. Asoka was. viceroy of the then most dimficutt-frontier when his

ASOKA rt father died. Asoka had to assert his claim as against an elder brother, the viceroy of Taxila, and overthrew him at last. Having thus got the throne, he began his reign in the manner of both of his predecessors. His only acquisition to the empire, however, is explicitly stated to be Kalingam, the Mahanadi Delta, and Orissa. The rest of the Dakshinapatha must have been conquered and brought under, while yet his father was alive. eo ee delineation of the character of Asoka, almost as the evil principle incarnate, we find him accepting Buddhism, after his conquest of Kalingam, out of remorse for the bloodshed, on account of which he is said to 1 Brahmanism in which he j The merciful doctrines he taught, the hospitals he built both for man and animal, the interest he took to send the Gospel of the Enlightened far and wide, and the pains he bestowed upon the collecting and consolidating of the teaching of the Great One are matters of common knowledge. In spite of the great changes that had taken place, the administration of the empire went on in the time-honoured method, with little change of principle though the personnel changed. This empire now extended in the south into Mysore, and the southern frontier may be regarded as about 12° N. lat. Along’ the frontiers of this vast empire and particular places within it, he cut on rocks and pillars his own instructions to his officials and people. Besides this, he erected innumeyable stupas or topes to hold the remains of the great ele fase Caetcaniorial most reliable for Bis history. His missionary enterprise carried the teachings of the Buddha at least _to_as far_as Syria. From his own edicts we learn that he negotiated with five kingdoms along the southern frontier. They were, Chola, Pandya, Kerala, and Satiyaputra in India and Ceylon-close to it. At the westernmost extremity eT Sc ek ae ee

AP, ANCIENT INDIA

“of Asia and eastern Europe his influence prevailed. He entered into diplomatic relations with Antiochus of Syria, Ptolemy IL of Egypt, pe Cae Se Gonatas of Macedonia an exander of

Epirus. According to Professor Mahaffy, Buddhist monks preagied in Palestine and Syria a cou ouple of efore Christ. He is said to have sent

84,000 missionaries to different parts of India and

-dominions beyond. Among them, his brother and

sister (or son and daughter) he sent to Ceylon.

Having done the best he could to further Buddhism

and having ruled his vast empire in the most humane

‘spirit possible, he resigned the responsibilities of this

earthly existenc eakling successors.

Asoka was followed by four successors and the dynasty came to an end by the accession to the empire of the Sénapathi Pushyamitra, the founder of the so-called Sunga dynasty. He is believed to have assassinated the last Maurya Brihadratha on the occasion of a review of the army. There appears to have been a loyalist in the person of the minister, the Maurya Sachiva’ of the Mdlavikagnimitra, which after . all is better authority for the pericd, as Kalidasa claims to base his facts upon others’ accounts which may _—have been contemporary, as we reason to infer. This usurpation was not unchallenged from outside. Pushyamitra could hardly have secured his position when he. was threatened by two great enemies from without—Menander (Milinda of Buddhistic tradition) from across the north-western frontier-and Karavéla, the Kalingaraja from the south. Having laid waste the country as far east as even Sakéta (possibly that in Oudh) and besieging Madhyamika (near Chitor in Rajaputana), Menander retired and no other Euro-

1 This according to the drama was a brother-in-law of the king of Vidarbha, who demands his release of Rie The commentary makes Maurya Sachiva almost a proper name.

PUSHYAMITRA 13 pean attempted the conquest of India from the land side ever since; nor any at all up to the days of Vascg-de-Gama. Itis a part of this army, according

to Vincent Smith, that was defeated by Prince Vasumitra on the banks of the Sindhu between Rajaputana NA and central India and_noton—the banks of the Indus. This appears a needless limitation of authority for one, G/ 2 who thought of celebrating a Rajasiya and who had )

Pushyamitra got the upper hand of even the other enemy of Kalinga, which appears to have kept at peace with the empire since the conquest of Asoka. Pushyamitra’s was the age of the grammarian Patanjali, and from_his time there was_a revival of Brahmanism. There appears to be no foundation in fact for regarding him as a persecutor. Agnimitra, while yet his father’s viceroy, had conquered Vidharba, the modern Central Provinces, and placed it under two kings of the same family subsidiary to himself.

Brilliant as Pushyamitra’s achievements were, they did not avail much to keep his dynasty long in power. The Punjab and the north-west frontier were in a state of flux, and those pulsating movements began among the great_Mongol trib the Chinese houtGE WHR Wee soon felt on the banks of the Indus. A domestic revolution subverted the dynasty of the Sungas after three generations, and there was -a line of rulers of the Kanvayana family for less than half a century. This in turn was overthrown by the Andhras, a purely South India sty of the Dravidians, whose territory” occupied the region bet

alingam and the Krishna.

The overthrow of the Brahman Kanvas and the ff accession of the Andhras in 27 B.C. mark~an epoch in Ss Indian history. It opens to our view India south of the Vindhyas which hitherto remained a terra incognita. We shall have to treat of Indian history hereafter ngs

ANGE INDIA in three compartments, pane that of Hindustan up to the Vindhyas, that of the Dekhan between the Vindhyas and the Krishna, and that of India south at the river Krishna.

The age of the Sungas and the Kanvas was to — ane, the age of Sanskrit revival and there appears to be some historical foundation for the tradition which places a Vikramaditya at the latter end of this age. It was at the same time an age of domestic revolution. The ebb in the fortunes of the kingdom of Asia under the descendants of Seleucus was felt in Central Asia, and it was communicated thence to India. After the successful invasion of the east, Antiochus the Great fared badly in the contest he had brought on himself from the Romans. Under his immediate successors, two kingdoms came into existence, the Parthian under Arsakas and Bactria under its own Greek viceroy. This viceroy whose independence had been recognized tried to extend his territory eastwards and was himself overthrown by a usurper. This latter carried arms up to and perhaps even beyond the Indus and was assassinated by his own son. It was his successor Menander who invaded Pushyamitra’s dominions and had to draw back because of the movements among the Sakas who themselves moved because of the Yueh-chi beyond ousting them. It is these Sakas that marched into India and founded kingdoms in the Punjab and the lower Indus, perhaps under the Parthian suzerainty of Mithridatis I. These Sakas appear to have been finally beaten back and gave their name to Sakastan (Seistan). In this enterprise a ruler of Malva distinguished himself. He was the patron of Kalidasa and his name has been handed down to us by a grateful people as that of the saviour of India. There still were Sakas or Kshétrapas on the right bank of the Indus and of these we shall have to speak in the section on the Dekhan.

KANISHKA z 15

The Sakas of the Punjab were overthrown by a branch of Yueh-chi about aA.p. 50, and with the first rulers of the dynasty this part of India came into touch with Rome on the one side and China on the other.

Third in succession in this dynasty of Gandhara is Kanishka, famous in Buddhist history and one of the most powerful of Indian emperors. Scholars disagree regarding the actual date of the accession of Kanishka and his successors, but all agree as to his greatness. He was more successful in an invasion of the neighpouring parts of Chinese territory, where his predecessor failed and was able to hold his own against the Parthians. His fame rests, however, upon his acceptance of Buddhism and his successful attempts to make the ‘middle country’ of China accept it. After a ‘successful reign, when his frontiers extended to Patalipura on the one side and touched the Parthian and ‘Chinese Empires in the west and north and the sea in the south, Kanishka died or was assassinated by a discontented army about the middle of the second century A.D. Two or three of his successors continued from Peshawar to rule this empire which, up to the very last, appears to have included the country from Muttra on the east to Cabul in the west. When the last of them, Vasudeva, passed away the empire broke up about the first quarter of the third century.

To turn now to the Dekhan. Among the powers mentioned as under the empire of Asoka we find the Andhras, who appear to have been then along the east coast. They develop gradually, expanding westwards so as to occupy all the Dekhan from sea to sea. In the decadence that followed the death of Asoka, the Andhrags seem to have had their own share, and they may possibly have helped Karavéla of Kalinga, when he invaded Magadha in the middle of the second century B.c. When the Kanvas were overthrown the Andhras extend their power northwards and occupy