Private and Original Correspondence of Charles Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, with King William, the Leaders of the Whig Party and other distinguished statesmen ... Illustrated with narratives. ... By W. Coxe. From the family papers, etc. L.P

Front matter

sO/) / /' ;// /j /sa y sy S/Mi y////.r//. =- ' / /-'';/w *',/«• 0,/ntf/WYd >y '/■ /*>//«,//?',// //// ( /y///r/( {/ f? ' /■ /•?/?/,'//, /e/r-JA-// SW rV//'- /.';- 'f /. /f?';/f>-/'eV f/ ///'< (■■//,, -!-/eV V^%?</' / y s / PRIVATE AND ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE OF CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF SHREWSBURY, WITH KING WILLIAM, THE LEADERS OF THE WHIG PARTY, AND OTHER DISTINGUISHED STATESMEN; ILLUSTRATED WITH NARRATIVES HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL : FROM THE FAMILY PAPERS IN THE POSSESSION OF HER GRACE THE DUCHESS OF BUCCLEUCH, NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED. By WILLIAM COXE, F.R.S. F.S.A. ARCHDEACON OF WILTS, &C. LONDON: Printed for LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, akd BROWN PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1821. Printed by T. C. Hansard, Peterborough-court, Fleet-street, London. TO HER GRACE ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF BUCCLEUCH, &c, AS A TESTIMONY OF RESPECT, AND A PROOF OF GRATITUDE, FOR THE LIBERAL AND UNRESERVED COMMUNICATION OF THE HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS DERIVED FROM HER GRACE'S RELATIVE, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF SHREWSBURY, THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED, BY HER OBLIGED AND OBEDIENT SERVANT, WILLIAM COXE.

Preface

. ALTHOUGH many publications have issued from the press, to elucidate the later period of our Annals, every reader, acquainted with English History, must be sensible of the obscurity which involves many parts of a reign, so interesting to posterity, as that of king William the Third : a period, when the struggle of a recent Revolution excited the most violent contests of party ; when a new system of government and policy was introduced and developed ; and when the minds of men were agitated with fearful recollections of the past, anxiety for the present, and alarm for the future. Much light has doubtless been thrown on this period, by The Correspondence and Diary of Henry, second earl of Clarendon ; The Memoirs of Reresby, and Welwood ; The Conduct of Sarah, duchess of Marlborough; The collections of Carstares, Lockhart, Cole, and the earl of Hardwicke ; The Historical Memoirs of Dalrymple ; and even by the garbled documents of Macpherson ; but these publications have only partially removed the veil, and the knowledge which they have afforded, has served to excite additional curiosity. b

PREFACE.

. No apology, therefore, can be deemed necessary, for presenting to the reader the Correspondence of the Duke of Shrewsbury, who was a principal actor in the Revolution, who possessed the full confidence of king William, and held the office of Secretary of State during the greater part of his reign. The value of these papers will be more highly estimated, when it is considered, that they are not mere official documents, but private correspondence, never iutended for the public eye. The Collection is divided into three Parts : The First Part contains the Correspondence with king William. It comprises the earliest period of the duke of Shrewsbury's official career, from his appointment as Secretary, at the Revolution, to his resignation, in 1690 ; the ineffectual negotiations, in 1693, to induce him to resume the seals ; and, finally, his epistolary com munications with the sovereign, from his second appointment, in April, 1694, to his departure for the continent, in 1700.

Little needs be said, to prove the value and interest of this Correspondence, which not only developes many important transactions of state, but exhibits, in the clearest light, the characters both of the sovereign and the minister. The letters of the king are distinguished by good sense and firmness, as well as by a tone of simplicity and condescension, seldom found in the correspondence of a sovereign ; those of the secretary, are marked by a respectful frankness, and spirit of independence, which as seldom occur in that of a courtier. With these are blended a few letters, which passed between the duke of Shrewsbury and the earl of Portland, because they may be considered equally as confidential, though indirect communications with the king.

PREFACE.

. III and, in general, explain subjects, alluded to in the royal cor respondence. The Second Part contains : first, a selection from the Corres pondence with admiral Russell, during his command in the Mediterranean, which is calculated to exhibit his character, and to display the difficulties, attending this memorable enter prise. A few documents are added, relative to his expedition to the coast of France, in 1696, when he frustrated the in tended invasion of England. Secondly, the Correspondence with viscount Gahvay, during the two last campaigns of the war in Italy, in 1695 and 1696, describing the military transactions in that country, and unfolding the mysterious policy of the duke of Savoy, and the causes of his defection from the grand alliance. Thirdly, the Correspondence with the earls of Portland and Jersey, and sir Joseph Williamson, who were all employed in negotiating the peace of Ryswick.

The Third Part consists of the confidential Correspondence of the duke of Shrewsbury with Robert, earl of Sunderland, lords Somers and Wharton, admiral Russell, earl of Orford, and Mr. Montague, chancellor of the exchequer, who was raised to the peerage, by the title of lord Halifax. It embraces the period from 1695 to 1704, and will serve to elucidate the Correspondence with the sovereign. It opens a view of the transactions in the cabinet, and proceedings in parliament, and displays the jealousies, which the king entertained against the whigs, as well as the feuds which prevailed among themselves. It also unfolds the conduct of lord Sunderland, exhibits his influence with the king, records the cabals, which occasioned his disgrace, and traces the cause which led to the removal of the whig administration.

PREFACE.

. IV This whole Correspondence is entirely original, and has never before been given to the public, except a few letters, which have been printed in other works, and which are here introduced, to render the series more complete. With these various documents are interspersed political, his torical, and biographical narratives, which are intended to exhibit the progress of events, as well as to display the views of parties, the proceedings in parliament, and the secret history of the cabinet. In composing such elucidations I have consulted and compared the writers of the times, and the most authentic of our national historians. I have, also, availed myself of a miscellaneous col lection of papers, consisting of correspondence Avith spies, examinations, and other official documents in the Shrewsbury papers ; but I have derived peculiar advantage from the letters of Mr. Vernon, who was first private secretary to the duke of Shrews bury, and, from 1697 to the close of William's reign, secretary of state.

His correspondence, which begins in September, 1696, and extends to November, 1708, is extremely minute and circum stantial, till the departure of the duke for the continent. It has furnished numerous indications of character, and historical facts, connected with the administration of his noble patron, which, by no other means could have been rescued from oblivion. The whole was found too voluminous for publication, but a few extracts and explanatory letters are occasionally introduced.* I scarcely think it necessary to apologise to the reader, for * The letters of Mr. Vernon to the duke of Shrewsbury form three quarto volumes, closely written, which, if printed, would scarcely be contained in a less compass. Unfor tunately, those of the duke of Shrewsbury to 'him, are not preserved in the family papers.

PREFACE.

. V having adopted an uniform style of orthography ; for, if the language of the writers be scrupulously preserved, it cannot be gratifying to the eye, to toil through all the varieties of spelling, which custom and caprice have introduced. This alteration has been chiefly necessary in the letters of admiral Russell, who wrote more like a seaman than a scholar. The letters from king William are all autographs, and written in the french tongue ; but, for the sake of uniformity, they are translated with as close an adherence as possible to the originals. The same remark may be applied to those of lord Portland and lord Gahvay. The rest of the Correspondence, with few exceptions, is autographic ; and, in those few cases, where another hand is employed, the letters preserve the same confidential character, being dictated by the principals, when unable, from indisposi tion, or other causes, to use the pen.

The letters of the duke of Shrewsbury are, in general, the original draughts, in his own hand-writing, with many erasures and alterations : a few only appear in that of Mr. Vernon, his secretary, but corrected by himself. These papers first attracted my attention while I was com posing the Memoirs of John, duke of Marlborough. At that period I was favoured with the inspection of several transcripts, made by the late Edward Lyte, esq., treasurer to his present majesty, when prince of Wales, through the kindness of his daughter, Mrs. Fisher, of Tidwell House, near Exmouth. The perusal not only furnished much valuable information for that VI

PREFACE.

. work, but induced me to apply to the Duchess of Buccleuch, as possessor of the originals, for leave to examine the whole series. Her Grace readily acceded to my request, communicated many other documents, connected with the public life of her noble relative,* and, finally, permitted me to offer this selection, in the present form, to the public. I have also to record my obligations to lord Montagu, for his kind acquiescence in the indulgence granted me by his noble mother, and for his communication of the manuscript Journal, kept by the duke of Shrewsbury, during his continuance abroad. This diary, though confined to the incidents of his private life, and travels, at a time when he ceased to be of public con sequence, yet furnishes some curious notices of his character and feelings, and affords the most conclusive proofs of his attachment to the government established at the Revolution, and his sincere devotion to the doctrines of the Protestant Church, which he had deliberately embraced.

The portrait of the duke of Shrewsbury was engraven from an original picture, by sir Peter Lely, preserved at the Charter House; and, for permission to take a copy, I am indebted to the kindness of the reverend Dr. Fisher, the present master. I need not appeal to the indulgence of candid readers for trifling inaccuracies, which may occur in these pages, when they are apprised, that, during the progress of the work, I laboured under a gradual decay of sight, which considerably impeded my researches, and precluded me from correcting the press. I have. * See page 665.

PREFACE.

. VII therefore, still greater reason than before, to repeat my grateful acknowledgments to my former secretary, Mr. Hatcher, Post master of Salisbury, for his aid in the accomplishment of this un dertaking. In closing these prefatory remarks, it is proper to observe, that the work naturally terminates with the departure of the duke of Shrewsbury from England, in 1700. My materials have, how ever, enabled me to add a brief view of his conduct during his stay abroad ; and I have also adverted to the political transactions, in which he was subsequently engaged, as well to render the Volume more complete, as to connect it more intimately with the History of the times. Bemerton, Nov. 1, 1821. CONTENTS.

Chapter I

— 1689... 1692— Biographical anecdotes of Charles Talbot, duke of Shrewsbury — He renounces the roman catholic religion — Takes an active part in the revolution — Acquires the confidence of king William — Appointed secretary of state — Difficulties of his situation — Regrets the alienation of the king from the whigs — Commencement of his correspondence with the king — Solicits permission to resign — Remonstrates against the system of domestic policy, and the proposed dissolution of parliament — Resigns the seals, and heads the opposition in the house of lords — The king disgusted with the tories Page 3.

Chapter II

— 1693... 1694.— Resolution of William to effect a new change in the administration, and reconcile himself with the whigs — Importunes the earl of Shrewsbury to become secretary of state — Remarks and correspondence on the subject— Changes in the administration in favour of the whigs — Shrewsbury accepts the seals — Rewarded with a dukedom and the garter — Commencement of his administration Pag€ 18-

Chapter III

— 1694.— Transactions in 1694— Causes of the failure of the attempt on Brest — Naval expedition under admiral Russell to the Mediterranean — Military movements and intelligence — Correspondence during the absence of the king abroad, from May to July VaSe 1 •

Chapter IV

— 1694. — Irish affairs — Domestic transactions— Restoration of the East India company — Arrangements for the continuance of the fleet in the Mediterranean — Correspondence from July to January page 55.

Chapter V

— 1695. — Effects ofthe death of queen Mary — Disposition of the parliament — Naval and military operations — Expedition of admiral Russell to the Mediterranean — Recall of the fleet, in consequence of the threatened invasion — Farther considerations on Irish affairs — Administration of the lord deputy Capel — Correspondence from June to October, 1695 page 80. C CONTENTS X

Chapter VI

— 1696. — Character of the new parliament — Arrangements for the re-coinage of the silver — Depreciated state of public credit — Different expedients to raise supplies — Failure of the attempt to establish a land bank — Embarrassments of the king, from the want of means to carry on the war — Defection of the duke of Savoy — Division in the grand alliance — Necessity of peace — Correspondence from May to September, 1696 page 109.

Chapter VII

— 1696... 1697.— Attempts of the french to invade England, and plot ofthe Jacobites to assassinate the king — Seizure of sir John Fenwick — His accusation against the duke of Shrewsbury and others — Magnanimity of king William — Shrewsbury injured by a fall from his horse — Decision of parliament in his favour — Bill of attainder against Fenwick — Kindness of the king — Shrewsbury repeatedly solicits leave to resign — Correspondence from Sept. 1696, to April, 1697 ... page 143.

Chapter VIII

— 1697... 1700.— Measures adopted for the restoration of public credit — Continued distresses of the country — Successes of France in the Netherlands, Catalonia, and South America — Negotiation for peace — Accusation of Price, Chaloner, and others, against the duke of Shrewsbury, for endeavouring to favour the escape of sir John Fenwick — Exposure of their plot — The king again refuses to accept his resignation — Permits him to quit the post of secretary of state — Prevails on him to accept the staff of lord chamberlain — His final resignation, and departure for the continent — Correspondence from July, 1697, to July, 1700 page 166.

Part II

No. 1. — Correspondence with admiral Russell, in 1695, 1696, and 1697. No. 2. — Correspondence with the earl of Galway, in 1695 and 1696. No. 3. — Correspondence on the negotiations for the peace of Ryswick, in 1696 and 1697.

Chapter I

— 1694. — Naval operations — Intended attack on Brest — Motives which induced the king to dispatch a fleet into the Mediterranean — Junction of the Toulon and Brest squadrons — Departure of admiral Russell — His proceedings in the Mediterranean — Compels the french to retire to Toulon, and saves Barcelona — His disputes with the Spaniards, and jealousy of the dutch — Directed to winter in the Mediterranean — His objections and oppositions combated by the duke of Shrewsbury — Complains of the king's parsimony and inattention to his services — Correspondence from May, 1694, to January, 1695 page 189.

Chapter II

— 1695. — Proceedings of the fleet in the Mediterranean — Transport of a reinforcement of troops, from Finale to Catalonia — Russell approaches the french coast, but is driven off by a storm— Offends the king by his fretful complaints— Mili- CONTENTS XI tary operations in conjunction with the Spaniards in Catalonia — Destitute condition of the Spanish army — Second expedition to the coast of Provence — Disappointed in his purpose of attacking Toulon — Resumes his station at Cadiz — Considerations on the state of the fleet, and its disposition after his departure — Returns to England — Succeeded in the command by sir George Rooke — Correspondence from February to September, 1695 page 221.

Chapter III

— 1695... 1696.— Return of admiral Russell from the Mediterranean- Entrusted with the command of the fleet prepared to repel the projected invasion from France — Blockades the french harbours in the channel — Unable to destroy their armaments — The enemy relinquish the projected invasion — Return of the admiral from his command — Correspondence in February and March, 1696 Page 246. Correspondence with lord Galway.

Chapter IV

— 1694. — Origin and progress of the House of Savoy — Situation and views of Victor Amadeus — His accession to the grand alliance, and subsidiary treaties with the maritime powers — Operations of the war, from 1690 to 1694 — Mission and death of the duke of Schomberg — Lord Galway appointed embassador and commander of the auxiliary forces in Italy — Siege and capture of Casale — Ambiguous conduct of the duke of Savoy — Correspondence during the campaign of 1695 page 255.

Chapter V

— 1695... 1696.— Recall of the british fleet from the Mediterranean— Developement of the private machinations of the duke of Savoy — His secret intelligence with France, and pilgrimage to Loretto — Projects for the ensuing campaign, and artifices employed by the duke to deceive the allies— Correspondence from February to April, 1696 page 218.

Chapter VI

— 1696.— Campaign of 1696— Advance ofthe french into Piedmont- Movements of the allies — Continuation of the delusive conduct of the duke of Savoy — His negotiation with marshal Catinat, the french commander — Accepts the offers of France — Concludes a treaty of neutrality — Joins the french army in invading the Milanese — Compels the allies to accede to the neutrality, and the Germans and auxiliaries to withdraw from Italy — Retreat of lord Galway — Correspondence from April to November, 1696 page 288. Negotiations and correspondence relative to the peace of Ryswick.

Chapter VII

— 1696. ..1697. — Commencement of the negotiations for peace — Pretensions of the respective parties — Preliminary discussions and arrangements — The mediation of Sweden accepted — Appointment of plenipotentiaries — Assembly of the congress at Ryswick — Obstructions arising from the hesitation of the french to acknowledge king William, and to abandon the cause of James — Correspondence with lord Villiers and sir Joseph Williamson, from August, 1696, to July, 1697 ... page 316. C CONTENTS XII

Chapter VIII

— 1697. — Continuation of the negotiation, under the immediate superintendence of the king— Private conferences between the earl of Portland and marshal Boufflers Arrangements relative to the acknowledgment of William's title ; to the conduct to be pursued by France towards king James and his followers, and to the jointure of the exiled queen — Proceedings at Ryswick — Discussions on the german and Spanish claims — Correspondence from June to August, 1697 Page 345.

Chapter IX

— 1697. ..1698.— Progress and conclusion ofthe negotiations for the peace of Ryswick — Signature of the treaty by the maritime powers and Spain — The Germans abandoned by the other allies, and compelled to submit to the terms dictated by France — Correspondence from August to October, 1697 — Observations on the first partition treaty, as connected with the peace of Ryswick — Dissatisfaction of the duke of Shrewsbury page 365.

Part III

Correspondence with the Whig Leaders, and lord Sunderland, from 1695 to 1700.

Chapter 1

— 1695.— Characters of lord Sunderland, Somers, Orford, and Wharton, and Charles Montague, afterwards lord Halifax — Correspondence on the proposed convocation of a new parliament p age 385.

Chapter II

— 1696. — Accusations of sir John Fenwick, against the duke of Shrewsbury and others — Preparations for his trial — Indisposition of the duke of Shrewsbury, and his retirement into the country — Proceedings on the bill of attainder in the House of Commons — Account of Smith, the informer, and his accusations — Correspondence on the subject, and on the transactions in parliament, from July to November, 1696 page 402.

Chapter III

— 1695. ..169". —Decision of the House of Lords on the bill of attainder — Disclosure of the insidious practices of lord Monmouth with Fenwick and Smith — Farther proceedings in parliament on this subject, and disgrace and imprisonment of Monmouth — Correspondence in December, 1698, and January, 1697. page 436.

Chapter IV

— 1697. — New plot of lord Monmouth — Account of his connection with Brown, the highwayman and informer — Ministerial changes, and arrangements in favour ofthe whigs — Somers appointed chancellor, and Montague first lord of the Treasury — The whigs attempt to secure the promotion of lord Wharton to the office of secretary of state — Opposition ofthe king — Conduct of Sunderland, and embarrassments ofthe duke of Shrewsbury, — Machinations of Price, Chaloner, and other informers — Correspondence from January to September, 1697 page 469.

Chapter V

— 1697. — Irksome situation of the duke of Shrewsbury, in consequence of the malicious insinuations of Price and others — Offers to resign — His resolution CONTENTS. XIII strongly combated by his friends — New attempts of the whigs to obtain the seals for lord Wharton — Preparations for assembling the parliament — Shrewsbury persuaded to retain the seals— Sudden resignation of sir William Trumbull, and appointment of Mr. Vernon, as secretary of state — Resignation of lord Sunderland — Correspondence, from September to December, 1697 page 489.

Chapter VI

— 1698 — Parliamentary proceedings on tbe military establishment — The ministry unable to prevent the reduction of the army to 10,000 men — Dissatisfaction between the king and the whigs — Attempts to effect an accommodation, by the promotion of Wharton as secretary, the appointment of Shrewsbury as chamberlain, and the admission of Sunderland into the privy council — Application of both parties for the mediation of Shrewsbury — Ineffectual meeting at Newmarket, between the king and the whig chiefs — The whigs refuse to coalesce with Sunderland — Endeavour to strengthen their cause preparatory to a new election — Project for a new East India company, carried through the House of Commons — Dissatisfaction of the king on his departure to Holland — Continuation of the correspondence from January to July, 1698. page 513.

Chapter VII

— 1698.— Offer of the embassy to Spain, rejected by lord Wharton— Contest for the new elections — Declining influence ofthe whigs — Scheme of Mr. Montague to secure the auditorship of the exchequer, in reversion — Protracted stay of the king abroad — The whigs jealous of his majesty's returning partiality to the tories — Shrewsbury perseveres in his resolution to resign, in opposition to the joint efforts ofthe king and the whigs — Embarrassed situation of affairs in Ireland — Correspondence from July to October, 1698 page 547. CHAPTER VHL— 1698.. .1699.— Resignation of the duke of Shrewsbury, and his refusal to accept the staff of chamberlain — Meeting of the new parliament — Choice of a whig speaker — Continued misunderstanding between the king and the whigs — Discontent in the lower House, at the conduct of the king — Farther reduction of the forces — Dismission of the dutch guards — William forms the resolution of withdrawing from England — His interview with lord Somers — Dissuaded from his purpose — Fruitless efforts ofthe whigs to prevent the reduction of the army — Ineffectual appeal of the king, to avert the dismission of his dutch guards — Lord Orford attacked by the tories — Appointment of lord Jersey as secretary of state— Overture from the king to the whigs — Shrewsbury solicited to mediate, and accept a post in a new system of administration — Waits on the king at Newmarket and Windsor — Discontent and sudden resignation of lord Orford — Retirement of lord Portland, aud favour of lord Albemarle — Intended retreat of Montague from the Treasury-board — Compromise effected by the mediation of Shrewsbury — Ministerial arrangements — Correspondence from December, 1698, to March, 1699. page 565.

Chapter IX

— 1699- — Confidential communications between the duke of Shrewsbury and lord Sunderland — New and ineffectual attempt of Shrewsbury to mediate a reconciliation between that nobleman and the whigs — Accepts reluctantly the post of lord chamberlain — Decreasing influence of the whigs — Montague retires from the Treasury-board, and accepts the auditorship of the exchequer — Arrangement in consequence of this change — Correspondence from May to December, 1699 Page 586. CONTENTS. XIV

Chapter X

— 1699. -.1700. — Proceedings in parliament on the affair of captain Kidd, and on the resumption of ■ the Irish grants — New attempts to mediate a reconciliation between Sunderland and the whigs — Mediation of the duke of Shrewsbury solicited — Disappointment ofthe king and lord Sunderland — Dismission oflord Somers — Resentment of the whigs — Vacillation of the king — Various and contradictory overtures to the whigs — Proposal to lord Somers to return to office, rejected — Ineffectual attempts of the king to conciliate the whigs — Meeting of Shrewsbury with the chiefs of the party — Alarming state of the country — Shrewsbury extorts the royal permission to resign — Offends the whigs by his intimacy with Sunderland — Refuses various offices of state — Retires to the continent page 599.

CHAPTER XL

— 1700... 1705— Brief account of the conduct of the duke of Shrewsbury, during his residence at Rome — He refuses to accept a post in the administration, after the accession of queen Anne — Falsely supposed to have been privately reconciled to the church of Rome — Justifies himself against the imputation — His correspondence with lord Godolphin, the duke of Marlborough, and the whig chiefs, from 1702 to 1705. page 632.

Chapter XII

— 1705. ..1718— The dukeof Shrewsbury departs from Rome— Arrives at Venice — Proceeds to Augsburgh — Marries the marchioness of Paleotti — Hopes of the ministry and the whigs to engage him in the administration — Correspondence on the subject — State of parties in England — His interview with the duke of Marlborough' at Frankfort — Declines all proposals to take a share in public affairs— Lands in England — Alienates his whig friends — Correspondence and intimacy with the duke of Marlborough — Joins Harley and the tories, in procuring the disgrace of the whig administration — Supports the protestant interest at the close of Anne's reign — His subsequent conduct, and death page 650. ERRATA. Page 6, /. last, after but insert as.— p. 72, I. 4 from bottom, for supply read safety. — p. 78, the letter from the duke of Shrewsbury, dated Jan. 22, 1695, is misplaced.

It should have been introduced in p. 108, the date being 1695-6, instead of 1694-5.—/). 260, /. 22, fur western read eastern. — p. 386, /. 25, 26, 27, I have erred in stating Sunderland to have been made president of the council, and prime minister, at the accession of James the second, whereas he was then merely continued in the office of secretary of state, to which he had been appointed by Charles, and did not become president of the council and chief minister till 1686. — p. 302, for 30 June or 10 July read 30 June and 10 July. — p. 4>T2, note second, for probably lord Monmouth read probably lord Sunderland. — p. 613, I. 8, for June 13-23 read 13-24, and /. 19, for Jan. 25-Feb. 4, read Jan. 25-Feb. 5.— The reader will also find a few other letters in the seventeenth century misdated, the new style being advanced eleven instead of ten days before the old. — p. 630, /. 7, for induced read inclined.

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