Anatomy, descriptive and surgical

Front matter

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ANATOMY,

Preface To The Fifth Edition

In this edition the plan of the work has been so far altered that the portion on General Anatomy, which was previously scattered throughout the book, has been collected into an Introductory Chapter, and re-written, so as to furnish the Student with a very succinct, but it is hoped sufficient, introduction to the study of Microscopic Anatonly ; and to this has been added a short description of the chief processes of the development of the ovum, and of the structures characteristic of the foetal state : a subject which, though undeniably an integral portion of Human Descriptive Anatomy, was passed over in previous editions.

This Introduction is inserted in deference to the opinions of persons very competent to judge, and who believe that some such addition is necessary to the completion of Gray’s ‘Anatomy.” It is not intended, however, to supersede or to trench upon the Treatises on Physiology, nor to go minutely into the more recondite and more dubious parts of microscopic research. Nor, again, is it intended to give any account in this work of vital phenomena. Such phenomena are purely within the domain of the physiologist. Consequently all the ingenious and beautiful researches by which modern microscopists (as Strieker, Yon Recklingshausen, Beale, and others) have attempted to investigate the living tissues, lie beyond the scope of such a treatise as this. The humble aim of the following pages is to provide the Student — in the smallest compass, and in the simplest language — with a plain account of things for the most part universally admitted, and which, with moderate pains, he can succeed in demonstrating for himself. In order to make such verbal descriptions intelligible, figures are necessary : but it appeared useless to manufacture new drawings of things which are quite faithfully represented by authors who are in everybody’s hands; and therefore all the illustrations to

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PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.

the chapter on General Anatomy have been borrowed from the English translation of Kolliker’s “ Manual of Human Microscopic Anatomy,” from the “ Entwicklungsgeschichte” of the same author, Todd and Bowman’s “ Physiology,” Harley and Brown’s “ Demonstrations of Microscopic Anatomy,” and other well-known works : the source of the drawings having been in each case acknowledged in the Table of Contents.

The test has been further expurgated from errors of the press; and the Editor has to acknowledge his obligations in this particular to his friend Professor Darling, of New York, and to Mr. Matthews, of Kirkdale, who have been kind enough to point out several, and some of them important, clerical errors which had escaped notice in previous revisions.

31 Olakges Street: September , 1869.

Preface To The First Edition

This work is intended to furnish the Student and Practitioner with an accurate view of the Anatomy of the Human Body, and more especially the application of this Science to Practical Surgery.

One^of the chief objects of the Author has been, to induce the Student to apply his anatomical knowledge to the more practical points in Surgery, by ' introducing, in small type, under each subdivision of the work, such observations as show the necessity of an accurate knowledge of the part under examination.

Osteology. Much time and care have been devoted to this part of the work, the basis of anatomical knowledge. It contains a concise description of the anatomy of the bones, illustrated by numerous accurately-lettered engravings showing the various markings and processes on each bone. The attachments of each muscle are shown in dotted lines (after the plan recently adopted by Mr. Holden), copied from recent dissections. The articulations of each bone are shown on a new plan ; and a method has been adopted, by which the hitherto complicated account of the development of the bones is made more simple.

The Articulations. In this section, the various structures forming the joint are described; a classification of the joints is given; and the anatomy of each carefully described : abundantly illustrated by engravings, all of which are taken from, or corrected by, recent dissections.

The Muscles and Fascise. In this section, the muscles are described in groups, as in ordinary anatomical works. A series of illustrations, showing the lines of incision necessary in the dissection of the muscles in each region, are introduced, and the muscles are shown in fifty-eight engravings. The Surgical Anatomy of the muscles in connection with fractures, of the tendons or muscles divided in operations, is also described and illustrated.

The Arteries. The course, relations, and Surgical Anatomy of each artery are described in this section, together with the anatomy of the regions containing the arteries more especially involved in surgical operations. This part of the work is illustrated by twenty-eight engravings.

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PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

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The Veins are described as in ordinary anatomical works ; and illustrated by a series of engravings, showing those in each region. The veins of the spine are described and illustrated from the well-known work of Breschet.

The Lymphatics are described, and figured in a series of illustrations copied from the elaborate work of Mascagni.

The Nervous System and Organs of Sense. A concise and accurate description of this important part of anatomy has been given, illustrated by sixty-six engravings, showing the spinal cord and its membranes ; the anatomy of the brain, in a series of sectional views ; the origin, course, and distribution of the cranial, spinal, and sympathetic nerves; and the anatomy of the organs of sense.

The Viscera. A detailed description of this essential part of anatomy has been given, illustrated by fifty-five large, accurately lettered engravings.

Regional Anatomy. The anatomy of the perineum, of the ischio-rectal region, and of femoral and inguinal hernise, is described at the end of the work ; the region of the neck, the axilla, the bend of the elbow, Scarpa’s triangle, and the popliteal space, in the section on the arteries ; the laryngo-tracheal region, with the anatomy of the trachea and larynx. The regions are illustrated by many engravings.

Microscopical Anatomy. A brief account of the microscopical anatomy of some of the tissues, and of the various organs, has also been introduced.

The Author gratefully acknowledges the great services he has derived in the execution of this work, from the assistance of his friend, Dr. H. Y. Carter, late Demonstrator of Anatomy at St. George’s Hospital. All the drawings from which the engravings were made, were executed by him. In the majority of cases, they have been copied from, or corrected by, recent dissections made jointly by the Author and Dr. Carter.

The Author has also to thank his friend, Mr. T. Holmes, for the able assistance afforded him in correcting the proof-sheets in their passage through the press.

The engravings have been executed by Messrs. Butterworth and Heath ; and the Author cannot omit thanking these gentlemen for the great care and fidelity displayed in their execution.

August, 1858.

INTRODUCTION; GENERAL ANATOMY.

The Blood

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Parts formed from each layer of the

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Lymph and Chyle

Blastodermic Membrane

Cellular and Fibrous Tissue .

The Amnion ....

Adipose Tissue

The Allantois ....

Pigment

The Umbilical Vesicle

Cartilage

The Chorion . .

Fibro-cartilage ....

The Decidua ....

Yellow or Reticular Cartilage .

The Placenta ....

Bone

The Umbilical Cord .

Development of Bone

The Earliest Condition of the Embryo

Muscular Tissue

Development of the Various Parts

Nervous Tissue

The Spine ....

The Brain

The Cranium and Face

The Spinal Cord ....

The Palate ....

The Ganglia

The Brain ....

The Spinal Marrow and Nerves

The Sympathetic Nerve .

The Eye . ...

Terminations of Nerves .

The Ear

The Vascular System ....

The Nose

The Arteries .

The Skin, Glands, and Soft Parts

The Capillaries ....

The Heart and Great Vessels .

The Veins

The Alimentary Canal and its Ap-

The Lymphatics ....

pendages ....

The Lymphatic Glands

The Respiratory Organs .

The Skin and its Appendages

The Genito-urinary Organs

The Nails

The Wolffian Body .

The Hairs .....

The Internal Genital Organs.

The Sebaceous Glands

Indifferent type

The Sudoriferous Glands .

Female Organs .

The Epithelium

Male Organs

Serous, Mucous, and Synovial Membranes

The External Genital Organs.

Secreting Glands .....

Indifferent type

Growth and Development of the Body .

Female Organs .

Fecundation of the Ovum

Male Organs

Formation of Germinal Area and

Chronological Table of the Development

Chorda Dorsalis ....

of the Foetus ....

Division of Biastodermic Membrane

ANATOMY, DESCRIPTIVE AND SURGICAL.

The Sk

The Skeleton .

. 115

Number of Bones .

. 115

Form of Bones

. 115

The Spine.

General Characters of a Vertebra . . 116

Characters of the Cervical Vertebra . 117

Atlas 118

Axis 119

Vertebra Prominens .... 120

Characters of the Dorsal Vertebra . 121 e 1 e t o n .

Peculiar Dorsal Vertebrae . . . 121

Characters of the Lumbar Vertebra . 123

Structure of the Vertebrae . . .124

Development of the Vertebra . . 124

7th Cervical . . 125

Lumbar Vertebra . 125 Progress of Ossification in the Spine . 125 Sacrum ....... 126

Coccyx 130

Of the Spine in General .... 131

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