A residence at Constantinople, during ... the commencement, progress, and termination of the Greek and Turkish Revolutions

Chapter I

Mode of making Slaves — Exposure in Markets for Sale — Anecdotes of Slaves — Infamous Treatment of Boys — Sciote Hostages — Sent to the Porte — Unexpected Execution in the Streets — Reasons assigned — Promise to Lord Strangford — Sympathy of the English — Escape of many Greeks — Fugitives in Palace Garden — Consolation of the Scripture in their own Language — Application of Torture — Various kinds — Few escape with life — Disorganization of the Capital — Excesses of the Populace — Avowed resolution of the Sultan — Energetic Measures — Summary Punishments — Censorship of Books — Hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia — Greek Princes excluded — Cease to be Dragomans — Turks first learn European Languages ...

Chapter II

Set out to visit Scio — Janissary aud Italian Servant— New aspect of Dardanelles — Gallipoli — Lampsacus — Adventure at Abydos — Tenedos Wine — Scriptural usage — Metelyn — Harbour of Smyrna — Inbat — Refraction of the Atmosphere — Curious Confirmation of Oppian's Story — Gaiety of Smyrna — Merchants' residence — Consul Werry — Revolting Spectacle — St.Polycarp — Amazon's Head — Homer's Grotto — Proceed to Teos — Effects of Persecution of Greeks — Valonia — Caprification — First Figs sent to England — Sevrihissar — Aga — Brutal Turk — Sedijak— Marbles of the Teian Diræ— Remnant of Greek Population — Beauty of Teos — Country of Anacreon — Theatre, Temple, aud Mole — Perfect Remains — Contrast of Present and Ancient State of People — Robbers of Corycus — Vourla— High State of Cultivation — Mole of Alexander — Isle of Clazomenœ — Canal of Alexander — Bath of Agamemnon ....

Chapter III

Aspect of Scio from the Sea — English Consular Agent — Fortress — Suspicions of the Pasha— State of the Town— Revolting Spectacles— Ruins a2 CONTKNTS. Page Csi 90 and Human Bodies — Bishop's Palace and Cathedral — College — Fate of Professors and Students — Utter Desolation of the Place — Visit the Country — Similar Desolation — Consul's Garden — Sudden and inte resting Contrast — Preservation of Human Life — Terror of Children at the sight of our Turks — Coast of Asia Minor — Remains of Cities — Bay of Ephesus — Swans of the Cayster — Sand at its Mouth — Mis taken for Ipsariotes — Attacked by Turkish Cavalry — Taken Prisoners — Pass the Night in a Swamp — Effects of Conflagration — Phosphoric Light from living Fishes — Released by order of the Pasha — Visit the Ruins of Ephesus — Theatre and Temple of Diana — Present state of Christian Population — Innocuous Effects of Malaria — Tenedos — Provisions sent to Survivors at Scio — Strange Demand and Remarks of our Janissary ......

Chapter IV

Halet Effendi — Chief Barber and Coffee-maker — Proceedings of Janissaries — Change of Ministry — Deposition and Death of Halet — Torture of Hazakiel, his Jew Banker — Execution of Asomachi, bis Greek Spy — Amiable traits of the Grand Vizir, Delhi Abdalla — Supply of Water to the City — Aqueducts and Cisterns of the Lower Empire — Improvements ofthe Turks — Belgrade — Destruction of the Woods to dislodge the Robbers — Abortive attempt at improvement by Osmyn Aga — House of Lady M. W. Montague an object of great interest — No trace of it — Vaccination returned fer Inoculation — Migratory Birds — Severity of Winter — Harbour ,|rozen over — Eclipse of the Moon — Shock of an Earthquake — Turkish precautions against Fire — Causes of its frequency — Great Conflagration in March, 1823 — Anecdotes of it — Extent of the injury ....

Chapter V

Princess* Islands — Prote — Unsuccessful attempt of English to dislodge Turks — Plate — Desolate State — Oxea— Remains of Edifices of Lower Empire — Antigone — Archbishop of Mount Sinai — Chalki — Remains of Ancient Mines — Picture of Last Day — Tomb of our first resident Ambassador— Prinkipo — Exorcism of Demoniacs — Anecdote of Greek Priests — General character of the Islands— Subject to sudden Hurricanes — Prison for suspected Greeks— Hospitable Greek Ladies — Family of Greek Musicians — Melancholy Fate — Atrocious character of Sultan Selim's Sister— Plague at Buyukdere— Alarm at CONTENTS. V Pago 134 161 190 Pera— Curious Cause— Crew of suspected Ship in British Chapel — Terror of Plague — Return to Princess' Island . .

Chapter VI

Voyage to Nicomedia — Libyssa — Tomb of Hannibal — Toosla— Colony of Storks — Amusement of Turks — Cherries — Aga of Darjha — Retreat of Early Christians— Inbat— Beauty of the Gulf— Site of City— Conak in the Bishop's Palace — Dangerous Books — Muzzelim — Decrees of Diocletian — Extirpation of Christianity — Baptism of Constantine — Present State of Nicomedia — Travelling Retinue — Turkish Horses — Khan at Sabangee — Immense Cherry-tree — White Waters of Sakariah — Pylæ — Beauty of Valley — Ocean of Trees — Lefkeh — Turkish Entertainment — Effects of Tea — Tartar Couriers — Nicæa — Extraordinary Appearance — Palace of Constantine — Ancient Christian Church — First (Ecumenic Council — Subjects discussed — Second Council — Restoration of Image-worship — Recent Prosperity of Nicæa — Present Desolation .....

Chapter VII

Yeni Shehr — Rigid Morality — Surface of Asia Minor— -Young Locusts —Opium Harvest — Excessive indulgence not injurious — Silk Worms Mode of Hatching and Rearing — Mount Olympus — Splendid Appearance — Rivers of dissolved Snow — Aspect of Brusa — Past and Present State — Visit to Muzzelim — Inconvenience of assuming Consequence — Greek Family — Neapolitan Doctor — Bishop of Brusa — Hot Baths — Process of Bathing — Intense Heat of the Spring — Ingre dients of Water — Ancient Acropolis — Hannibal's Fortress — Tomb of Orchan — Ascent of Mount Olympus— Various Regions — Elevated Plain — Trout Streams — Snowy Peak — Singular and beautiful Vegetation — Seats of the Gods — Extensive View — Moodania — Horrid Khan — Dangerous Storm ......

Chapter VIII

Vaccination at Chalki — General use of issues — Swathing infants — Dispensary — Extraordinary cures for jaundice — Gillandjik — Nereides — Reliance on Panaya — Effects of bastinado — Locusts in Pera — Devastation of Palace Garden — Flight to Black Sea — Final fate — Arrival of Giraffe — Sent to visit Foreign Ambassadors — Mentioned in Pentateuch — Propitiatory gift — Lascars — Mocha Coffee — Turkish VI CONTENTS. Page 216 239 264 290 notions of Geography — Artificial Globes — Reception of them at the Porte — Remarks of Turkish Ministers — Torture inflicted on two Ionian Subjects — Extraordinary privileges of Dragomans — Not acceded to by British Ambassador — Patlinjam Melktem — Solemn sound of Black Sea— Awful destruction of Ships — Sardinian Treaty — English Sea Captain — Sudden change of temperature — Optical deception — Proclamation of Padisha— Return of Capitan Pasha— Selictar Aga 4

Chapter IX

Birth of a Child at the Seraglio announced at the British Chapel — Story-teller at Ramazan — Adventures of TifHi — Turkish Bible sold at Customhouse — Alarm excited — Distribution prohibited — Ipsara — Turks attack it — Gallant defence — Fall of the Island — Recovered and abandoned by the Greeks — Noses and Ears exposed — Standards displayed — .\ttack on Samos — Crowds of Fellows set out from the Capital — Turks repulsed — Return of disappointed Marauders — Plague breaks out in British Palace — Great j Alarm — Quarantine at Belgrade- Author supposed to have taken it — Abandoned in the Mountains — Attended by Janissary aud Greek Boy — Protection used by the latter — Ambassador proceeds to England — Departure of the Author .

Chapter X

Return to Constantinople — Political Changes — Russian War — Extinction of Janissaries — Of Levant Company — Turkish Reforms — Expulsion of Dogs — Toleration of Pigs — Use of Wine — Military Parades — Newspapers — Sultan's Clemency — Emancipation of Slaves — Liberality to Sciotes — Indulgence to Greeks ...

Chapter XI

Repair of Churches — Cross of Constantine — Singular display of Christian Standard — Sultan's conduct to Foreigners — Barbarous Usages abolished — Seven Towers — Presents — Mode of Presentation — Portrait Painting — Medical Lectures — Cure of Lunatics — Vaccination — Establishment of Quarantine — Precautions against Cholera — Resellay — Appointment of Pashas — Administration of Justice — Confiscation of Property — Derebeys — Ulemah — Sultan's Domestic Habits — Favourite Mustapha — Voyage of beneficence — Popularity — Estimation of his Reforms ...... CONTENTS. VII i>o. 320 345 359

Chapter XII

Indication of Fire— Rapid progress— Destruction of English and other Palaces — Extent ofthe Conflagration — Escape ofthe British Chancery — Awful state of a Private House — Total obliteration of Streets — Indifference of Turkish Authorities — Sultan proposes to rebuild on a new Plan — Persevering attempts to burn Constantinople — Execution of the Incendiaries — Awful Hail Storm — Incredible size of Stones — Effects of the Fire on Cholera — Plague again appears — Interesting Cases — Inoculation tried— American Mission first established — Character of Society ......

Chapter XIII

Few Antiquities at Constantinople — Reasons why — Earthquakes — Imperfect Architecture — Iconoclasts — Crusaders — Turks — Triple Serpent — Obelisk — Colossus — Brazen Horses — Their extraordinary Migrations — Marcian's Column — Daikili Tash, or Burnt Pillar — Interesting connexion with Christianity — Pillar of Theodosius — Strange use made of it — Pillar of Arcadius — Described by Gillius and others — Present remains of it . . . . .

Chapter XIV

Account of Greek Church from a Greek MS. — First Patriarch under the Turks received a sum of Money from Sultan — This arrangement altered — Cause of it — Patriarch since pays the Turks — Attempts to extirpate the Religion of the Greeks — How prevented — First Learned Men — Greeks form a Constitution for themselves — Synods, how composed- Election of Patriarch — Turbulent Assembly — Conduct in Patriarchal Church — Revenue of Patriarch — Of the Synods — Jurisdiction of Bishops — Number at present in Greek Church — Peculiar Privileges of some — Revenue how raised — Patriarch of Alexandria — Of Antioch — Of Jerusalem — Dress of Ecclesiastics, once splendid — Why — Now very simple — Convents — Mount Athos — Thessaly — Cyprus — Mesopotamia — Mount Siuai — Holy Sepulchre . .

Chapter XV

Doctrines of Greek Church — Dissent from Latin — Marriage of Priests — Exclusion of Images — Opinion of Apocryphal Books — Procession of the Holy Spirit — Translation of the Scriptures — Use of Leavened Bread ia Eucharist— Elements of both kinds given to the Laity— CONTENTS. Page 379 404 443 Other points os difference— Superstitious Observances— Casting Cross into the Sea— Festival of the Fishes— Judas Iscariot burnt on Good Friday— Effigies of Christ on Easter Sunday— Paschal Eggs— Rising Sun— Baptism of Proselytes and Adults— Exorcism— Oblations for the Dead— Mode of Burial— Greek Liturgy— Chanting Service— Almanacs —Academy of Ayveli— Flourishing state— Total destruction—Aca demy of Scio — Of Korou Chesme— Books— Schism in Greek Litera ture — Criticism — Explanation of Monograms — Libraries — Population

CHAPTER XVL

Christian Sects — Nestorians — Chaldean Bishop — Account of his Country — Where situated — Present state — Government and Manners — Religion and Literature — Hebed-Iesu — Scriptural Books — Xenophon's Account ofthe Country — Buchanan — Sect of Eutychians — Armenians — Number at Constantinople — Clergy — Fasts — Opinions ofthe Eucharist — Marriages — Nuptial Taper — Shawl — Armenian Dinner — Domestic Habits — Discipline of Families — Cemeteries — Visits to the Dead — Singular Tombstones — Literature — Difficult Language — Lord Byron's Opinion — Partiality for Euglish — Lancasterian Schools — Commerce —Other sources of Wealth — Ingenious Mechanics — Value to Turks .—Schism— Persecutions and Exile — Restoration — Bulgarians — Indifferent Character — Franks' Privileges — Variety of Tongues — Peraotes — Pisani — Frank Burying-ground — Tombs — Hampden. .

Chapter XVII

Jews — Numbers — Usages — Whence they came — How received by Turks — Appearance of Messiath — Disposition to become Christians — Proselyte exiled and restored — Arabs — Principal occup.»tions — Rice Talisman — Turks — Ulemah — Notions of testimony — Mode of Worship — Fasting at Ramazan — Alms-giving — Charity to inferior Animals — Circumcision — Rite performed on young Prince — Pilgrim age to Mecca — Sets out from Scutari — Sacred Camel — Superstitions — Dancing and howling Dervishes — Libraries — of the Seraglio— of Rhaghib — Printing Press at Scutari — Books published — Flowers — Culiuary Vegetables — Coins — Inaptitude of Turks for the Arts — Anecdote — State of Women — Character — Opinion of their Souls Character of Men — Revolutions. . . APPE NDIX Page I. Books printed at the Patriarchal Press at Constantinople . 487 II.

First Dragoman's Report to British Ambassador . . 490 III. Lord Strangford's Letter to Lord Liverpool . . . 492 IV. Fetva and Warning issued from the Mosque of Santa Sophia, February, 1823 . . . . . 494 V. Turkish Song sung at the Coffee-house at the Palace-gate during the Ramazan . ..... 500 VI. Firman published in June, 1824 . . . . 501 VII. Anecdotes of the Turkish Revolution . . . . 502 VIII. Capitulation, or Articles of Peace, between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire . ..... 525 IX. Firman for Emancipating Slaves . . . . 528 X. Catalogue of Armenian Books published at the Patriarchal Press 529 XI. Translation of a Berat by Hatta Sherif . . . 531 XII. Extracts from a Work written by a converted Jewish Rabbin 533 XIII. List of Turkish Books printed at Scutari . . • 537 XIV. Climate of Constantinople ... . 538 IV.* Inscription at Teos, &c, (aster) . , .

PLATES, &c— VOL. II. British Palace. Pera .... to face Title-page Amazon's Head, Smyrna (woodcut) . ■ . .46 * Hydraulic Pillars (woodcut) . • • • . 1U4 Tomb of British Ambassador (Chalki) . ... 142 Ancient Mosaic in the Church at Nicæa (woodcut) . . . 184 Figures in the Chapel at Nicæa (woodcut) . . .184 Hailstones . ...... 333 Remains of Pillar (woodcut) . . . .357 Pillar of Arcadius . ... . . 35S Greek Sacramental Bread (woodcut) . . . .385 Greek Cross (woodcut) . . . . .387 Armenian Tombstones (woodcut) . . * . 424 Ditto ' ditto . . . .425 Frank Monumental Sculpture (woodcut) .... 4 '2 Turkish Library . . . . . .472 Imperial Cypher . • . • • • • 48" Inscriptions at Teos, &c. . . • • .542 * By a mistake" of the Engraver, the pillars represented in the [.erspective are more numerous than they ought to be.

VOL. II. Page Line for read 10 14 he would be they would be 126 32 partially interesting particularly interesting. 156 13 Buykdere Buyukdere. 213 29 Tartaravan Tacktaravan. 248 24 Who bore Which bore. 265 23 after exterminated add or expelled. 281 last Vakai Takvaroo. 330 20 after fire kindled at Constantinople, add and at Eyoub, and some of the villages on the Bosphorus. 366 33 after him alter them. 401 8 p.i6a%fi /ara%v. 402 4 nrroyl luyt. 511 S who had now done who had done. NARRATIVE OP A RESIDENCE AT CONSTANTINOPLE.

Chapter I

Mode of making Slaves — Exposure in Markets for Sale — Anecdotes of Slaves — Infamous Treatment of Boys — Sciote Hostiiges— Sent to the Porfe — Unexpected Execution in the Streets — Reasons assigned — Promise to Lord Strangford — Sympathy ofthe English — Escape ofmany Greeks — Fugitives in Palace Garden — Consolation of the Scripture in their own Language — Application of Torture — Various kinds — Few escape with life — Disorganization "ofthe Capital — Excesses ofthe Populace — Avowed resolution of the Sultan — Energetic Measures — Summary Punishments — Censorship of Books — Hospodars of Wallachia and Moldavia — Greek Trinces excluded — Cease to be, Dragomans — Turks first learn European Languages." The first news of these events was brought to Constanti nople by the caiquegees, hummals, and other adventurers of the rabble, who returned with boats full of plunder and slaves.

The Oriental manner of making slaves, and securing a property in them, is this. Any fellows who join an ex pedition as volunteers for plunder of this kind enter a house, and after setting fire to it, and killing generally the adult males, they carry off the property, with the females and boys. They then proceed to the next custom-house, and having paid twenty piasters, or about ten shillings, they take out a teskerai, or ticket, which certifies the slavery, and then the per sons of the unfortunate family become the property of the captors for ever, with all their posterity ! If any of them VOL. n. B is disposed to sell the whole or part, he gives up with them their teskerai, which transfers the property to the purchaser in perpetuity. Forty-one thousand teskerais were granted in this way for Sciote slaves up to the lst of May, of which five thousand had been taken. out for those proceeding to Constantinople alone, and generally by fellows in the lowest grade of society.

The usual place where Circassian slaves are sold is the Aurut Bazaar, or Womens' Market, in the vicinity of the Burnt Column. Here decorum is no further violated than in the act of sale. It consists of a quadrangular building, with an open court in the middle. Round this are raised plat forms, on which black slaves sit : behind are latticed win dows lighting apartments, where the white and more costly women are shut up till they are sold, and there is a certain decency and propriety observed in the purchase. But the glut of unfortunate Sciotes was such, that they were exhi bited for sale in any public place, even the streets. The most usual was the Baluk Bazaar, or Fish-market. Here the first exposure was a number of poor girls, of the age of twelve or fourteen, who were sold like cattle at an Eng lish fair.

Several of them were without trousers, or the necessary articles of dress. Terror and anxiety had so affected them, that they exhibited the most deplorable picture of human suffering I ever beheld, and such as cannot be described ; yet they were treated by the Turks with a contemptuous freedom, as if they did not think they ought to show them the courtesies of decorum which a sense of modesty generally induces a Turk to show to any other female. They were taken and handled with the roughness of butchers examining young cattle, and generally sold at the rate of one hundred piastres, or 3/. a head. Five hun dred were disposed of here in this way, and Turkish men and women were everywhere seen leading young Christian slaves to their houses. The next day, June the 16th, was Sunday, and a slave market was established in Pera Street, leading to our palace.

A number of captives had been brought up the day before, and some of them exposed for sale in that place, and this unchris tian traffic was witnessed by the Christian congregations of the different people of Europe, as they were entering their places of worship, which are generally in this street, and par ticularly the English, who passed through them in their way to our chapel. One of them told me, as he was going by, a poor girl of fifteen was set up to a kind of auction, and he left them in the act of sale. This most revolting traffic of Christians had been hitherto confined to Constantinople, among the Turks themselves, and in their bazars; but now it was brought to the very doors of the Franks, and the representatives of the different powers of Europe, who have made it felony of death to purchase a pagan negro on the coast of Africa, had a slave-market established at the gates of their palaces, where human beings of the same colour and complexion — professing the same religious faith — endued with the same moral and intellectual qualities, and as highly cultivated as themselves — are publicly bought and sold like cattle, and doomed, with all their posterity, to the most degrading and infamous bondage of body and mind that pagan barbarism can inflict.

You have heard it said that the volatile Greek women are not much affected by change of circumstances, and are readily reconciled to the lot which casts them into the en joyments of a Turkish harem. Never believe it. The horror and repugnance felt by the free-born Greek women to slavery among the Turks, under any modification, is invin cible, and they infinitely prefer death. I will mention one or b2 two among many instances which came under my own personal knowledge. The adventurers to .Scio were in the habit of sending girls as presents to their friends at Constantinople, as people in England send game after a day's sport. The Capitan Pasha sent a young Sciote to a Turk in the capital. He was an elderly man, of serious deportment ; and he received the girl gravely but kindly. In a paroxysm of despair, however, she would not submit to her lot with tranquillity — so she proceeded with great violence to break everything in the apartment within her reach.

Her master sat smoking his pipe on the divan, looking on with an imperturbable countenance, showing no anger, but occasionally moving his hand towards her, with the quiet intimation that she should sit down and be composed. At length she twitched the chibouque out of his mouth, and with the bowl of it broke a large mirror. The Turk now rose with his usual gravity, and drawing his yatagan, before she turned about, cut off her head, and opening the lattice threw it and her body into the street, not far from the wall of the palace garden. Another was sent in the same way to a man who orew so much attached to her that he proposed to marry her, and place her at the head of his harem. This she declined, and declared, if he persisted in his intention, she would kill nim the first opportunity. Unused to restraint or control in such matters, the Turk did not heed her reluctance, but married her according to the forms of Turkish law.

On the wedding night she contrived to get possession of his yatao-an from his girdle, and stabbed him to the heart. Her own death, as she expected and wished, immediately followed. Another instance of the deep sense of degradation, not confined to the better classes, but extending to all, occurred within my own knowledge at Koorou Chesme, on the Bos phorus. A Sciote baker, who supplied some of my friends with bread, served also a Turkish family, and, on coming to the door one day he recognised the person who opened it to be his sister, of whom he could obtain no intelligence. She had been carried off by a boatman, aud sold that day to the Turk who owned the house. Her brother, who was strongly attached to her, and was rejoiced to find her alive, determined to redeem her, even by the sale of all he pos sessed ; but she strictly prohibited him.

She said she had been so treated and degraded, she was not worth redeem ing, and she would only disgrace him — that she did not wish to live, and knew she would not live long ; she was prophetic — in a few months she died. Nor was this spirit confined to women — men and boys showed an unsubdued mind under their misfortunes, which, in the days of Athens and Sparta, would be recorded as traits of the highest heroism. It was the custom at this time to put to death the captives whom they wished to get rid of, either because they were an incumbrance, or because they were rebels, or for any other reason. To this end they sometimes put them into a boat, and proceeded up the shore of the Bosphorus. It seems a gratification to aTurk to select a spot that pleases him for an execution, and hence it is not confined to any particular place, but always performed wherever the executioner fancies.

At this time the shore of the Bosphorus was a favourite place. They chose a spot, it was said, to kill, as people would, on a party of pleasure, to dine ; they landed, cut off a head, and went on. One of these boats which I passed had onboard a boy and his father, pinioned for execution. The day was very warm, and the old man asked a Turk for a little water to wet his mouth, out of an earthenware bottle which is always carried in a caique. The Turk, as a last favour, offered his vessel to his mouth, but the boy, with a motion of his elbow, instantly upset it—" No, father," said he, " I would at any time give my life to save yours ; but you shall accept no favour from them — in a short time you will not want it." Beshiktash was close at hand, so they were there landed and decapitated. As all the Frank merchants were more or less connected with those of Scio, letters came pouring in, from all directions from their correspondents on the melancholy subject, inquiring with the most intense anxiety after members of their families who had been swept away, first to know if any of them were left alive, and, if it was so, where they were sold as slaves, in order, if possible, that they might be redeemed.

A Christian is not allowed by law to redeem a fellow Christian, but the cupidity of the Turks was ready to evade it by selling the slave to another Mahomedan on his account, who w*as an intermediate person, and then liberated him. The British merchants were particularly active in this holy cause ; sub scriptions were entered into, and many a child was redeemed and restored to its parent by their kind and generous zeal. One letter that came to my hand from two brothers, young Greek merchants at Odessa, stated, that their mother, aunt, and three sisters were all swept away, and intreated, in the most deep and affecting language I ever read, that inquiry should be made after them. They were searched for, and it was discovered where they had been sold — one at Alex andria, one at Smyrna, and one at Constantinople, and from the three quarters of the world they were redeemed from Turkish bondage, and finally restored to their friends.

Among the multitude of these domestic events which daily occurred to us I shall mention one, the persons and incidents of which came under my own immediate know ledge. It is the more interesting, perhaps, because it dis plays that rapid vicissitude of the extremes of fortune, which the more organised and better regulated state of social life rarely presents in Europe, but under the arbitrary go vernments ofthe East are so usual as to be scarcely noticed as extraordinary. Among those who, on the first rumour of the landing of the Samiotes, and the partial insurrection of the peasant Sciotes, highly disapproved of the measure, and retired to the fortress, or prepared to leave the island, were the mother, wife, and children of one of the most opu lent and respectable residents. When, however, they saw the approach of the Capitan Pasha's fleet, thinking them selves under the protection ofthe government, they returned to the island, and went back to their own house.

Immedi ately after the carnage commenced. The mother, daughter, and grandchildren, with a nurse and young child, rushed, nearly naked, towards the hills, as the only asylum which suggested itself. Here a peasant who had been employed before by the family followed them, and, with a spade, enlarged a cavity whicli they found, and the whole party remained buried in it for two days. They were discovered, however, by some straggling Turks, who dragged them from their concealment. They were then separated, as each seized his share. The grandmother and daughter were sold to different masters, and traced out, but the fate of the rest, consisting of two fine boys, a nurse, and an infant, was un known. When the slaves were about to embark on board a vessel intended to convey them to the capital, a Turk, unknown to them, but. who appeared of some rank, addressed himself to the daughter, whom he saw in the agonies of despair.

He asked her name, and, when informed, he wrote a billet, which he bade her put into her bosom, and when she was sold, and her destiny decided, to contrive to have it sent on to its direction. This she did, and the day following a stranger came to the house of her purchaser, and instantly redeemed her and her mother for seven thousand five hun dred piastres, about '2001. He then conveyed her to her friends, and she was received into the house of a British merchant, as a present residence. The next care was to find out her children ; and after considerable search, one of them, a boy of nine years old, was discovered with a blacksmith in Galata. The fellow had embarked as a volunteer in this piratical expedition, and brought back the boy as pa.t of his plunder. He was found in his forge, and when the persons in search of him entered he was blowing the bellows for his master, and handing him a lighted pipe.