History of the old second division, Army of the Cumberland : Commanders, M'Cook, Sill, and Johnson

Front matter

ROBERT W WOODRUFF LIBRARY

■SigibyAni'^ctoe

HISTORY

Preface

The motive which inspired the author to write this book is, that it might be cherished by the gallant officers, soldiers and friends of the old Second Division, as a truthful history of their struggles during the time which it embraces, in the great work of crushing this rebellion. It was undertaken at the written request of nearly all the commanding officers in that division. That the material which was gathered, chiefly by personal efforts and sacrifice of time, has been duly and thoroughly sifted, according to the author's ability, need not be said, for the subject matter makes it self-evident. If there are points where the description might have been more in detail, it is owing to the fact that those details could not be obtained. To Generals McCook, Rousseau, Johnson, Willich and the lamented Kirk, the author is under special obligations for their encouragement, counsel and assistance in procuring documentary evidence, access to records, and for what they knew personally. To the officers of the brigades he is indebted for much valuable material. To the Honorable Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, who is so distinguished for his literary accomplishments and his generous interest in behalf of all who earnestly undertake to contribute their mite to the historical knowledge of the land, the author tenders his sincere thanks for documents furnished by him from the War Department at Washington, and which could no where else be obtained. They have been invaluable to the successful presentation of this work. From the " Rebellion Record," that most valuable repository of facts, he has also liberally drawn, when the mention of contemporary events rendered it necessary. The country is under lasting obligations to the compiler, Mr. Moore, for the arduous but important task he has undertaken and executes so well.

The author regrets that he is unable to furnish the biographies of Generals Willich and Starkweather and the late Colonel Baldwin ; but he was unable to procure the material from which to compile them. The biographies of Generals Negley and Wood should have been placed in

VI PREFACE.

the text had they been received in time. He had also intended to continue the history of Negley's and the regular brigade from the time they left the division until the date of its dissolution ; but the original limits of this work having been already exceeded, it was deemed prudent to abandon this idea. To Captains I. C. McElfatrick and Adolph Metzner, topographical engineers, the author is indebted for the maps of battle grounds. To the engravers, Messrs. A. H. Ritchie and Company, of New York, and Edward Mendel, of Chicago, the author acknowledges his thanks for the faithfulness of the portraits ; to J. D. Smith, D. D., for his kindly correction of faults and inaccuracies ; and to the publishers, Messrs. Church and Goodman, and all connected with the work, for their enterprise, kindness and skill.

The author lays no claim to literary ability. It was never his ambition to write a book, particularly a work of historical merit. Circumstances which he could not resist forced him to the task. Having commenced it, he has executed it as best he could. While it is special as a history of the Second Division, it is also general as to the delineation of campaigns, the movements of troops and plans of battle — in its descriptions of country, people and institutions. He has endeavored to be strictly impartial, and he claims that the narrative is in strict conformity with facts so far as they could be ascertained. He does not flatter himself that it will merit a general circulation ; but if it proves satisfactory to the Second Division and its friends — if it serves to incite more capable men to record the career of other divisions, thus swelling the contribution of abmt literature, and if it fills its humble place in that solid basis, upon which some Bancroft or Hildreth shall yet rear the grand superstructure of our national history in this great crisis of life or death", his highest aspirations will have been realized and he will feel that his efforts have not been for naught.

Chapter I

A brief History of the Secession Movement — The Action of each Seceding State — Secession of South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Arkansas, Louisiana, Virginia, Texas, and Tennessee — The Corner-Stone of the Confederate Government — Its Appeal to the God of Battles — With whom the Success 11

Chapter II

History of Secession in Kentucky — Efforts of the Secessionists — Magoffin's Telegram to the President — Monster Union Meeting — Failure of the Border State Convention — Governor's Proclamation of Neutrality — The Legislature — Major Anderson — Rousseau's Speech — The Legislature Loyal — Dr. Breckenridge's Address — The True Reason — Letter of Hon. Joseph Holt — The State Neutrality Violated — the Election — Union Majority — Rousseau's Course — Action of the War Department — Magoffin's Letter to the President — The President's Reply 30

CHAPTER IH.

History of the Secession Movement in Kentucky, continued — Magoffin's Message to the Legislature — Plot and Counter-plot — Position of East Tennessee and Central Kentucky — The Danger Increases — Buckner Invades the State — Punic Faith — Rousseau rushes to the Rescue — Kentucky Arouses — Anderson's and Crittenden's Addresses — Anderson Resigns Command of the Army — Sherman Succeeds him — The Russelville Farce — The True Position 53

Vi ii CONTENTS.

Chapter IV

Primary Organization of the Division — Change in Commanders- Camp Nevin — McCook — Staff Organizations — Permanent Organization of the Division— The True Soldier — Characteristics of Soldier Life — Discipline — Ideas — Orders — Negley's Brigade —Change in Organization of Division — Character of Camp Nevin— Climatic Influences — Miasmatic Diseases — Sickness and Mortality — Appearance of Camp Nevin 67

Chapter V

The Movement to Green River — The Pioneer System — The Railroad Bridge — Arrival of New Troops — Skirmish near Green River — Soldiers' Courage — Topography of the Country —Affair at Rowlett's Station — Burial of the Dead — Southern Chivalry — Congratulatory Order — Munfordsville — The Division, its Labors, Condition and Improvements — The Board of Examination— Recruiting Service — Establishment of Pioneer and Signal Corps — Staff Organizations — Reconnoissances — Successes .... 89

Chapter VI

The March from Green River to Nashville — The Fall of Forts Henry and Donelson — Description of the Country — Bowling Green and its Fortifications— The Reign of Law and Order — Arrival at Nashville— Classes of Opinion in Kentucky 119

Chapter VII

Rebel Evacuation of Nashville, and Scenes attending it — Federal Occupation — Buell's Order — Nashville, its People and Character — Skirmish on Granny White's Pike— The New Theatre of Action— The Forward Movement— Franklin, Spring Hill and Columbia— The March Resumed— Grandeur of Loyalty — The Thunder of Battle — Savannah and its Wounded Heroes 148

Chapter VIII

The Rebel Army— Johnston's Address— Topography of the Battle Ground of Shiloh— Position of Grant's Army— Shameful Scenes— The Battle of Monday— Rousseau, Kirk, Willich and Stumbaugh in Action— The Crisis of Battle— Victory Covers our Arms— The Fallen Heroes— The Battle Brilliant— Buell's Congratulatory Order— Enthusiasm of the People 177

CONTENTS. IX

Chapter IX

Federal Successes— The Rebel Retreat upon Corinth— Labors of the Division— A Skirmish Affair— The Siege of Corinth— Affair before Corinth — Evacuation of Corinth — Resume of the Siege — Loss of Officers— Changes in Jurisdiction of Commanders — The Rebel Fortifications at Corinth — The Town of Corinth — Outline of the Next Campaign — Biography of Major General A. McD. McCook.. 217

Chapter X

The March from Corinth, Mississippi, to Battle Creek, Tennessee — Character of the Country, People and Institutions — The Fourth of July — Huntsville, Alabama — Rebel Plan of Invasion — Biography of Major General Lovell H. Rousseau 272

Chapter XI

Countermarch from the Tennessee River to the Ohio River — Ascent of the Mountains — Evacuation of the Line of the Tennessee — Bragg's Address — Scene in Nashville — Value of its Occupation — The Military Condition — Major General Buell — Arrival of the Army at Louisville, Kentucky — Rebel Proclamations 316

Chapter XII

Reorganization of the Army — Effect of a Retreat — The Disloyal Element of the North — The Pursuit of Bragg's Army — Affairs at Floyd's Fork, Claysville and Dog Walk — Affair of the Quartermasters— Bragg's Retreat — Movement of the Army Southward — General Buell Relieved from the Command of the Army — General Rosecrans Assumes Command — General Buell's Farewell Order. . 335

Chapter XIII

Another Change in Organization — Condition of Things — The Army Front — Affairs at LaVergne and Antioch Church — Change in Division Commanders — Change in Numeration of Commands — Another Forward Movement — Biography of Brigadier General Joshua W. Sill 371

Chapter XIV

The Battle of Stone River — Plan of Movement — The Advance on the Enemy — Capture of Triune— The Advance on Murfreesboro —

X CONTENTS.

The Order of Battle— Position of Kirk's, Willich's and Baldwin's Brigades— Position of the Rebel Line— Rosecrans' Address— The Conflict— New Year's Day— The New Line of Battle— Reconnoissance of Brigades— Gallantry of Gibson's Brigade in the Battle of the 2d of January— The Battle Ended— The Chaplains and Surgeons—Loss in the Division— General Rosecrans' Order 391

Chapter XV

Murfreesboro — The Roll of Honor and Light Battalions— Affair at Middleton — Rosecrans' Congratulatory Order — Indications of a Movement — General Johnson's Address — Biography of Brigadier General Richard W. Johnson 450

Chapter XVI

The Position of Bragg's Army — Movement of our Army — The Battle of Liberty Gap — Heroism of the Men — Compliments for the Division — Other Successes — Retreat of the Enemy — The Campaign a Brilliant Success 476

Chapter XVII

Tullahoma — Arrival of Deserters — Fourth of July — Biography of Brigadier General Edward N. Kirk — Topography of the Country from Tullahoma to Chattanooga, Tennessee — Movement of the Army — Winchester — The Army Prepares to Cross the Tennessee. 504

Chapter XVIII

Advance of the Army — Reconnoissances — The Enemy at Hand — The Danger of Attack Imminent — The Army Concentrates — Its Line of Battle— The Contest Begins— Battle Order of the Second Division— Battle of Chickamauga— The Withdrawal of the Army—Occupation of Chattanooga— End of the Campaign— Failure of the Enemy— The Campaign a Success— Addresses of Generals Johnson and Rosecrans — The Army at Rest 526

Chapter XIX

Chattanooga— The Rebel Army— The Siege and its Consequences— The Dissolution of the Division— New Assignments of the Regiments—General Johnson's Farewell Address— Conclusion 571

Chapter I

A BKLEF HISTORY OF THE SECESSION MOVEMENT IN THE FALL OF 1860 AND THE SPRING OF 1861.

Seventy-three years of prosperous and nappy life, under the Constitution of 1787, had stamped the idea upon the great American heart that we were a nation. The union of States formed by that Constitution was recognized as the powerful guardian of the security and prosperity of thirty-four independent sovereignties. These, to enjoy more fully the rights they had acquired as a free people, merged their own existence into that of the greater sovereignty, the grand Federation of States, under the endearing name of country. Nor was it believed probable, even possible, whatever might be the passions and prejudices of the hour, engendered by political strife, that any set of men could successfully organize a plot to destroy the National Government. Love of country was the paramount emotion of our people. E Plv/ribus Unvm was stamped upon the

12 TIIE ADVOCACY OF SECESSION.

national coin, the national commerce, the national industry, the national territory, and the national heart.

But, notwithstanding the loyalty of the people, there was a certain class of politicians who had, since 1830, been making constant efforts, by argument and subtle discussion, to estrange the popular mind from its belief in a paramount allegiance to the National Government, and to inculcate in its stead the heretical doctrine of superior obligation to the State, its sovereignty and its rights. Under the specious guise of " State Sovereignty" the right of " Nullification" was advocated ; but this was practically crushed by the stern action of Andrew Jackson, in 1832. In later years it assumed the form of " peaceable secession." This doctrine, fallacious in principle, supported by arguments and statements false in fact, was steadily advocated to the people of the South by its ambitious politicians and party tricksters. Nor was it without friends in the North ; but here it was of much less moment. The people, educated under the system of free schools and a free press, possessed sufficient stamina of character to determine for themselves the nature of the conflict, and to affix to it the seal of approval or condemnation.

In the South it was otherwise. There, free schools were unknown. The public press, too, was stifled in its utterance, and almost shorn of its rightful power. The great rule of morals, applicable as well to the affairs of the State as to the individual, could not be

DELUSION OF THE SOUTHERN" PEOPLE. 13

proclaimed. Even the pulpit was rendered subservient to the politicians, and became the mighty herald of more falsehood than truth. The Southern people, thus deprived of the educational lever, free schools, and deriving their knowledge of political affairs only from a prostituted press, and their religious instruction only from a debased and trammelled ministry, were duped into the belief of these doctrines, which finally have ended in this gigantic, revolutionary outbreak. Nor even in this did the leaders find an easy task. It was only by precipitate action, astounding from its extent and daring — completely shocking the conscience of the people, and appalling them with fear, followed by appeals to passion, pride, epithets of hatred and disgust against the people of the North — characterizing them as barbarians and mercenaries, seeking to upbuild themselves while they denounced, crippled, and aimed to destroy the institutions of the South, that they succeeded in the diabolical attempt to subvert the Government under which they had so long lived, and which had been faithful to all its constitutional obligations, and create a Confederacy founded upon the cardinal principle of " Secession," — not a principle, but a doctrine, as fatal to them as to us ; for, once recognized and put in practice, it will go on and on indefinitely, until States will secede from the Confederacy, counties from States, and towns from counties, and at last the sad spectacle be presented of denationalization — aye, of a total disruption of all political and even social

14 THE LAST NATIONAL ELECTION.

ties, and anarchy sweep over all like the hurricane over the sea, involving all in common ruin.

South Carolina, as in 1832, led the conspiracy. On the 6th of November, 1860, came the election of rulers for the nation for the ensuing term. The Republican party proved successful in the contest. The struggle had been spirited — in fact, one of unprecedented interest and excitement. Principles and policies of great moment to the American people hinged upon the verdict of the people at the ballot-box that day. The three great parties of the country, those of controlling sentiment, had announced their principles and policy in party platforms, accepted by their respective nominees, and heralded to the nation by its party press and its party orators. There was nothing wrong in the fact of the election. It was held in accordance with a provision of the National Constitution, and the candidates chosen were elected in the manner prescribed by it.

The Republican party, though successful in the election, did not assume the control of governmental affairs until the 4th of March, 1861. Nevertheless, the South, especially South Carolina, waited for no overt act of the incoming administration against the interests and institutions of the South, whereby they might justify revolution, but resolved upon a speedy if not immediate overthrow of the Government.

On the 30th of November, the year previous to the national election, a member of the South Carolina Legislature offered a resolution that that " Common-

SOUTH CAROLINA VIRGINIA. 15

wealth was ready to enter, together with other slaveholding States, or such as desire prompt action, into the formation of a Southern Confederacy." This resolution, by a vote of the Legislature, was sent by the Governor of that State to all the Governors of the other slaveholding States. Close upon this action, and in furtherance of it, Mr. Memminger, a leading politician of that State, was sent to Richmond, Virginia, with certain delegated powers, as a commissioner, to ascertain the opinions of that State with respect to the formation of a Southern Confederacy Mr. Memminger was received by the authorities of Virginia with all the distinguished consideration accorded to a foreign minister, and at once delivered a speech to the Legislature of Virginia, in which he argued that the present Constitution of the United States was inadequate to the protection of the South ; that slavery must have new guarantees for its security ; that the South must be a unit in demanding these guarantees ; and if they were not accorded by the North, the Union must be dissolved. Both the resolution and the speech were received favorably. They were considered as an exposition and declaration of the views of the South, and as such were to be acted upon in the event of further hostility to slavery.

This course of South Carolina excited considerable comment throughout the country, but no serious apprehension was felt that evil would result from it. It was regarded as the furor of a few Southern

16 EXCITEMENT EST THE SOUTH.

ultraists who had thus vented their passion. However, events have since proved it made a deep and lasting impression, and aided materially in the subsequent inauguration of open and armed rebellion.

Congress met as usual, upon the first Monday of December, 1860 ; and shortly after John C. Breckenridge, then Vice-President, announced to the Senate that Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin had been constitutionally elected President and Vice- President of the United States. This official announcement of the election soon spread through all the States. The Legislature of South Carolina was in session at the time, and as soon as the official announcement of the election was known, a bill was introduced and passed, calling a State Convention, to meet at Columbia, the capital, on the 17th of December, to prepare the State for secession.

The South was now ablaze. From all the other Southern States came continued expressions of sympathy and encouragement to press on the holy cause of Southern Rights. South Carolina, thus encouraged, became frantic in its madness. " The sun of Southern Independence has arisen!" exclaimed the people, " and now farewell to a fraternity with the abolition hordes of the North !"

The 17th of December came, and with it the meeting of the State Convention which was to resolve South Carolina out of the Union. On the 20th instant it adopted an ordinance of secession. Thus South Carolina led the disunion host. This act was

SECESSION OE SOUTH CAROLINA. 17

positive — its power commanding. It was the forerunner of open revolt — of that direful, civil, internecine strife which now deluges our country in blood. The ordinance of secession was in the following words :

" AVe, the people of South Carolina, in convention assembled, declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, that the ordinance adopted by us in convention on the 23d day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States was ratified, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly of the State, ratifying amendments to the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, and the union now subsisting between South Carolina and the other States, under the name of the United States, is hereby dissolved."

Having passed the ordinance of secession, the Convention then framed its Declaration of Independence, setting forth the cause which impelled the State to a separation from the General Government. Nor did the labors of the Convention end here. It issued an address to the other slaveholding States, inviting them to join their fortunes with South Carolina in the formation of a Southern Confederacy. It was very elaborate and full of sophism. Its conclusion was in these words :

'' South Carolina desires no destiny separate from yours. To be one of A Great Slaveholding Confederacy — stretching its arms over territory larger than any power Europe possesses — with a population four times greater than that of the whole United States when they achieved their independence of the British Empire — with productions which make our existence more important to the world than that of any other people inhabiting it — with

18 FLORIDA MISSISSIPPI ALABAMA.

common institutions to defend and common dangers to encounter, we ask your sympathy and confederation. All we demand is to be let alone to work out our own high destinies. United together, and we must be the most independent, as we are the most important, among the nations of the world. United together, and we require no other instrument to conquer a peace than our beneficent productions. United together, and we must be a great, free and prosperous people, whose renown must spread throughout the civilized world, and pass down, we trust, to the remotest ages. We ask you to join us in forming a Confederacy of Slaveholding States."

This address was published in nearly all, if not all, the newspapers of the South. It did much towards rushing the people into the vortex of rebellion.

Florida went also. Her Governor telegraphed to the Governor of South Carolina that " Florida was with the gallant Palmetto flag." Its State Convention passed the ordinance of secession on the 7th of January, 1861.

Mississippi followed with rapid strides. Her Legislature also called a Convention to consider whether her duty called her to an alliance with her Southern sisters. The Convention met on the 7th day of January, 1861, and on the 9th day of January the deed was consummated. It was passed by a vote of 89 for to 15 against it.

Alabama was another star that veered from its orbit in the national galaxy and plunged into the chaos of rebellion. Its State Convention met on the 7th of January, 1861, and on the 11th passed the act of final separation.

OEOUOIA LOUISIANA TEXAS. 19

Georgia followed closely in the wake of Alabama. The Legislature met and appropriated one million dollars to arm and equip the State, and place it on a war "basis. It also ordered a Convention to meet at Milledgeville, the capital, to consider the propriety of secession. The election of delegates to the State Convention was held on the 4th day of January, 1861, and it assembled on the 16th of the same month. Three days after the meeting of the Convention the State of Georgia declared her separation from the National Government bv a vote of 208 in favor t<> 89 against it.

Louisiana also drifted rapidly into the jaws of rebellion. The Legislature ordered a State Convention, although it met with strong opposition ; but this opposition was speedily crushed out, and on the 26th of January, 1S61, she declared herself absolved from all alles-iance to the Federal Government.

Texas, for whose independence the United States had expended much treasure and blood, and whose entire frontier was guarded by Federal soldiers, sustained by the General Government, also hastened to join her Southern sisters. Governor Sam Houston opposed the movement, refused to convene the Legislature, and published a very able address to the people. Large and enthusiastic mass meetings were held in different parts of the State, and the Union sentiment appeared overwhelming. But the revolutionists pressed on, and left nothing undone that could insure their success. Their efforts were mighty

20 PROGRESS OF THE REBELLION.

for evil. The wheel of revolution rolled on, crushing every opinion that ro.se in opposition to it. Finally, Governor Houston, " not to thwart the will of the people," as he expressed it, convened the Legislature in extra session, at Austin, on the 2 2d. day of January, 1861. The Legislature ordered a State Convention. It assembled on the 28th day of January, and on the 1st day of February passed an ordinance of secession. Thus Texas became virtually out of the Union. On the 4th of March a State Convention formally declared that fact.

The rebellion had now assumed frightful proportions. During President Buchanan's administration. and within the short space of two months, eight of the slaveholding States had renounced their allegiance to the Federal Government, a convention of delegates from six of the seceded States had assembled at Montgomery, Alabama, and in four days recognized a Provisional Government, elected Jefferson Davis as its President and Alexander Stephens as its Vice-President, and on the 18th of February, 1861, they had been installed in office, amid imposing ceremonies and a gorgeous pageant seldom equalled in a kingly coronation ;— the machinery of that Government was well in motion in all its departments, and seemed rapidly to be assuming dignity as a nation, while its recognition abroad was speedily expected.

While the Southern Congress was in session, organizing a Confederate Government, a Peace Convention

PEACE CONGRESS INAUGURAL. 21

was being; held in "Washington at the call of Virginia, to devise some means, if possible, to settle the national troubles, and once more restore unit}- and brotherly love throughout the land. It assembled on the 4th day of February, 1861, and was composed of men of distinguished talents and name. They were from all the loyal States : not a delegate was present from any of the seceded States. After a session of twenty-two days it ended its labors, and on the 27th day of February it submitted to the Senate a plan of adjustment of the national difficulties, involving seven amendments to the Federal Constitution.

After ample discussion in Congress it was considered as futile to attempt a reconciliation, as the seceded States bound themselves to recognize nothing coming from the Federal Government, and therefore refused to submit the propositions to the people. Thus the earnest efforts of the Peace Congress proved in vain.

On the 4th of March, 1801, the nation changed its rulers. James Buchanan retired, and Abraham Lincoln assumed the administration of the National Government. The interest of the nation was intense, both North and South. The people of the North awaited with anxious solicitude the publication of his Inaugural Address, for in that they were to know the fate of the nation — whether its dignity, its rights and power would be upheld and vindicated, or the Southern Oligarchy be permitted to suhjvs/ate its

22 WAK INEVITABLE THE OVEKT ACT.

power, humiliate its flag, and forever destroy the existence of the great American Republic.

The Inaugural was received with joy by the mass of the people at the North. At the South it was accepted as a declaration of irar. The policy of both Governments now rapidly assumed shape. Preparations were made for war. The object which was to bring on the iron storm loomed up heavily in the political horizon. That object was Fort Sumter. Buchanan's imbecile policy had forbidden either the strengthening of its garrison or the further provisioning of the little band already there. Every day proved that the rebels of South Carolina intended to capture the fort. They had erected batteries on Morris and James Islands, on Stono Inlet and Cunimings Point — all looking to the bombardment of Fort Sumter, and a repulse of all Federal attempts either to reinforce or retake it.

President Lincoln decided to reinforce the fort. Accordingly, on the 5th day of April, 1 S 6 1 , the steamer Star of the West, chartered by the Government, left the city of New York with two hundred and fifty troops, their ammunition and accoutrements, and started for Fort Sumter. On the morning of the 9th day of April, as she slowly steamed up the bay, a masked battery on Morris Island opened fire upon her. There and then wan fired the fir-d ,/tm in thix fearful Ufa and dtathi, strangle for national evidence. The " Star-spangled Banner" was floating ever the steamer. She continued on her course some ten

SIEGE OF STJMTEK ITS FALL. 23

minutes, the batteries belching forth their shot, flame and smoke, when it was found impossible to execute the order, as it was necessary to pass close under the smns of the battery on the island, also near Fort Moultrie, ere she could make for Sumter. Captain MeGowan, the officer in charge, turned her down the channel and returned to New York. Fort Sumter was doomed. On the 11th of April General Beauregard demanded of Major Anderson its surrender. The major replied that his sense of honor and his obligation to his country prevented his compliance with it. Other correspondence followed during the night of the 11th of April, but unsatisfactory to the rebel authorities. Major Anderson -remained loyal to the " old flas;," and evinced so strong a determination to maintain it that it was resolved to reduce the fort. Hardly had the iirst gray of dawn, on the 12th day of April, revealed Sumter, ere a shell was thrown from a battery on James Island, which burst directly over the works.

The die was now cast. Civil war was now inauomrated. Fort Sumter fell on the 13th of April, after a terrific bombardment of thirty-tour hours. This was the commencement of the grand tragedy speedily to follow, — one which filled the European powers with awe and dread — one which, perhaps, is destined to revolutionize the world.

On the loth day of April, 1861, President Lincoln called by proclamation for seventy-five thousand volunteers to suppress the insurrection ; he also called