Preface
TO
THE FOURTH EDITION.
In this Fourth Edition of a Course of Practical Chemistry, arranged for the use of medical students, several minor improvements, suggested by further experience in teaching, have been effected.
The analytical portion of the work, in so far as regards the description of the methods employed, has been rearranged.
The new system of atomic weights and formulae has been em^Dloyed throughout; but it has not been thought necessary to introduce any general changes in the nomenclature.
St. Bartholomew's Hospital : May, 1869.
1*
PREFACE.
THE SECOND EDITIOi^,
In preparing a Second Edition of this Course of Practical Chemistry for the press, the first having been for upwards of three years out of print, many additions and alterations have been made, which it is believed will much increase its usefulness as a laboratory guide.
The first chapter, treating of chemical reactions and manipulation, is quite new ; the second, relating to general analysis, has been rewritten ; and the third and fourth chapters, treating respectively of toxicological and animal chemistry, have been carefully revised. In the second chapters more particularly, full explanations have been given of the tables for the examination of the several groups of bases and acids; so that the paragraphs relating to the individual
Vlll PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIOiSr.
members of the groups need scarcely be considered by the learner save for purposes of reference.
To maintain its adaptability to the wants of the medical student, the old scale of atomic weights has been exclusively employed throughout the body of the work. In a short appendix, however, some tables have been set up, in which the new atomic weights are used, with a view to illustrate the superior simplicity and mutual association of the modern unitary over the older dualistic formuhe. The edition of the work is, moreover, illustrated by Mr. Branstou with seventy woodcuts of microscopical preparations and chemical apparatus, all of them made expressly from drawings
of the actual objects.
St. Bartholomew's Hospital : Jnue, 18B5.
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY -Chemical Reactions
9. 10. 11.
Equivalents . .
Atoms ....
Table of atomic weights Symbolic notation Acids and salts Basicity of acids .
Multequivalent salts Ammoniun salts .
Synoptic formulae Anhydi-ides .
Double decomposition
PAdR
J II. — Chemical Manipulation.
PAOB
12. Sources of heat . . 26
13. Use of the blowpipe . 27
14. Glass-cutting and bending 31
15. Glass-blowingand sealing 82
16. Caoutchouc connectors, &c. 35
17. Construction of apparatus 37 18 Filtration and decantation 43
19. Supports and baths . . 47
20. Heating liquids ... 50
21. Heating solids .... 55
22. Weighing and measuring 58
23. Specific gravities ... 63
Chapter II. Analytical Chemistry
24. Course of operations .
^ I. — Blowpipe Examination.
25. General effects ... 70 g II. — Solution and PBECiriTAt:on.
27. Solution in water and
acids 78
28. Precipitation by reagents 79
29. Examination for basic
groups 81
^ III. — Examination for Bases OF Group I.
30. Detection of first group . 82
31. Table 85
32. Action of sulphuretted
hydrogen 86
CONTENTS.
33. Sulphides soluble in sul-
phide of ammonium . 87
34. Action of potash . . 88
§ IV. — Examination for Bases OF Geoop II.
35. Detection of second group 00 3(;. Table 92
37. Action of sulphide of am-
monium . . . . O.*!
38. Action of potash . . 95
39. Action of ammonia . 96
40. Behavior of potash solu-
tion 98
? V. — Examination for Bases OF Group III.
41. Detection of third group 99
42. Table 99
43. Action of carbonate of ammonia .... 100
44. Bases unprecipitated by carbonate of ammonia . 103
§ VI. — Examination for Acids.
45. General remarks . . 104
46. Table of preliminary results .... 106
47. Previous indications . 107
48. Action of sulphuric acid 109
49. AppHcution of liquid
tests . . . . Ill
51. Actionof nitrate of silver 113
52. Action of nitrate of ba-
rium 115
53. Actionof chloride of calcium . . . . 116
64. Action of sulphate of
55. Action of ferric chloride 117
PAGE
56. Order of tcstingforncids 118
J VII. — Special Substances.
57. General remarks . .119
58. Insoluble compounds . 119
59. Earthy salts .... 122
60. Oxides and sulphides . 123
61. Acidsorsaltsof hydrogen 124
62. Miscellaneous salts . . 125
63. Liquid or dissolved substances 126
64. Alk.aline solutions of heavy metals .... 127
J VIII. — Individual Bases of Group I.
69. Mercury 132
71. Silver 134
72. Copper 1.S4
§ IX. — Individual Bases of Group II.
74. Nickel 136
75. Cobalt 136
§ X. — Individual Bases of Group III.
81. Barium, strontium, calcium IJI
CONTENTS.
XI
83. Strontium .
85. Slagnesium
88. Sodium
PAGE
-Reactions of Individual Acids.
90. Nitrates 145
91. Chlorates 140
92. Carbonates . . . 147
93. Sulphides and sulphydrates 148
Sulphites Sulphates .
Chlorides .
Bromides .
Iodides . .
Cyanides .
Phospliates Oxalates .
Tartrates .
Acetates .
Benzoates .
Borates Fluorides .
Silicates
PAOB
Chapter III. Toxicological Chemistry
108. Introductory
158 123. Insoluble salts
^ I. — SuLPHCRio Acid.
111. In organic liquids . . 160
112. Stains on clothing . . 160
J II. — Nitric Acid,
2 III. — Htdeochlokic Acid.
J IV. — Oxalic Acid.
§ V. — CounosivE Sublimate.
125. Dissolved .... 170 12C. In organic mixtures . 172
§ VI.— Lead.
Solid compounds
? VII.— Copper.
^ VIII. — Arsenic.
132. Arsenious acid .
134. Marsh's test . .
135. Original process .
136. Modified process
137. Reiusch's test
173 174 175
175 177
CONTENTS.
138. Impediments thereto . 189
139. Other forms of arsenic . 190
141. 142. 143, 144.
J IX. — Antimony, Antimonial salts .
Dissolved . . .
Marsh's test .
Reinsch's test
191 192 193 194 195
J X. — Prdssic Acid.
PAOB
146. Aqueous solution . . 195
147. In vapor 197
g XI. — Strychnia.
148. In pure state . . . .198
149. In organic mixture . . 201
I XII.— Morphia.
150. In pure state .... 201
151. Opiate liquids . . .203
Chapter IV. Animal Chemistry
§ I.— Composition of Tissues.
152. Organic and mineral
constituents .... 206
153. Ultimate organic con-
stituents 207
154. Ash of animal matter . 209
g II. — Normal Urine.
155. General properties . . 211
157. Uric acid 214
158. Hippuric acid . . . 216
159. Coloring and extractive
160. Mineral salts . . . .217
g III. — Abnormai, Urine.
162. Saccharine . . 220
163. Biliary 223
J IV. — Urinary Deposits.
J V. — Clinical Examinations of Urine.
167. General examination 230
168. Chemical testing . . 231
§ VI. — Urinary Calculi.
169. General characters . . 232
170. Preliminary examina-
tion 235
171. Special tests .... 237
172. Systematic analysis. . 238
I VII. — Blood. 173 Coagulation
174. Fibrin . .
175. Corpuscles
176. Blood stains
240 241 242 244 246
VIII.
-Miscellaneous Animal Products.
ISO. Bone 253
PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY.
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