Advance in the Antilles; the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico

Front matter

Howard B.Grose

2 170

FORWARD MISSION STUDY COURSES

PART TWO— PORTO RICO V Past and Present in Porto Rico 135

VT The Island and Its People 167

VII The Missionary Outlook 195

APPENDIXES

A Aids to the Pronunciation of Spanish Words.... 229 B Interesting Facts for Reference Drawn from the

Census of 1907 230

C Marriage Restrictions and Roman Catholic Church

Acquisition of Property 235

D Population of Porto Rico 238

E Bibliography 239

F Statistics of Protestant Missions in Cuba and

Porto Rico 244

Index 247 yii

ILLUSTRATIONS

Howard B. Grose Frontispiece

Cathedral, Havana, Where Columbus Was Buried.. Page 7

Cathedral, Santiago " 7

Morro Castle and Lighthouse, Havana " 13

Columbus Park, Havana " 13

Harbor, Havana " 53

Docks, Havana " 53

Cuban Laborers — Four Nationalities " 69

Market-place, Santiago " 69

Types of Cuban Girls " 75

Courting in Cuba " 83

Courtyard of a Wealthy Cuban Home " 83

Bull-fight of the Past " 87

Cock-fighting of the Present " 87

Pottery Class, Brooks Institute, Guantananio, Cuba.. " iii

Basket Weaving, Brooks Institute, Guantanamo, Cuba " iii

First Converts at Pinar del Rio, Cuba " 121

First National Convention of Young People's Societies and Sunday Schools, 1906, Matanzas, Cuba. " 121

Cockpit that Became This Church Site " 131

Baptist Church, Guantanamo, Cuba " 131

Village Street in the Interior " 147

Blanche Kellog Institute, Santurce, Porto Rico .... " 191

International Schools, El Cristo, Cuba " 191

Open-air Meeting " 211

Preaching to Children " 211

ix

Illustrations

Presbyterian Hospital, San Juan, Porto Rico " 215

St. Luke's Hospital, Ponce, Porto Rico " 215

First Presbyterian Church, Aguadilla, Porto Rico.. " 223

United Brethren Church, Ponce, Porto Rico " 223

Colored Map of Cuba and Porto Rico End

Preface

FOR Cuba and Porto Rico this is a new era. As a result of the Spanish-American War (1898- 1900), both islands passed from Spanish rule. Cuba was guaranteed her independence by the United States, which had waged war on her behalf and that of human liberty. Porto Rico, through the issue of that war, became a possession of the United States.

In both islands the breaking away from the oppressive government of Spain was accompanied by a breaking away from the not less oppressive ecclesiastical rule of the Romish Church. Religious liberty was not less welcome to the people than civil liberty. The new order opened the door wide for the American Protestant missionaries, and they entered at once the new fields.

The character of the new era in these island neighbors will be determined in no small degree by the character of the influence exerted upon them by the people of the United States who trade with them, visit them, or permanently settle among them. Of the latter, the missionaries will form by far the most important factor.

The purpose of this volume is to familiarize our people with the past and present of the islands, and

Preface

to show what has been accomphshed and what it is lioped to accomphsh through the missionary agencies sustained by American Protestants.

The author gratefully acknowledges his debt to many missionaries of various denominations, to secretaries of mission boards, to tourist friends and others who have given information and aid. He is especially indebted to Mr. Harry Wade Hicks, General Secretary of the Young People's Missionary Movement, who placed at his disposal the record of his Cuban tour of investigation; to J. Milton Greene, D. D., Superintendent of Presbyterian Missions in Havana and Western Cuba; to H. R. Moseley, D. D., Superintendent of Baptist Missions in Eastern Cuba, who arranged for him a missionary tour of the island; and to the Rev. George F. Wells, who rendered valuable service in gathering material concerning Porto Rico.

Cuba and Porto Rico can and must be evangelized. May this volume serve to further this great end.

Howard B. Grose.

New York, April, ipio.

xu

Part I-cuba

The means for establishing the Faith In the Indies ehould be the same as those by which Christ introduced his religion into the world, — mild, peaceable, and charitable; humility; good examples of a holy and regular way of living.

The Devil could not have done more mischief than the Spaniards have done In distributing and despoiling the countries, In their rapacity and tyranny; subjecting the natives to cruel tasks, treating them like beasts, and persecuting those especially who apply to the monks for instruction.

—Two of the Thirty Propositions of Lns Casas, Spanish defender of the Indians, companion of Columbus.

It Is a government of the Spaniards, by tlie Spaniards, for the Spaniards. I have spoken of it as inquisitorial. It is a government by the police. Every one lives under constant espionage.

— James W. Steele

If there be a fact to which all experience testifies, it is that, when a country holds another in subjection, the individuals of the ruling people who resort to tlie foreign country to make their fortunes are of all others those who most need to be held under powerful restraint. They think the people of the country mere dirt under their feet; it seems to them monstrous that any rights of the natives should stand in the way of their smallest pretensions; the simplest act of protection to the Inhabitants, against any act of power on their part which they may consider useful to their commercial interests, they denounce and sincerely regard as an injury.

— John Stuart Mill

Spain's colonial policy was, In every Instance, the cause of Cuban revolt. In that policy, she violated a fundamental principle of government. She assumed that the subject existed solely for the benefit of the sovereign. In establishing her colony she sought only her own financial advantage. Other colonizing countries learned, through experience, the folly of Buch a policy. Spain never learned It, and has now lost her Insular possessions.

—4. Gf. Robinson

I. Period of Discovery

A Beautiful Land. "The most beautiful land that human eyes ever beheld!" exclaimed Christopher Columbus, as he looked for the first time upon the coast of Cuba. It was also the first land of importance discovered by him in the western world.

First New World Discovery. To understand how the great explorer came upon Cuba, we must recall his first voyage. Seventy-one days after the little caravels set sail from Spanish port (August 2, 1492), when hope was almost gone and mutiny was in the air, a keen-eved lookout spied the land by moonlight, two hours before the dawn ; and in the early morning the Santa Maria, Pinta, and Nina were lying at anchor near the little island called by the natives Guanahani, renamed by Columbus San Salvador (the Savior) as he landed and claimed it for Spain.^

Spain's Sovereignty. That day (October 12, 1492) began Spain's sovereignty in the Western

I. Whether this island was the Cat Island of to-day, or WatJing's Island, of the Bahama group, is in controversy. The evidence favors Watling's Island.

hemisphere — a sovereignty that was to last for four hundred years and that put a Wight upon every acre covered by the Spanish claims and occupation.

The Natives and Columbus. The natives welcomed the strangers as messengers from heaven. Columbus was too tactful to undeceive them. In his journal he writes: "In order to win the friendship and affection of that people, and because I was convinced that their conversion to our holy faith would be better promoted through love than through force, I presented some of them with red caps and some strings of glass beads and other trifles that delighted them and by which we have got a wonderful hold on their affections.'" Thus the missionary motive was declared by the discoverer at the beginning. Had Columbus only held to this course of treatment and inspired all Spaniards to imitate him in it, how different would have been the history of America ! The same motive was professed when he tore some of the natives from their families and homes and carried them with him : "It is my conviction that they would easily become Christians, for they seem not to have any sect. If it please our Lord, I will take six of them from here to A'our Highnesses on my departure, that they may learn to speak." It was purely for their own good, not their value as slaves, that they were to be taken. After describing the peaceful and evidently re-

I. Discovery of America, by Christopher Columbus; nhridged by Las Casas. American History as Told by Con-

isuiporarics, 35.

CATHEDRAL, HAVANA, WHERE COLUMBUS WAS BURIED CATHEDKAL, SANTIAGO ligions people, the journal continues: "Afterward I returned to the ship and set sail, and saw so many islands that I could not decide to which one I should go first, and the men I had taken told me by signs that there were more than one hundred of them. In consequence I looked for the largest one and determined to make for it, and I am so doing."

Cuba Discovered. And it was in so doing that Columbus, in his quest of gold, came a fortnight later to discover Cuba. After winding in and out among the Bahamas, on the 26th of October he entered the harbor of Nuevitas, on the northern coast, and on the 28th took possession in the name of Spain, naming the land Juana," in honor of the Spanish crown prince. He was charmed with the marvelous beauty of the landscape. The mountains seemed to him like those of Sicily. When the natives pointed to the interior and said "Cubanacan," Columbus readily supposed they meant Kublai Khan, because he had that Oriental monarch in his mind, and now he was sure he had reached Cipango (Japan), the land of his desire and of untold riches. The wealth of the Indies seemed within his grasp.

Providential Adjustments. Providence works in strange ways. There seems to be no doubt that

I. Cuba has borne successively the names of Juana, in honor of Prince John, son of Ferdinand and Isabella ; Fernandina, Santiago, and Ave Maria, coming back finally to the aboriginal name, Cuba (pronounced Coo'-ba by the Cubans).

S ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES

Ihe flight of a flock of land birds, in conjunction with the discontent of his crews, diverted Columbus' course so that he first sighted and landed upon an insignificant island instead of upon the Florida coast, to which Spain would then have had first claim as discoverer, with all the consequences ensuing. Through that turn southward Spain gained Cuba and San Domingo and lost North America, while Columbus never touched the mainland at all. Columbus Honored in Cuba. Leaving the island, Columbus passed on to San Domingo, which he named Hispaniola, and fixed upon as the site of a colony of which he should be ruler on his return from Spain. Thereafter his attention was centered upon Hispaniola, and the settlement of Cuba was left to others. But Christopher Columbus was rightly honored as the discoverer, and his name has ever been held in highest fame in the island. The statues to him are numerous, and in Havana the most beautiful temple in the capital is the Columbus Memorial, while the cathedral was long the shrine of pilgrims, because of the belief that his remains were buried there.

2. Period of Conquest

Cuba Circumnavigated. Although Cuba was discovered in 1492, and its southern coast was explored somewhat by Columbus on his second and third voyages, the fact that it was an island was not established until 1508, when Sebastian de Ocampo sailed around it. Three years later, in

151 1, Diego Columbus, son of Christopher and ruler of Hispaniola, sent a wealthy planter named Diego \^elasquez to conquer and colonize Cuba.

The First Settlement. Velasquez landed at a point near Cape Maysi, with a force of only three hundred men, and easily subjugated the peaceful and unarmed natives. They proved to be inoffensive, hospitable, timid, fond of the dance and of their rude music. Their government was simple but sufficient. There were nine provinces, with a cacique, or governor, for each.^ No record remains of their laws and traditions, but they kept the peace among themselves and with their neighbors. Their priests w'ere fanatical and highly superstitious, but scarcely more so than the Spanish priests who succeeded them. They did not practise human sacrifices. They welcomed the gospel brought to them by their white conquerors, even as the Cubans of to-day welcome the gospel taught by the Protestant missionaries.

Bloodshed and Oppression. The treatment of these innocent and harmless people by the Spanish invaders forms one of the blackest chapters of colonial histoiy. The story is told in detail by Las Casas, a Spanish priest, whose soul was filled with horror at the inhumanity of his countrymen, and who vainly sought to save the Indians. He was a true missionary for half a century, and is the redeeming character in a terrible tragedy. While al-

I. The present number is six: Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Camague}', and Oriente.

lo ADVANCE IN THE ANTILLES

lowance may be made for some exaggeration in his narrative, there is no doubt that the truth was bad enough.' Tradition says that when Chief Hatuey, who tried to defend his httle territory, fell into Velasquez's hands, the governor had him burned alive as a punishment. During his torture the noble chief was asked if he would not profess the faith, that his soul might go to heaven. He asked in turn if any Spaniards would be there, and when told that they would, said: 'T prefer hell to heaven, if there are Spaniards in heaven.'"

Four Centuries of Tyranny. Thus from first to last the four centuries of Spain's rule in Cuba were marked by wanton bloodshed, tyranny, inhumanity, and nameless horrors. The closing atrocities of the reconcentrado period under Weyler, which induced the American intervention in 1898, were a match for the savageries of the early period that witnessed the annihilation of the native race, whose numbers have been estimated at from two hundred thousand to half a million or more.

1. Canini, Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba. Only manuscript copies of Las Casas' work, Tlie Destruction of the Indies (1539), could be had until 1875, since license to print such an exposure of Spanish cruelty could not be obtained. He died in 1566; was the first priest ordained in the Indies (1510) ; and was consecrated bishop of Seville in 1544.

2. Velasquez did much for the development of the Spanish colony, and is credited with more humane treatment of the natives than they received later from other rulers. When they proved too weak physically to endure the_ hard work put upon them, negroes were imported from Africa with the consent of the Spanish government, and thus slavery was early fastened upon the island.

UNDER SPANISH RULE n

3. Period of Colonization

Cities Founded. The first town founded by Velasquez was Baracoa, on the north coast. In Baracoa the first cathedral was built, and the place was made a city and bishopric as early as 1518; but after the founding of Santiago, on the south shore, the capital and bishopric were transferred thither in 1522, and Santiago de Cuba was long the most important city of the island. Velasquez ruled until his death, in 1524. Besides Baracoa and Santiago, he founded Trinidad. Puerto Principe (now Camaguey), Bayamo, Sancti Spiritus, and San Cristobal de la Habana, still the principal cities of Cuba. The last-named settlement changed its location In 15 19, and Habana (Havana, as we spell it) on its present site, dates back, therefore, to within seven years of the first Spanish settlement on the island.

Changes of Governors and Population. Velasquez was followed by the adventurer Hernandes de Soto, also commissioned as governor of Florida, and known in history as the discoverer of the Mississippi. He was one of the most treacherous and gold-greedy of his tyrannical type, and it was good for Cuba that he decided upon the conquest of Florida, and after inflicting terrible cruelties upon the hapless natives there, found his grave in the great river, which he was the first white man to see. It was under his lieutenants and successors in Havana that the Cuban natives were enslaved and rapidly pined to death, so that in a short period they were practically extinct. Meanwhile Cuba was chiefly regarded as a good base for expeditions to Florida. There was little immigration from Spain, and at the beginning of the nineteenth century the population of Cuba was placed at 275,- 000, or less than the native population when Velasquez first landed upon its shores three hundred years before.

Havana Becomes the Capital. In 1551 the residence of the governor was removed from Santiago to Havana, which was thenceforth the capital and commercial center. Thirty years later, in 1581, Spain changed the title of the ruler to captain-general, and this office continued until the extinction of Spanish power in 1898. Cuba's fortune and fate depended largely upon the character and purposes of this official, who was appointed by the Spanish government and commonly given absolute power over the lives and property of the people. Cuba became the rich graft land for Spanish nobles and others who sought fortunes abroad to make up for the loss or lack of them at home.

Attacks on Cuba. When Spain was at war witii other nations, Cuba occasionally became a target. iThe French twice attacked Havana. The threatened attack by the English under Drake, in 1585, was the occasion of the building of the famous Morro Castle at the entrance of Havana's finely protected harbor, together with the battery of La

MORKO CASTLE AND LIGHTHOUSE, HAVANA COLUMBUS PARK^ HAVANA

Punta on the opposite shore. These forts long made Havana impregnable.

A Historical Hinge. But nearly two centuries later it so happened that western Cuba was invaded and conquered by the British (1762). Twentythree hundred American soldiers aided in that victory. That was a crisis in Cuban history. On what slight hinges a people's destiny sometimes seems to swing. Had it not resulted, in the course of treaty-making the following year, that Cuba was restored to Spain by England, how different the history of the island would have been! Under a colonial policy like that of the British in Jamaica and the Bahamas, Cuba might easily have become one of the richest and most desirable garden spots on the globe; and the long period of revolution and devastation might have been avoided. Then, too, the domination of the Roman Catholic hierarchy would have come to an end, and the religious and social life of the people would have been changed as radically as the political status and rule.

4. Period of Revolt

Spanish Monopoly. Although Spain's treatment of Cuba was uniformly ungenerous and provoking, including unfair taxation without representation, unjust restriction of trade, and uncalled-for harshness, the colonists endured what they could not cure by remonstrance, and saw their industrial profits absorbed by Spain and her representatives. The entire system of administration \vas closely kept in Spanish hands. Every natural desire for share in the government and for personal liberty was ignored.

Trade Restrictions. Cuba was allowed to trade only with Spain, and in one Spanish port, Cadiz, at that. Smuggling became an established institution under this embargo. For the first fifty years Santiago was the only port of Cuba through which merchandise could legally be imported or exported. When Havana was made the capital it became the sole port officially recognized for oversea trade, shutting Santiago out. Not until 1801 were the island ports opened to foreign trade, and in 1809 foreign trade was again prohibited.

Special Taxes and Graft. Aside from the land taxation, which was not unreasonable, there were special taxes which made life a burden and vexation. For instance, there were taxes upon citizenship, upon all dressed meat sent out from slaughterhouses, upon fuel and building material, upon fami produce iDrought to market, and horses used for pleasure driving, upon railways and country stage lines, upon all forms of public amusement, and upon official paper required for all legal documents. Then there were professional taxes upon lawyers, doctors, and brokers, and industrial taxes upon carpenters, shoemakers, and masons. Few were exempt from some form of special taxation, and in the end the people who could least afford to do so had to pay these taxes. The system was whimsical and arbitraty, moreover, and abuses were flagrant. Corruption was reduced to a system, and graft was ubiquitous.

The Liberal Era. In 1777 there came a new era, bright with promise. Spain gave Cuba an independent colonial administration under a captain-general. This seemed too good to be true, and was too good to last. But it lasted as long as the liberal government did in Spain ; and during the first quarter of the nineteenth century Cuba enjoyed its golden age of government. Something like a provincial legislature was established, a militia was organized, advisory boards and committees discussed public questions and made recommendations, the right to bear arms was recognized, tribunals passed upon certain questions, the press was free, and Cuba sent delegates to the Spanish Cortes or Parliament.

Infamous Royal Order. Had not the liberal policy been changed, seventy-five years of bloodshed and devastation might have been averted. But in 1825, on May 29, w'as issued the famous Royal Order^ of tyrannical Ferdinand VH, of Spain, which became Cuba's only constitution until revolur. The Royal Order runs: "Fully investing you with the whole extent of power which, by the royal ordinances, is granted to the governor of besieged towns. In consequence thereof. His Majesty most amply and unrestrictedly authorizes your Excellency not only to remove from the island such persons, holding offices from government or not, whatever their ocupation, rank, class, or situation in life may be, whose residence there you may believe prejudicial, or whose public or private conduct may appear suspicious to you."

tions had drenched the island with blood. This order clothed the captain-general with the fullest powers, and made absolute despotism of the worst kind possible, while the people were without safe^ guards to life or property and subject to the whim of a captain-general.

Iron Censorship. From 1825 forward, therefore, Cuba was not only under martial law, but in a state of siege. From that time there was no legislative assembly, and everything in the nature of popular assemblies, independent tribunals, right of voting, and juries, disappeared. The press, theaters, and opera were under strict censorship. It was almost as bad as in Russia. It is told that when the opera of "I Puritani" was played in Havana, the singers were required to substitute "Lealta" (Loyalty) for ''Liberta/' and one singer who refused to do so was fined and imprisoned. This equals the Russian censor who would not allow the use of the term "revolution of the earth" to remain in the astronomies, for fear the significance of the idea of revolution might dawn upon the people. The power of banishment, without trial or chance for defense, on the mere will of the captain-general, hung over every Cuban. A Cuban had no career open to him. If ever conditions were prepared for revolt, they were prepared in this hapless island.

Vexatious Forms of Despotism. Some of the regulations were as mortifying and vexatious as they were ridiculous. They were mere encouragements to grafting. For example, no man miglit entertain a stranger over night at his house without previous notice to the magistrate. The taxes were enormous, and nothing but the richness of the soil made it possible for the people to exist. It was an unmixed despotism against which the Cuban liberators fought.

Early Local Revolts. The spasmodic attempts to throw off the Spanish yoke began in 1823 under Simon Bolivar. The expedition of General Narcisso Lopez in 1859 was of especial interest to this country because this brilliant Spanish soldier fitted out his privateer at one of our ports, sailed from New Orleans, and had among his six hundred men a hundred and fifty Americans led by the gallant Colonel Crittenden, of Kentucky. The affair was mismanaged from the start, and one result was the shooting in cold blood of the large body of American filibusters who were captured at sea ; another ■result was the capture and execution of Lopez, who was refused a soldier's death by shooting, and put to the shame of the garrote. His last words were, "Muero por mi amada Cuba" (I die for my beloved Cuba). While this effort was one of many failures, it made a deep impression ; and the massacre of so many citizens of the United States who had surrendered aroused an indignation that made it easier for revolutionists to work here without detection in after years.

5. Ten Years' War Mild Demand Unheeded. Revolution was now in the air. From 1823 to 1868 tliere was a condition of discontent, ferment, occasional local outbreaks, and continual efforts to secure relief from the unjust commercial restrictions and oppressive taxation. Spain met this by political trickery, evasion, promises made only to be broken, and savage treatment of rebels. When Queen Isabella, in 1865, asked Cuban delegates to present their grievances to a royal commission, these were their requests: (i) The establishment of a constitutional insular government; (2) freedom of the press; (3) right of petition and assembly; (4) the right of Cubans to hold office in Cuba, and (5) Cuban representation in the Cortes. This was not going too far. Considering the knowledge which the Cubans had gained of our American institutions and liberties through education and travel in the United States, the demands were mild enough. But they were wholly unheeded by the Spanish government. There is little doubt that had these moderate requests been granted, and the reforms carried into efifect, Cuba would still be a Spanish colony; for the feeling of loyalty, that led to the phrase "the ever-loyal isle," was then very strong. The idea of a Cuban republic was not unknown, but it was regarded as chimerical.

Cuban Republic Proclaimed. The Cubans had reached the limit of their patience, but Spain was blind to the fact, and persisted in the discredited methods. There was a liberal club in Havana and a Cuban junta in New York, raising money for tlie cause. On the loth of October, 1868, the cry of Cuban independence was raised at Yara, Province of Puerto Principe (now Camaguey), by Carlos Manuel Cespedes and his comrades. He was a leader in whom the Cubans had confidence. April 10, 1869, the constitution of the Cuban Republic was proclaimed, and the guerilla war was on.

Slavery Abolished. One of the first steps of the insurrection, even before the proclamation of the constitution, was the abolition of slavery — February 26, 1869 — a date to be remembered. While it was nearly twenty years prior to the Spanish decree abolishing slavery, the Cubans composing their Assembly of Representatives which preceded the so-called Republic should have the credit of the first emancipation proclamation, even if incapable of enforcing it. Nor is it to be doubted that this action of the insurgents eventuated in the Spanish decree.

Results of the Ten Years' Struggle. Cespedes was chosen as first President, and official recognition was asked of the United States. It was impossible to recognize a republic which had no capital, no official residence, no permanent headquarters; a government cr,nstantly on the move, dating orders and proclamations from the field. The insurgents were roving bands, subsisting on the country, skilful in evading the Spanish troops when they could not entrap them into ambuscades, fighting in guerilla fashion, burning the sugar fields, destroying the crops, bent on making a ruin of the island if that were the only way to drive the Spanish soldiery out of it. There were harsh orders on both sides, and the old stories of brutality and murder could be truthfully repeated of this struggle. But the struggle went on. Spanish troops were sent over in large numbers — 145,000 of them, enough to sweep the whole island; yet the insurgents managed to elude, and aggravate, and wear out their foe; and at the end of ten long years Spain had to promise the asked-for reforms and inaugurate a new policy in order to effect a peace. This peace was sealed by the treaty of Zanjon, which was made on the part of the insurgents by Maximo Gomez, who had developed as the hero leader.

Promised Reforms. Governor-general Campos, the most peaceable and kindly ruler ever sent by Spain to Cuba, had come bearing the olive-branch of peace. He was authorized to promise the reforms asked for, in case hostilities ceased, namely : ( I ) the political and administrative organization of Cuba; (2) pardon for political offenses; (3) freedom of persons under indictment; (4) amnesty for deserters; (5) the emancipation of the coolies and slaves serving in the rebel ranks; (6) and free transportation for those desirous of leaving the island. Nominally Spain carried out these promises and even went further. Amnesty was granted to all, and the Spanish constitution was extended to Cuba. Under this Cubans were granted the privilege of peaceable assembly, also suffrage, freedom of speech and of worship, freedom of the press, right of petition and eligibility to all public offices. Provision was also made for Cuban representation in the Cortes. These were fine promises indeed, but not one of them was kept ! Things went from bad to worse. There was no security of person or property.'' Commerce was crippled, courts were a farce, freedom of speech, press, or religion was unknown. The Cubans saw no hope save in resort once more to revolution. The Ten Years' War is said to have cost Spain $700,000,000 and more than 200,000 lives.

The "Virginius" Affair. During the Ten Years' War occurred the Virginiiis affair, which gave to Captain Joseph Fry the name of "the Cuban Martyr," and deeply incensed our people against Spain. Nations must observe international rights and obligations, however, and it is doubtless fortunate for the welfare of the world at large that popular wrath and resentment are held in restraint by law^