The United States and Cuba

Preface

In presenting the following pages to the public, it will be expected that they should be accompanied by a few remarks by way of preface, explanatory of the Author s object in their publication, and of the circumstances which have induced him again to obtrude himself upon public attention.

The substance of this volume was contained in Lectures

delivered before various Literary and Scientific Societies. In

^ preparing these Lectures the Author had recourse to every

Z publication within reach, referring to the subjects on which

f they treat. Thus, in addition to his own personal observation

^ and experience, he has endeavoured to condense, from authentic

but widely-scattered sources, as large a mass of information as

possible into the smallest compass consistent with perspicuity.

In pursuing his task the writer was particularly struck with the fact, that, although histories of, and tours through, the United States are so numerous, no book existed, so far as he was able to ascertain, that could be put into the hands of an emigrant, or of any one anxious to acquire general information on the United States, conveying such knowledge as he would naturally desire, within reasonable limits and at a moderate expense.

The present volume, therefore, by its embracing so wide a range of topics, carefully collected and systematically arranged, — comprehending, indeed, almost every conceivable subject connected with the United States, — and presented in so compendious a form, the Author flatters himself will be regarded as supplying an important desideratum.

IV PREFACE.

The Author is permitted to append to this preface the opinions of Dr. Williams, of New York, and Dr. Wayland, of Providence, to whom he had the pleasure of submitting his manuscript during his late visit to the United States.

The Rev. William R. Williams, D.D., New York, says: —

" The subscriber has had leisure to peruse but a small section in manuscript of the proposed work of Mr. Phillippo on the Institutions of the United States.

"Its Author, for many years an efficient and honoured missionary in the British West Indies, will be found, as the subscriber believes, to have scanned our country with the eye of an intelligent and practised, but kindly observer. And his new work will not, in interest or intrinsic merit, fall behind his former volume on Jamaica (the scene of his residence and toils), — a book which, some years since, introduced him so favourably, and to so many readers, in both America and Britain."

The Rev. F. Wayland, D.D., LL.D., Providence, Rhode Island, says : —

" I have read the table of contents of Mr. Phillippo's work on the United States. The topics which he has selected seem to me to embrace all the most important points of interest which at once attract the attention of an enquirer concerning this country. From Mr. Phillippo's habits of correct observation, and from the knowledge I possess of his work on Jamaica, I have no doubt that his statements will be found eminently reliable and deeply interesting. I may also remark, in addition, that the success of Mr. Phillippo as a missionary in Jamaica, and the results of his labours for the improvement of that island, must endear him to every friend of humanity."

How far the writer has succeeded in accomplishing his object, and in justifying the opinion formed of his qualifications by these distinguished men, it remains for the public to determine.

London, November, 1857.

Contents

THE UNITED STATES.

Chapter I. Page

Physical Divisions, Extbnt, Chronology, &c, op the American Continent. — Geographical position. Extent. Political divisions. How distinguished. Scriptural vidence of the unity of origin of the human family. Probable migration of the first inhabitants of America. In what manner, and from what part of the world peopled. Obscurity of the early history of the North American Indians. Various theories on the subject. General conclusion as to the origin and early condition of the Indian tribes. Opinions of the identity of these both in North and South America, by the most eminent ethnologists. Reflections 1

Chapter II

Extent and Natural Divisions op tbr United States. — Chief towns. Characteristic features of the country. Mountains, prairies, lakes, rivers, springs, islands. Past and present general boundaries and extent. Original number of States. Comparison with other nations. Situation of its frontier coast in regard to Europe 17

Chapter III

Early History after Discovery by Europeans — When first colonized by Europeans. In what localities, and by what nations. The Pilgrim Fathers. Subsequent exclusive possession by the British. Progress in civilization. Rupture with the Mother country, and its causes. Determined conduct of the colonists. Results and termination of the war. Its influence on the national character. Present population. Its late and continued increase. Observations of Sir William Molesworth and Lord John Russell. ... 25

Chapter IV

Form op Government Adopted. — Its nature and character. By whom originated. Assimilation of the rules and practices of the Congress to those of the British Houses of Parliament. Powers of the supreme legislature. Chief officers of Government : their necessary qualifications for office. Mode of appointment. Supreme- Court of Judicature. Judges. Extent of jurisdiction. Judicial establishment 34

Chapter V

Description op the Capitol at Washington, and the Natural beauties op its

Situation The Hall of the Senate and House of Representatives. Principal mem-

bers of both Houses. Amount of talent among the members compared with that in the past age: Webster, Cluy, Calhoun, and others. Mode and character of debate in

71 CONTENTS.

PAGB.

the Senate. Present leading men in both branches of the Legislature. Proportion of members supplied by the old States. Calculation of the influence of particular States in the national councils. Preponderance of gentlemen of the legal profession in both Houses. Names and number of Presidents since the establishment of the Republic. President's house. President. Principal officers of State. Salary of President, and that of inferior officers 42

Chapter VI

Annual Expenditure of thb Government.— Its great economy compared with that of England and her colonies. Past and present financial state. Chief sources of revenue. Total amount of revenue per annum. Insolvent laws. Banks. Great economy preserved throughout every department of the State. Theory of political economy in the United States. Liberality of the Government, and its beneficial results. Equality of political, civil, and religious rights. General estimate of these advantages by the masses. Misrepresentations of the workings of the Government by tourists and others. Refutation of these misrepresentations. Adaptation of the Republican form of Government to the character and circumstances of the American, people. The equality recognised not incompatible with social distinctions. Beneficial results of the Government exemplified in the union, order, and progress of the nation. The national feeling and sentiment in regard to the Government. Lines by Sir William Jones on what constitutes a State. Anomalous conduct of America towards a great portion of her population. Her injustice and impolicy in perpetuating Slavery 52

Chapter VII

Laws of the United Statbs— Improvement on those of England. Liberty of the press. Naval and military establishments. America deficient in the qualities of a military nation. Her advantage in cultivating the arts of peace. Consequences of an offensive, aggressive war- spirit to ancient republics and to Russia 65

Chapter VIII

Vast and Rapidly Increasing Commeecb. — Home and foreign. Imports and exports. Tonnage. Magnificent lines of river and ocean steamers. Canals, railroads, and electric telegraphs. Naval architecture and shipping. Agricultural products. Manufactories and manufactures. Their character and variety. Principal districts in which established : Lowell, &c. Wealth of the United States. How or from what source principally derived. Its quality. General distribution. Comparative absence of poverty throughout the Union. General contentment and happiness of the working classes. Active enterprising habits of all classes. Prevailing mania for the possession of wealth i . . 74

Chapter IX

Manners and Customs Absence of expensive, courtly, and civic paraphernalia, antiquated costumes, splendid retinues, and aristocratic distinctions. Character of the inhabitants of the different States. Their intimate relation to each other, and assimilation of rich and poor. Rate of wages to working men. Cheapness of means of subsistence. Their abundance. Economy of travelling. Politeness of American gentlemen towards the female sex. Rights of women. In what they consist. Extent to which recognised. The influence of the female sex on society at large. Uncharitable representations of both men and manners in America, by European tourists. Prevailing hospitality. General politeness and urbanity of American gentlemen 9*

CONTENTS. VU

Chapter X. Page

Prevailing Characteristics op Social Life.— Personal appearance. Dress and habits of both sexes. Houses. Cemeteries. Domestic servants, their moral character, how regarded and treated. Character and circumstances of first European settlers. Moral and social state of present inhabitants. Language, comparative absence of dialects, provincialisms, &c 107

Chapter XI

Variety op Sorfacb, Soil, and Climate of thb United States generally.— Their dissimilarity with those of Europe in the same degrees of latitude. Their influence on human life. Seasons of the year. Varieties of vegetable life, and their general dissimilarity to those of Europe. Scenery of the North-Eastern and Middle States. America not classic ground. Rural homesteads. Principal objects of attraction in rural scenery. Where situated. General character of American landscapes. Scenery of the Southern and Western States. River scenery, the Mississippi, Ohio. Cataracts. Autumnal appearance of forests. Mountain scenery. Magnificent and pictorial beauty of the lakes. Their Indian legendary Associations. Testimony of the Earl of Carlisle. " Virginia Water " 116

Chapter XII

Natoral Pbbnonena The notch on Mount Washington. Hawke's nest. Natural

bridge of Virginia. Gorge near Harper's Ferry, Maryland. Maiden Rock. Enchanted mountain in Tennessee. Sulphuretted springs in Virginia, Arkansas, Saratoga, Lebanon, &c. Caverns, and subterraneous temples. Remarkable mountains. Catskill Falls. Cascades in Georgia, and on the Mohawk. Particular description of Niagara Falls in summer and winter. Beautiful lines by Brainard. Reflections. . 141

Chapter XIII

Vegetable Productions.— Their number and variety. Indigenous trees, shrubs, and

flowers. Their peculiarities, as found in different sections of the country 151

Chapter XIV

Zoology. Animals peculiar to America. Their diversity. Number. Indigenous and

foreign. Wild and domestic. Insects. Fish. Reptiles. Birds 161

Chapter XV

Sec. I. General Geological Features op the Continent.— Composition, structure, position, and disposition of rocks. Prevailing character of mountain formations. Hypothesis as to the origin of the gTeat mountain ranges. Supposed relation between those of America and Europe. Peculiar geological and mineral character of the different States. Great metalliferous belt. Its extent. Gold deposits. Copper and lead mines. Coal fields and basins. Anthracitic and bituminous. Fossil quadrupeds and mammiferous animals. Where discovered. Descriptions of the different species. Indian legends of a monster animal of a former age. Gigantic fossil cetaceans. Remarkable cemetery of animal remains. Specimen of the genus eervus converted into a silicious fossil. Silicified plants. Fossil fishes. Crinoids. Extraordinary development of form of the latter class. Its discovery in the carbonaceous and Silurian strata in Tennessee 173 viii CONTENTS.

PAGB.

Sec. II. Vast fossilliferous cypress forests in New Orleans. Their frequent occurrence in the abrasions of the Mississippi and in Louisiana. Fossilized human skeleton. Supposed antiquity of the submerged forests. Peculiar circumstances connected with them. Opinions of eminent geologists and antiquarians as to their origin and age. Collection of human bones in Virginia. Indian Herculaneum and legend. Fossil impressions on sandstones. Producta, encrinites, &c. Vast fragments of fossilliferous rock in sulphuretted springs in Virginia Travertine rock. Stalactites. Petrified mosses, agates, cornelians, &c. Fresh water shells. Naiades of Lamark. Univalve, &c. Deposits of marine shells in the interior States. Disclosures of interesting geological phenomena as connected with Canada. Infusorial deposits in rivers. Volcanoes. Earthquakes. Reflections 185

Chapter XVI

Moral Charactbr op American Progress'.— Benevolent and philanthropic societies. Origin and progress of the temperance movement. Efforts to counteract the consumption of tobacco. Estimate of the quantity consumed. Of its cost and poisonous qualities. Sabbath observance society. Society for abolition of war and promotion of universal peace and brotherhood. Sanitory arrangements. Prison discipline society. Reformatory schools, &c. Prisons. Orphan asylums. Institutions for the blind. Emigrants' asylum; or, Strangers' home. Sailors' home. Modern reformatory institutions for drunkards, &c. The bible and tract societies. Home and foreign missions. Principles and plans of their institutions. Extraordinary efficiency of their operation 191

Chapter XVII

Education, Literature, Literary Institutions, and Litekary Men. — Day schools. Sunday schools. State of education in general. Normal seminaries for training female teachers. High estimate of women as teachers of youth. Their especial influence in the improvement of society. Schools of design and practical science. Institutions for the promotion of geological and physical sciences at Washington, Philadelphia, &c. Great improvement in nautical science by Lieut. Maury. Advancement in everything in relation to the mind and social life. Numerous seminaries of learning. Where situated. Quality of knowledge imparted. General character of the principal institutions. Most eminent literary men, divines, historians, novelists, and critics. Philosophers and astronomers. Naturalists, mathematicians, sculptors, painters, poets, literary women. Theological schools. Colleges and universities. Libraries. Museums. Female medical colleges. Newspapers and periodical publications in general. Character of the American press 199

Chapter XVIII

Rbligion— Religion recognized and protected, but not supported by the State. Ecclesiastical establishments repudiated by the framers of the Constitution. Religion, notwithstanding, the basis of the laws. Opinions of the founders of the Commonwealth on the subject. Great progress of religion under these circumstances. Perfect religious freedom and equality. Recognition of this principle by Congress in the choice of chaplains. Operation of the voluntary principle. Number of places of worship. Ministers and congregations in the Union. General statistics from last census. Great aversion to a Church and State alliance, by minister* and people of all christian or protestant denominations. All religious institutions supported by voluntary effort. None by individual States or the Federal Government. Great efficiency of the voluntary principle demonstrated by it3 success. Embarrassment of the episcopal church when first thrown on her own resources. Beneficial results of her self-reliance 220

CONTENTS. IX

Chapter XIX. Pagb

Form of Cbubch Govebnmbnt among Episcopalians Discipline. Improvements in

their ecclesiastical polity. Comparatively healthy and prosperous state of their churches." .Happy effects of religious equality on the country, on ministers, and on religion, in obviating jealousy, party feeling, and isolation. Fraternity of ministers and people of different sections of the universal church as a consequence. General harmony of operation. Respect and kindness manifested by American people generally towards ministers of religion. Instances in which especially exemplified. Voluntary liberality in support of religious institutions. Number and diversity of religious sects. Its influence for good rather than for evil. Prevalence of religion, and number of places of religious worship. Architecture and internal arrangements of religious edifices. Especial respect paid to the Sabbath in the Northern and Middle States 233

Chapter XX

Sec. I. Chief Commercial Cities.— Boston. Origin of the name. Its geographical situation and commercial importance. Harbour, shipping, suburbs, population. Literary and scientific institutions. Public buildings. Harvard university. Newton theological institution. Cemetery. Seminary for training female teachers. Common schools. Number of places of religious worship. Particular circumstances for which Boston is celebrated in history. Prevalence ef religion. Principal religious denominations. Architecture of public edifices. Public places of resort. Boston common. Mt. Auburn Cemetery, &c 254

Sec. II. Rhode island. Situation and extent. Salubrious climate. Chief towns. Public buildings. Benevolent institutions. Population. Face of the country. Rural attractions. Origin of cotton cultivation and manufacture. State when founded. Roger Williams. His history. Origin and nature of the government. Brown university. Origin, progress, and present state. President Way land 261

Chapter XXI

Chief Commercial Cities Continued New York. Interesting circumstances of an

approach to this city. Description of appearances of rural scenery in sailing up the East River. Different islands. Aspect of the city on entering the harbour. Its situation, extent, population, streets, houses, public buildings, library, philanthropic institutions, hotels, Croton water works, manners and customs. State or county of New York. Statistics of religious denominations. Number of adherents to each. Number of ministers of religion in the city and state. Progress and present state of education. Literature and arts. Brooklyn. Its connection with New York. How approached. Particulars of interest as to its situation. Institutions, navy yard, cemetery, &c 2G6

Chapter XXII

Cbisf Commercial Cities Continued. — State of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. Situation and importance. Ancient capital of the State. Origin of Philadelphia. Resources. Voyage up the Delaware. Incidents. Beautiful scenery. Reflections. General appearance of the city. Houses. Streets. Public buildings. Institutions. Public squares and pleasure grounds. Suburban villas. Gardens. Agriculture of the State. Circumstances for which Philadelphia is celebrated. Description of the city and suburbs as viewed from the cupola of the state house 279

Chapter XXIII

Washington. Richmond. Baltimore. Charleston. Savannah. Pbnsacola. Mobile 294

X CONTENTS.

Chapter XXIV. Paob

New Orleans. Statb of Louisiana, — New Orleans, how situated. Its importance. General description of its appearance. Causes of its peculiar and picturesque architecture. Public places of recreation and amusement. Origin of the city. Early possession by France. Original European population. Their discouraging prospects. Various character and motley aspect of its present inhabitants. Proportion between white and black, slave and free. Principal agricultural products. Market. Levee. Places of worship. Contrast between New Orleans and the cities of the north. Comparative paucity of benevolent institutions. Vast commerce. Acquisition of wealth the all-engrosing object of pursuit. Prevailing demoralization. Causes. Influence of slavery. Duelling. Desecration of the Sabbath. Climate and seasons. Infectious diseases. Remarkable public burial place. Slave auctions. Slavery. Mississippi, its source. Magnitude. Extent and grandeur. Cincinnati. Ohio river, &c 301

Chapter XXV

Causes of the Rapid Advancement and Prosperity op the United States. — Her previous oppression by the Mother Country. Qualities of government. Freedom of commerce, of speech, and action. Religious as well as civil and political liberty. Exemption from old habits and prejudices. Superior enterprise and energy of her people. Quality of emigrants. Freedom of institutions. Illustration in the establishment of San Francisco, Wisconsin, Chicago, and Ohio. Influence of commerce. Facilities of locomotion. Stimulus supplied to agricultural labour. Prevalence of small farms and number of small proprietors. Advantages as contrasted with customs in England and her colonies. Superior domestic economy. General self-reliance and independent spirit of the people. Great economy of the Government. Its enterprising spirit and forethought in regard to its public works. Generous aid to public patriotic undertakings. Prevalence of education in the Northern and Middle States. Liberal character of the plan of school institutions, and of the instruction given. Its direct practical tendency and palpable advantages 318

Chapter XXVI

Peculiarities of Original European Inhabitants Their character and previous

circumstances. General influence they exerted. Inauspicious and painful occurrences of their first settlement. Their industry and skill. Habits of life. Their stern, unaffected piety. Salutary influence in domestic and social life, in the local politics of the districts of their location, and subsequently in the councils of the nation. General diffusion of Protestant Christianity over the land. The firm belief of the Pilgrim Fathers in the beneficent purposes of the Almighty in their expatriation. The evident approval of God of their plans and efforts. His continued blessing on the plans and enterprises of their successors. Influence of the belief in the purpose and providence of God both in the discovery and settlement of the New World. Prevalent conviction of the final evangelization of America, and that the vast influence it is destined to exercise in the conversion of the world is the subject of ancient prediction 344

Chapter XXVII

Sec. I. Progress and National Greatness of the United States unprbcb- -., dented and Wonderful.— An exhibition of the mighty effects of industry and perseverance. Her great and glorious future. Present danger to future prospects from the continuance of slavery. Slavery an evident incubus on her progress.

CONTENTS. XI

PAGB.

Great injustice as well as impolicy of the system. Advancement of the United States, though vast, still infantile. Calculations of amount of population at different prospective periods. Probable dense population of the whole valley of the Mississippi, and North-West States, to the Rocky Mountains. Her vast magnitude and power, when densely peopled throughout her whole extent to the Pacific Ocean. This result not Utopian. Past and present progress confirmatory of its probable result. Prediction of anti-republican politicians and others of the certain dissolution of the Union, from the results of the Ancient Republics and France. Great dissimilarity in the character and circumstances of these governments, nations, and people, &c. Alleged danger from collision between the Northern and Southern States on the slavery question. Daily diminishing probabilities of this result. Evidences. Abolition of slavery inevitable. Enquiry as to the policy of the nation in relation to this issue. Undoubted advantages of wise and just arrangements, because in harmony with Divine providence. Example of the consequences of injustice, and the failure

of ambitious projects to Russia 365

Sbc. II. The lessons of peace and amity past history and experience are designed to teach both^America and England. The cultivation of friendship and good understanding between these two nations should be the constant aim of both. Promotion of concord among nations the most importantArf social theories. Opinion of Montesquieu. Great impolicy as well as inhumanity of war. Examples in both ancient and modern history. Uncertainty as to its results. Duty of England and America in relation to each other. Improved sentiment of each in regard to war. Evidences of mutual desire for harmony of operation. Mutual sympathy from obvious causes. Especial influence of religion in the promotion of charity and good-will. Chief causes of international prejudices and hostile feeling. Best means of counteracting and obviating them. Testimony of an English nobleman. Reflections 377

CUBA AND THE CUBANS.

Chapter XXVIII

Geographical Position. — Extent. History. Description of Havanna. Religion. Morals. General character of inhabitants. Origin. Slavery. Piracy. Government. Present equivocal destiny of the island. Army and Navy. Revenue 397

Chapter XXIX

Manners and Customs. — Odious system of police surveillance. Streets of Havanna. Houses. Furniture. Dress of inhabitants of both sexes. Personal appearance and social characteristics of Spanish ladies and gentlemen. Managers of sugar estates. Peasants, &c. Public vehicles and drivers. Agriculture, trade, and commerce 419

Chapter XXX

Climate, Scenery, &c— Description of a Hurricane in the tropical seas. Vegetable productions. Rivers. Mountains. Domestic and wild animals. General geological formations. Mineral riches. Principal objects of attraction to a stranger. Architecture and general description of churches. Cathedral. Church of San Domingo. Vice regal palace. Chapel of Columbus. Statue of Ferdinand. Admiralty. Arsenal. Post office. Inquisition. American hotel. Alamadas. Plazas. Royal tobacco manufactory. Convent at Regla. Plaza de Toros or colosseum for bull fights. Conclusion ...... L. ....... 483

THE UNITED STATES.

Chapter I

Physical Divisions, Extent, Chronology, &c — American Continent. Geographical position. Extent. Political divisions. How distinguished. Scriptural evidence of the unity of origin of the human family. . Probable migration of the first inhabitants of America. In what manner, and from what part of the world peopled. Obscurity of the early history of the North American Indians. Various theories on the subject. General conclusion as to the origin and early condition of the Indian tribes. Opinions of the identity of these both in North and South America, by the most eminent ethnologists. Reflections.

America, the largest of the four continental divisions of the globe, is supposed to be surrounded on all sides by the ocean, and stretches in an extensive range through every inhabited latitude of the world — from the regions of eternal snow to those where all the bloom of spring and all the exuberance of autumn are united. On the north is the Arctic, on the east the Atlantic, on the south the Antarctic, and on the west the Pacific ocean. It is the largest continuous mass of land on the surface of the earth, extending from 75° north to 55° south latitude, and lies between longitudes 20° and 170° west from Greenwich. It may be said to be about 8,000 miles in length, and 2,000 in width, having in its broadest part 40° of longitude. Its greatest length, from Point Beechy to the Arctic Sea, by a curve line drawn along the Rocky Mountains and the Cordillera of the Andes to the extremity of Cape Horn, is about 10,875 miles. The greatest breadth of North America, at the fifty -first parallel, from Cape St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean, is about 3,250 miles; and of South America, from Cape St. Roque, in Brazil, to Cape Blanco, in Peru, about 3,200 miles.*

* The greatest breadth of South America is said by other authorities to be from the Cape of St. Augustine in the south of Brazil east, to the South Sea near to Quito, estimated at about 3,000 miles.

This vast double continent is divided into North and South by the Canataguan chain of mountains between the provinces of Veragua and Panama in the Isthmus of Darien : the latter being a narrow slip of land of about fifty miles in diameter. North America comprises the northern division of the western continent, and extends from the Arctic Ocean to Panama; South America, from the same limit southward, to Cape Horn.

The whole continent of America may be said, more briefly and simply, to consist of two large peninsulas, divided by a narrow neck of land, denominated indifferently the Isthmus of Darien and Panama, one of which is called North, the other South America.

The northern division is shared principally between the United States, Mexico, and the British provinces of the Canadas. Southern America is chiefly possessed by the confederated States of Central America, Brazil; and Peru.

According to Baron Humboldt's computations, the continent of America, from the south-eastern extremity of the Isthmus of Panama to the parallel of 68°, forms an area of 607,337 square marine leagues; while South America comprises 571,890 square leagues. To the West Indies and Newfoundland is assigned a territorial surface of about 8,303 square leagues. The total is 1,186,930 square leagues, or about 15,000,000 square miles, with a population now amounting to 60,000,000.

The area of North America is usually calculated in English miles at 7,400,000; that of South America at 6,500,000; that of the West India Islands from 150,000 to 200,000; and that of Greenland at 900,000; making the total area 14,950,000.

The entire continent thus divided into North and South, forming, as already said, two grand peninsulas, united by the Isthmus of Darien or Panama, possesses some great physical characteristics. In the former part it is distinguished by its lakes; in the latter by the simplicity and grandeur of its natural features of plains and mountains ; and in both by its mighty rivers.

Assuming, on the authority of Scripture, that the whole human race descended from one primeval pair, and that the whole, with the exception of Noah and his family, were involved in the general deluge, considering moreover the fact that the old and new continents are separated by seas and oceans, the question arises by what means and by which of the descendants of Noah was the continent of America originally peopled ? It is not ' asserted that God in his original creation of the human species

UNITY OF ORIGIN. 3

made several races of men, but that he made of f< one blood all the nations of men to dwell on all the face of the earth,"* thus causing all to descend from one primeval pair — one Adam, one Noah; "He fashioneth their hearts alike." " Have we not all one Father ?" says the prophet; " hath not one God created us ?"f We have no intimation anywhere in the sacred records that God made any more than one original human stock. In His designs men were never separated; for, however dissimilar in many respects the nations of men may become, though from various circumstances their colour may be changed, J though they may have formed different habits, still there is but one human body, coming into the world precisely in the same way, and nourished after the same manner. It is the being having a human body and a human soul proceeding from the same almighty Creator, made of the same material, and formed precisely in the same way, throughout every region of the world, amongst every people that has yet been discovered, but multiplied into a vast family, of which God is the Father, who is emphatically styled in Scripture, (t the Father of the spirits of all flesh."

" Japheth," says a celebrated commentator, "signifies enlargement, and his boundaries have been wonderfully enlarged. Not only Europe, but Asia Minor, the whole of the vast regions of

* Acts xvii. 26: "Made of one blood/' &c, — of one and tbe same nature. The design of the apostle was to counteract the vaunted opinion of tbe Athenians, that they sprang out of their own earth — were aborigines, and in nothing akin to any other nation.

t Malacbi ii. 10.

\ On tbe subject of tbe different complexions of men in different parts of the globe, Buffon, although he cannot be considered as one inclined to bear testimony to the truth of the Scriptures, states, " Man, though white in Europe, black in Africa, yellow in Asia, and red in America, is still the same animal, tinged only with the colour of the climate." He further observes, " From every circumstance, proof may be obtained that mankind are not composed of species essentially different from each other ; that on the contrary there was originally but one species of men. At Cochin, on the coast of Malabar, is a colony of Jews, originally a fair people from Palestine, who have preserved themselves unmixed from the people among whom tbey live, yet from tbe effect of climate they have become as dark as tbe Malabariaus, who are nearly as black as tbe negroes of Guinea." " The subsisting varieties of tbe human race are occasioned by several physiological causes, not only climate, but descent, and deviations of character and habit. And in addition to the influence of physiological incidents in producing such varietyare others, to which domestication in the lower animals may be considered the correlative, — namely, those which result from habitual and immediate emotions, from excitements of the animal spirits, and from attachment and confidence, such, principally, as the two emotions of love and bate, and all tbe variety of feelings which they involve."

B 2

Asia north of the Taurus, and probably America, were peopled by his posterity; while the resemblance between the people on the opposite sides of the passage that divides the two continents is such as to show their common origin."