Palestine: its holy sites and sacred story ... illustrated, etc

Front matter

PALESTINE: ITS HOLY SITES AND SACRED STORY. LONDON PRINTED BY J. OGDEN AND CO., 172, ST. JOHN STREET, E.C. CANAAN: ITS DIVISION AMONC THE TRIBES 1,£-t3CJ./uVlonZryrar&,r £ArT Raxbers, and. Sad, at &s^jasm. reqsoest occupied, the region East of Jordan,, uqethawssssh half ,h, n-T. o Ms*****,. West ot Jordan dus oW portions ofth* s2ih^s, and. Central, O^^Zr^eTto^J^ °j Ephrsasrn. Beyanan and Dan hoj. a. s*rp of territory heoveen Judah and Ephr^da, The ' £Z~i half tr*e o. Manasseh, hsvy Harts, of Ephrusim. That part of Ose Costn^ affords 7*u,m as C^fTTT^ K Issatshar. Asher, Zebulun arsd, NapTstali, . "'-***1 belonged. PALESTINE: ITS HOLY SITES AND SACRED STORY. By JOHN TILLOTSON. ILLUSTRATED (fBUli mote than tiltvcc i^unbreb anb jfdihj (Engrailing s, From Designs ex Eminent Artists. LONDON: WARD, LOCK, AND TYLER, WARWICK HOUSE. PATERNOSTER ROW. l/J/7 Rig'tit r*s<:T?td.\

Preface

. The design of the following pages has been that of placing the Geography of Palestine in living relation to the Sacred Story. A large portion of the Bible is purely historical ; the Psalms and the Prophetical books are intimately associated with history, but there can be no proper understanding of the history of any country without a knowledge of its geography. A great modern geographer has said, " The natural scenery of Palestine speaks with one voice in favour of the Bible ; every word of the sacred narrative receives its best interpretation by being studied in connection with the place where it was recorded." Palestine is a land of marked physical peculiarities, which seem singularly well adapted to be the background to the re markable and stirring events of which the land has been the scene.

Its mountains, valleys, and plains, lakes and rivers, appear to bring us into close contact with its seers and prophets, priests and kings, and to give to each Scripture story a vivid distinctness and reality. Half the force of the Bible narratives is lost to us if we are without a good knowledge of the localities in which they occurred. It is very important, therefore, that the young should be well instructed in this matter, and there is no better plan than that of considering the history and geography together. In the attempts made to supply a book suitable for this purpose, free use has been made both of ancient and modern authorities, far too many to be enumerated here ; the effort of the writer has been to condense into an interesting narrative the labours and researches of those whose great works are, in a measure, closed volumes to the majority of young students. The story of Palestine is here told precisely in the same way as the history ot any other country might be related ; but of tho.sc VI

PREFACE.

. who can run the race of succeeding sovereigns, from Egbert to Victoria, or from the accession of Clovis to the exile of Napoleon, how few there are who could distinctly enumerate the succession of the kings of Israel and Judah, pointing out the contemporary prophets who were conspicuous during their several reigns ! This book is designed to further a better acquaintance with the Geography of the Land, and impart a more consecutive know ledge of the Chronology of its History. It furnishes a connected narrative of the progress of the chosen people — their Patriarchs, their sojourn in Egypt, their deliverance from that house of bondage ; their but partial conquest of the Promised Land ; their Judges, their Kings, their divided Kingdom, their Captivities ; it supplies the connecting links between the days of Ezra and Herod ; it tells the story of the fall of Jerusalem, and the dispersion of the Jews, and gives a brief outline of what they were subsequently called upon to endure.

The story of Palestine is one of great interest ; it brings us into association with the ancient nations of Egypt, Babylon, Nineveh, and later still with Persia, Greece, and Rome. The light thrown by modern research upon the antiquities of the Jews, and those of neighbouring nations, helps materially to enable us to realize the condition of the people. Respect has been had to all this in the preparation of this work. In conclusion, the writer can only say that he has done what he could — thanks to help received from many quarters — to render Bible Geography and Bible History more familiar to the young than is the case at present. If he succeeds in awakening a deeper interest in the Holy Sites and Sacred Story of Palestine, and in quickening a desire to know more about both, a rich reward will be his.

Introduction

.

— FROM B.C. 4OO4 TO B.C. 2247. The Creation of the World — Adam and Eve — Disputed Position of Eden — Fall of Man — Birth of Cain — Cain kills Abel — The Sons of God, and the Daughters of Men — The Wickedness of the World — Noah's Ark — The Flood — Nimrod — Tower of Babel — The Patriarch Job ; his Prosperity, Adversity, and Ultimate Restoration to Wealth. . . . . . . . . . . p. 1

Chapter II. Abraham, Isaac, And Jacob

— FROM B.C. I918 TO B.C. 1689. Ur of the Chaldees — Descendants of Shem — Abram — Rabbinical Tradition — The Young Reformer — Call of Abram — The Promised Land— Famine — Land of Egypt — An Apostle of the One God — Settlements in Canaan — Abram and Lot Separate — Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah — The Dead Sea — The Child of Promise — Trial of Abraham's Faith — Death of Sarah — Marriage of Isaac with Rebecca — Death of Abraham — Birth of Jacob and Esau — Jacob the Supplanter ; takes Refuge with his Uncle Laban ; Marries Leah and Rachel ; Returns to Canaan with his Family — Joseph Excites the Jealousy of his Brethren ; and is Sold as a Slave into Egypt — Joseph Interprets the Dreams of Pharaoh — His Promotion ; his Name changed to Zaphnath-Paaneah — Heliopolis — Years of Plenty ; Years of Famine — Egypt the World's Granary — Joseph's Brethren come to Buy Com in Egypt — He makes Himself Known to them — He Sends for his Father; they Settle in Egypt — Death of Jacob. p. 13

Chapter III. Israel In Egypt

— FROM B.C. 1 689 TO B.C. 1491. Ancient Egypt — Unsatisfactory Character of the Old Records — Manetho — Testimony of Herodotus — The Story Told in Stone — Bunsen's Testimony — The Rosetta Stone — Shepherd-Kings — Israelites Reduced to Slavery — Cruel Edicts — Birth of Moses — Moses Rescued by the Princess — Moses in the Court of Pharaoh — Traditions — Scenery of the Nile — The Demand of Moses — The Plagues of Egypt The Exodus — Passages of the Red Sea — Scripture Confirmed by Coeval Monuments p. 35

Chapter IV. In The Wilderness

— FROM B.C. I491 TO B.C. I45I. The Wilderness — Brief History of the Wanderings of the Israelites— Want of Water — The Sweetening of Bitter Waters — Elim — Manna — Quails — Djibbel Moussa — The Giving of the Law — Setting up of the Tabernacle, and Establishment of the Aaronic Priesthood — A Battle with the Canaanites — Conspiracy in the Camp — Destruction of the Conspirators — Death of Aaron — Moab— Balak and Balaam — Description of Palestine. p.

Chapter V. The Conquest Of Canaan

— FROM B.C. I451 TO B.C. 1171. The Seven Nations that Dwelt in Canaan — Joshua's Experience — Rahab and the Spies — The Passage of the Jordan — Capture of the City — Description of Jericho and the surrounding Neighbourhood — Defeat at Ai, but subsequent Success — Gibeon — Great Battle and Discomfiture of the Amorites — The Divsion of the Land— Renewal of the Covenant — Death of Joshua — The Judges — Defeat of Sisera — Gideon — Lamps and Pitchers — Jephthah and his Daughter — Samson. , . . p. 72

Chapter VI. The Last Of The Judges

— FROM B.C. II71 TO B.C. IO95. Birth of Samuel and Consecration to the Service of the Sanctuary — The sin of Eli's Sons — Samuel's Ministry — A Prophecy against Eli's House — The Israelites Overcome by the Philistines — The Ark brought into the Battle and Captured by the Enemy — The Sons of Eli killed — Death of Eli on hearing the evil News — Troubles which fell on the Philistines who held the Ark ; its Restoration — Samuel judgeth Israel — The People demand a King — Samuel dissuadeth them in vain— Saul chosen. . . . . . . . . . . p. 95

Chapter VII. Saul, The First King Of Israel

— FROM B.C. IO95 TO B.C. IO56. Saul's Body Guard — Saul, impatient of Samuel's delay, Offereth Sacrifice — The Reproof — Jonathan's Enterprise — Defeat of the Philistines — Samuel sends Saul to Destroy the Amalekites — He spareth Agag, their King — Samuel, on account of this announces Saul's Rejection — David Anointed King — The Duel between David and Goliath of Gath — The Strong Affection between David and Jonathan — After showing Friendliness to David, Saul's Enmity exhibits itself against Him — David a Fugitive — The Cave of Adullam — Saul's repeated Attempts to seize on David — The Death of Samuel — Nabal and Abigail — Saul, threatened by the Philistines, resorts for Counsel to the Witch of Endor — The Raising of Samuel — The Death of Saul and of his Sons. /. 114

Chapter VIII. David The King

— FROM B.C. 1056 TO B.C. IOI5. David receives News of Saul's Defeat and Death — Abner puts Ishbosheth on the Throne of Israel — The Tribe of Judah adhere to David — A Battle and Defeat Abner kills Asahel — Abner forsakes Ishbosheth, who is murdered Abner killed by Joab — David made King — Jerusalem — David brings up the Ark of God to Zion — His desire to erect a Temple checked — His kind Attention to the Son of Jonathan — War with the Ammonites — David's Sin — Capture of Rabbah — Absalom's Conspiracy — The Grievous Trouble of the King — Death of Absalom — The Famine — Numbering the People — The Plague — David makes his Son Solomon king. ••■•••..... p. ANAL YSIS OF CONTENTS. IX

Chapter IX. Solomon In All His Glory

— FROM B.C. IOI4 TO B.C. 974. Solomon the King — Adonijah's Request and Punishment — Abiathar Disgraced — Death of Joab — Visit of the Queen of Sheba to the Court of King Solomon — The Prosperity and Largeness of His Kingdom — Hiram sends to Congratulate Solomon, and Enters into Arrangements for the Building of the Temple — The Solemn Dedication of the Holy House — Solomon's Prayer — Solomon's Grandeur — His Heathenish Wives lead Him Astray — The Wise Man's Folly — Ecclesiasticus: the Story of a Disappointed Life. . . . . . . p. 173

Chapter X. Judah And Israel

— FROM B.C. 975 TO B.C. 914. Rehoboam ascends the Throne, and by his folly loses Ten of the Tribes, who form themselves under Jeroboam into the Kingdom of Israel — Jeroboam turns the People to Idolatry — The Golden Heifers — Shechem made the Capital of Israel — Description of Nablous — Invasion by Shishak of Judah — His Wonderful Successes — Capitulation of Jerusalem — Abijam succeeds Rehoboam, and defeats Jeroboam — Baasha kills Nadab and seizes the Crown — Concerning King Asa of Israel — Timri's Treachery — Capital of Israel transferred to Samaria — Baal Worship — Ahab and Jezebel — The Sacrifice at Carmel — Benhadad the Syrian — Jehoshaphat forms an Alliance with Ahab — Naboth's Vineyard — Death of Ahab. . . . p. 188

CHAPTER XL JUDAH AND ISRAEL.

— FROM B.C. 914 TO B.C. 678. Jehoshaphat returns to Judah and institutes a Regular Oversight of the People — Moabites and Ammonites attempt an Invasion, and are Repulsed — Ahaziah's accidental Death — Jehoram of Judah — Jehoram of Israel — Miracles — The Credentials of a Prophet —Elisha's Miracles -His Stratagem to Deceive the Syrians — The Famine in Samaria — Discomfiture of the Syrians — Jehoram of Judah and Jehoram of Israel — The Prophetic Message to Jehu — Ramoth-Gilead — Jehu the Vengeance Taker — Requital — The End of Jezebel — The Destruction of Ahab's Children — Athaliah's Murderous Usurpation Overthrown — Coronation of the Young Prince, and Murder of the Queen Dowager — Dust of the Threshing-floor — Jehoash — Hazael marches on Jerusalem ; Pacified with the Church Plate — Death of Hazael, and Victories of Joash — Amaziah's Presumption and Humiliation — Jeroboam II. — The Prophet Jonah — Story of Nineveh — The Profanity ot Uzziah — The Earthquake — A Heavy Tax — The Horrible Impiety of Ahaz — Tiglath-Pileser — Lions and Dogs — Idolatrous Altars — Hoshea — Shalmaneser— Captivity of the Ten Tribes. p. 216

Chapter XII. From The Beginning Of The Reign Of Hezekiah To The

CAPTIVITY OF JUDAH. — FROM B.C. 726 TO B.C. 593. Judah and Israel — Contumacy of the Israelites — Judah will not receive Instruction — Hezekiah Ascends the Throne — He endeavours to put an end to Idolatry in the Land ; destroys the Brazen Serpent of Moses — Sennacherib's Invasion — Over- X throw of the Assyrian Army— Story as told by Herodotus— Death of Sennacherib —Isaiah the Prophet— Josiah's good Reign —Prophecies of Jeremiah — Holofernes — Nebuchadnezzar — The Captivity. . . . . ■ • • P- 245

Chapter XIII. The Captivity

— FROM B.C. 6lO TO B.C. 536. The Jews in Captivity— Gedaliah— He liberates Jeremiah from Prison— Jeremiah resides at Mizpah — Gedaliah on Terms of Intimacy with Jeremiah — Ishmael the Crafty— Gedaliah warned of this Man— Gedaliah's Feast— Ishmael slays him and all the Jews in the Neighbourhood — Johanan — Jeremiah the Prophet consulted — His Advice not Taken — Johanan and his Party Flee into Egypt, taking Jeremiah with them — The Jews again fall into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar — Babylon — Description of the City of Babylon — The Four Young Hebrew Captives — The King's Command concerning them — His Approbation — Daniel called Belteshazzar — Astronomy in the East — Diodorus Siculus' Account — Nebuchadnezzar's Dream — Daniel's Power Tested — Nebuchadnezzar's Golden Image — Daniel and his Three Friends fall into Great Trouble — The Miracle of the Fiery Furnace — Nebuchadnezzar's Malady — Evil-Merodach acts as Regent — Nericas- Solassar the Belshazzar of Scripture — Daniel again appears at Court — He interprets Belshazzar's Dream — Change of Dynasty — Cyrus — The Destruction of Babylon — The End of the Captivity. ... ..../. 258

Chapter XIV. From The First Year Of Cyrus To The Death Of

ALEXANDER THE GREAT. FROM B.C. 536 TO B.C. 323. Zerubbabel assumes Royal Authority — Haggai and Zechariah — Prophecies regarding Zerubbabel — Apparent Confusion in the Chronology — The Cities of Israel occupied by the Samaritans — The Jews assemble at Jerusalem — The Foundations of the New Temple Laid — A Touching Incident — The Jews refuse all Offers of the Samaritans — They Revenge Themselves in Consequence — Death of Cyrus — His Son succeeds him — The Persian Usurper — Darius Hystaspes, King of Persia — The Jews Complete the Building of the Temple — Artaxerxes, surnamed Longimanus — Ezra — He is Despatched with a Royal Warrant — His Arrival at Jerusalem — Issues a Proclamation — Nehemiah — The King's Kindness to him — Nehemiah arrives at Jerusalem — Building of the Walls — Esther — The Refusal of Queen Vashti — Her Dismissal — Esther chosen to be Queen — Haman — Mordecai — Haman's Hatred of Mordecai — His Scheme to Destroy the Whole Jewish Race — Obtains the King's Signet — Mordecai sends a Message to Queen Esther — The King grants Esther's Request — Haman is Consulted — His Suggestion Carried Out — Haman is Hanged — Mordecai Promoted to Great Honour — The Voice of Prophecy Silenced — The Jews Tributary to Persia — Alexander the Great Conquers Persia — Account of the Fight — A Strange Dream, which Saved the Jews from Alexander. .......... p 276

Chapter XV. From The Death Of Alexander The Great To The Death

OF JUDAS MACCABEUS. — FROM B.C. 323 TO B.C. 153. Ptolemy, the Son of Lagos, takes Jerusalem, and carries many Jews captive into Egypt— Ptolemy Philadelphus procures the Laws of the Jews to be translated into the Greek Tongue ; sets many Captives free, and dedicates many Gifts to God — How the Jews were honoured by the Kings of Asia — Antiochus makes a League with Ptolemy, and how all things were brought right by Joseph and his Son Hyrcanus — How Jerusalem was pillaged by Antiochus, and the Samaritans named their Temple after a Heathen God — The bold Protest of Mattathias — Judas Maccabeus is a Prince in Israel ; he overthrows the Forces of Apollonius and Seron; defeats Lysias and Gorgias, and purifies the Temple — Still further Victories — Death of Antiochus Epiphanes — Concerning the Expedition of Bacchides against Judea, and Death of Judas on the Battle-field. . . p. 294 jjCHAPTER XVI.

FROM THE DEATH OF JUDAS MACCABEUS TO THE BEGINNING OF THE REIGN OF HEROD. — FROM B.C. l6l TO B.C. 37. Jonathan chosen General in place of his Brother Judas — War with Bacchides — Alexander Balas enters Ptolemais — Jonathan Maccabeus assumes the Pontificate — Temple of Dagon burnt — Citadel at Jerusalem captured — The Treachery of Tryphon and barbarous Murder of Jonathan — Simon Maccabeus made High priest — Judas and John Hyrcanus Commanders of the Forces — Murder of Simon and Judas — Aristobulus, the High Priest, assumes the Crown — Alexander Janneus— Alexandra — Aristobulus II. — Hyrcanus II. — Antigonus — The Roman Power — Friendly Relations between the Jews and Romans — Antipater made Ruler — Hyrcanus the High Priest. . . . . . . . p. 316

Chapter XVII. From

B.C. 37 TO A.D. 44. Herod, surnamed the Great — His vigorous but murderous Policy — His Wife Mariamne — Courts the Favour of the Roman Emperor — His Jealousies and Crimes — Swine and Sons — The Restoration and Enlargement of the Temple — Judea reduced to a Roman Province — Herod's Children and Successors — The Story of the Nazarene — The Sanhedrim Sects — Roman Governors — Agrippa — Caligula. . /. 320

Chapter XVIII. From

A.D. 44 TO A.D. 70. Agrippa — Fanaticism — Collision between the People and the Roman Soldiers — Robbers — Terrible Portends — The dreadful Conflict begins — Corruption of Florus — Treacherous Massacre of a Roman Garrison — A Signal Defeat of the Romans — Vespasian advances into Palestine — Preparations for Defence — Josephus — Siege of Jotapata — Strange Disasters at the Taking of Gamala — State of Jerusalem — Factions — Vespasian called to Rome — Beginning of the Siege — Infatuated Resistance — Horrible Stories of the Famine — The Temple Fired — Number of Victims — Land Sale and Tribute p. ANAL YSIS OF CONTENTS. XII

Chapter XIX

Concerning the Triumph of the Romans, and the Manner in which they celebrated their Victory — Vespasian Meets his Son Titus— Simon is Killed after being Publicly Exhibited— Ancient Rome— The Political Existence of the Jews as a Nation at an End— The Dispersion— Brief Outline of Jewish History since the Dispersion /. 3^4

Chapter XX

Continuation of Jewish History since the Dispersion — The Jews in France; in Spain ; in Italy ; in Germany ; Bohemia — Cruel Persecutions to which they have been Subjected — Jews in England — The Wandering Jew the Type of the Nation — Probable Restoration — Conclusion. . . . . .p. 411 ASHUUL). LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLA*TE FACING PAGE I. Mount Ararat 4 II. Birs Nimroud — Arabs in Council — A Bedouin Arab .... 6 III. A Storm in the Ouadi Madian, or Gulf of Ælana 9 IV. An Arab Sheik — Mode of Giving Drink in the East — Egyptian Wheat — Arab Tents — Altar of Unhewn Stone ...... 12 V. An Ephod — Egyptians Spinning — An Egyptian at Prayers — Pouring out a Drink Offering .......... 15 VI. Egyptian Traders — Colossal Statues in the Desert — Egyptian Idolmaker — Egyptian Warriors ........ 16 VII. A Well in Samaria — Olive Branch — Sepulchral Caves — Pandean Pipes — Working an Eastern Well with Oxen ...... 24 VIII.

Mode of Irrigating the Soil — Water Carriers — Female Water Carriers — Wine Skins .......... 25 IX. An Egyptian Lady's Toilet — Egyptian Architecture — Ruins at Karnac. 28 X. A Caravan Crossing the Desert — Egyptian Carriers, or Porters — Obelisk at Heliopolis .......... 30 XI. Karnac — An Egyptian Grazier taking Stock . . . . .32 XII. Scaring Birds — Sowing Grain — An Egyptian Cook — Egyptian Boat . 34 XIII. An Eastern Caravan — Ancient Oriental Carts and Waggons . . 35 XIV. Eastern Funeral — A Swayette Mummy — Mourners ... .36 XV. Harpist Playing before a King — Anointing a King — Eastern Travelling — Brick Making .......... 40 XVI. Egyptian Idol — Fishing in the Nile — Brick Pyramid — Egyptian Task-masters — Egyptian Sculptors at Work ...... 46 XVII. Egyptian Idols — An Egyptian King — A Baker, from an Egyptian Marble — Egyptian Mourners ........ 39 XVIII.

Egyptian Ladies — Egyptian Soldier in his Chariot . . . -43 XIX. Threshing with the Wheel Drag — Winnowing with the Fan — Ancient Mode of Winnowing ......... 45 XX. Form of an Egyptian Arch — On the Nile — Ruins of Thebes. . . 48 XXI. Egyptian Mourners Bearing a Corpse — Egyptian Coffin — Egyptian Picture of a Human Soul Awaiting Judgment 49 XXII. The Red Sea — Assyrian Sculptors — Ancient Soldiers . . . .50 XXIII. Ancient Egyptian Slipper — Egyptian Papyrus — An Egyptian King — Egyptian Bricks Marked with the Royal Name — Embalming the Dead — Egyptian Dancers ........ 52 XXIV. Eastern Mode of Sitting — Eastern Wine-Press — Catching Birds — Brick Making 53 XXV. Egyptian Vine Gathering — Egyptian Wine Makers — Arabs Erecting a Tent 54 XXVI. Map of the Journeyings of the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan . .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE <-AC'NG PAG= XXVII. In the Wilderness— In the Wilderness 5° XXVIII. Reading the Law of Moses, Veiled— Women of Syria Embroidering 59 XXIX. Seething the Shoulder— Seething Vessels 6° XXX. Various Kinds of Aloes— Planting and Sowing— Eastern Sheepcote. 64. XXXI. Hebrew Priests— Brazen Altar— Robing a Priest— The Tabernacle — Priests' Bonnets — Altar of Incense °5 XXXII. Mount Horeb 66 XXXIII. Jericho— Priests Sounding Trumpets— Manner of Bearing the Ark . 73 XXXIV. Corner of the Housetop— Ancient Censers— Gate of Baalbek . . 74 XXXV. Eastern Houses on a City Wall— Laver for Priests— Flesh Hook- Eastern Gate .......-■• 75 XXXVI. Jericho — Eastern Pitchers — Eastern Loaves 77 XXXVII. A Charge of Ancient Syrian Warriors— Ancient Warriors — Syrian Cavalry .......•••• 7° XXXVIII.

Rocky Pass in Judea— Jacob's Well near Samaria . . . .79 XXXIX. Shooting with the Bow— Ancient Weapons— Valley of Megiddo . 83 XL. A Mountain Pass in Palestine — Ancient Form of Submission . . . 84 XLI. Mount Tabor— Snaring Birds— Cyclopean Well— Eastern Palanquin, Covered .......... 91 XLII. Eastern Well — Torch Bearers — Eastern Lady with Painted Eyes — Eastern Baker 95 XLIII. An Eastern Dining Room — A Levite — Eastern Signet Rings — Eastern Beds 98 XLIV. Binding Sheaves — Watering Garden — Askelon .... 99 XLV. Fig Trees— Carob Tree 100 XLVI. Eastern Millstones — Braziers or Firebrands — Eastern Ploughing . 101 XLVII. Bethlehem 123 XLVIII. An Eastern Gate— Collecting Dung for Fuel 125 XLIX. Egyptian Baskets — Jewels — Spikenard — Stick Books . . . 137 L. Golden Gate, Jerusalem — Pomegranates — Mount of Olives . . 144 LI.

Supposed Form of the Ark of the Covenant — Priest with Sacrifices and Offerings — Candlestick — Altar of Burnt Offering . . . 154 LII. Tomb of Absalom — A Street in an Eastern City .... 162 LIU. Funeral Solemnities and Procession, from Assyrian Sculptures . 166 LIV. Bride's Dress, with High- Heeled Shoes — Tapestry Dresses in Needlework — Persian Bridal Procession . . . . . -173 LV. Supposed Form of the First Temple at Jerusalem — Felling Trees . 177 LVI. Egyptian Ruins — Lycian Sculptures : Sacrificial Service . .178 LVII. Altar of Incense— Ancient Scrolls — Table of Shewbread. . . 1S2 LVIII. Sitting at Meat : from the Lycian Marbles — Ancient Ships : from an Assyrian Marble . . . . . . . . . i8*J LIX. Tombs in Edom — Woman of Arabia, with Nose Jewel — Flesh Hooks — Crete ........... 187 LX.

Oriental Couch and Bed : Modern— Oriental Master and Servant Eastern Ploughing with Ox and Ass 190 LXI. Women Dancing, with Timbrels— Egyptian Brick Making — Mount Horeb 194 LXII. Ancient Termini, or Landmarks — Teraphim — Chebar — Ancient Weapons 202 LXIII. Candelabra— Mirrors— Turtle Doves— Eastern Ploughing— Eastern Prison LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV PLATE FACING PACE LXIV. Country near Samaria — Priests — Dancing Women Rejoicing— Sepulchral Cave ........ . 206 LXV. Nineveh Sculpture : A Sieged City — Whale's Mouth — Nineveh Sculpture ........... 183 LXVI. Eastern House-Tops — Covered Galleries of an Oriental Tower . 185 LXVII. Hills about Jerusalem — Approach to Jerusalem — Mount Moriah . 188 LXVIII. An Eastern King — Oriental Messenger ...... 190 LXIX. Shoes and Sandals — Oriental Vessels — Eastern Mode of Respectful Salutation ... ........ 192 LXX.

Shaving the Head — Eastern Mules. . . . . . .194 LXXI. Date and Palm Trees — Agricultural Implements — Woman with Wine-Skin — A Watch-Tower in Samaria ..... 19S LXXII. Zerephath — Mode of Reclining at Table — Ancient Tombs . . 209 LXXIII. Mount Carmel — Heathen Idol — Bozrah 204 LXXIV. Jerusalem — Taking a City by Storm ...... 216 LXXV. Various Descriptions of Ancient Chariots of War — Jericho . . 220 LXXVI. Caravansary on the Spot where Jonah is Supposed to have been thrown Ashore— Joppa — Jews Mourning in Captivity . . . 233 LXXVII. Ancient Ship — War Horses — Nineveh Sculpture — Eastern Sceptres 234 LXXVIII. From a Nineveh Marble — Pathsos : Ruins of Chunitis, Nubia . 236 LXXIX. An Assyrian Marble 238 LXXX. Ancient Arms — Egyptian Sculpture — Assyrian King . . . 240 LXXXI. Walls of an Ancient City — Soldiers — A Court of Justice — Travelling Post in Persia .......... 242 LXXXII.

Vessels of the Sanctuary — Captivity ...... 244 LXXXIII. Assyrian Sculptures .... ..... 247 LXXXIV. Overflow of the Euphrates — Jewish Captives before the King of Babylon ........... 245 LXXXV. Assyrian Heads : from Ancient Marbles 248 LXXX VI. Baker at the Oven — Houses of Untempered Brick — Sycamore Trees 258 LXXXVII. Babylon — Council at the Gate 262 LXXXVIII. Ancient Coins — A Roman Scribe — Ancient Lamps . . . 265 LXXXIX. Ancient Ships — Heathen Idols 268 XC. Moloch — Nineveh Sculpture — Nineveh Sculpture .... 272 XCI. Ancient Soothsayers — Tomb of Cyrus — Silver Shekels . . . 274 XCII. Jerusalem from Mount Olivet — Eastern Crowns — Supposed Form of the Second Temple ......... 276 XCIII. Pharisees with Phylacteries — Reading the Law in a Modern Synagogue 279 XCIV. Persian Chairs — A Persian Cupbearer ...... 280 XCV.

Salaaming in a Persian Court — Persian King attended by his Officers of State 282 XCVI. Tomb of Nehemiah— Eastern Salutation— Eastern Tents . . 286 XCVII. Persian Horses in State Procession — Eastern Dancers — An Oriental Bazaar ........... 286 XCVIII. Eastern Gateway — Fruit — Persian Dresses ..... 288 XCIX. A Persian Monarch Administering Judgment — Reputed Tomb of Ezra — The King's Horse, with Royal Trappings . . . 290 C. Athens — Theatre at Athens 292 CI. Ancient Potter — Gods of the Grecians — Tombs in the Rocks . . 294 CII. Roman Magistrate — Roman Citizens — Ancient Roman Coin . . 300 CHI. Walls of Jerusalem — Judean Coins — Running Footmen . . . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATE FACING PAGE CIV. Abram's Oak Tree— Ruins at Troas— Ruins at Ammon . . • 3°7 CV. Giving a Cup of Water — Egyptian Cucumbers — Pomegranates — Ancient Ship Building 3°8 CVI.

Rome * • - * 3J4 CVII. Illyria— Travelling in the East— Ancient Tomb . 3l6 CVIII. Roman Soldiers — Victor in the Roman Races Receiving his Crown 320 CIX. Roman Watch-Tower — Roman Spinning- Wheel — Roman Coins . 321 CX. Ancient Body-Armour — Musical Instruments — Roman Gladiators . 327 CXI. Tiberias Cæsar — Storming the Gates and Walls of a City — At Cæsar's Judgment Bar ....•■•• 33° CXII. Fighting with Beasts — Ancient Scribes ....-■ 333 CXIII. Eastern Mode of Salaaming— Egyptian Basket Work— A Roman Soldier — Gladiators in the Arena ...... 33" CXIV. Roman Executioners — Lictors with Fasces ..... 33& CXV. Various Instruments of Torture— Lictors with Rods and Scourges— The Stocks 341 CXVI. Roman Prison — Ancient Seals and Scrolls — "Who Shall Deliver me from the Body of this Death ? " . . . . . . 343 CXVII.

Cæsarea — Arimathea ......... 345 CXVI1I. House and Water-Pots at Cana of Galilee — Roman Engine of War — Roman Arms ......... 348 CXIX. Besieging a City — Roman Engine of War — Storming a City . . 353 CXX. Garden of Gethsemane — Jerusalem. ...... 357 CXXI. Worship of Jupiter Olympus — Conquerors Driving the Plough over the Ruins of a Captured City ....... 359 CXXII. Roman Soldiers — Syrian Banditti ....... 373 CXXIII. Roman Gladiators — Housetops in Jerusalem ..... 375 CXXIV. Antioch— Lydda— Rhodes 3S0 CXXV. Engedi — Roman Coin — Roman Galley 384 CXXVI. Ruins of the Colosseum at Rome— Gladiators Fighting with Wild Beasts in a Roman Arena ........ 387 CXXVII. Diana: Jove: Minerva — Burning the Dead — Adonis . . . 3SS CXXVIII. Sacred Vessels of the Jewish Temple borne in Triumph by the Romans— A Prisoner Guarded by Roman Soldiers— Interior of the Colosseum at Rome ,q0 LIST OF MAPS.