History of New York City, from the discovery to the present day. (Supplement, containing the prominent Mercantile Houses and Corporate Bodies that have contributed materially to the growth & prosperity of New York City. Compiled by E. Cleave.)

Front matter

New "Tort . "Virtue S. Yoiaton V'i' i~BewY«P tf 1 STO Rv William L, Stone. HISTORY l.l F NEW TOEK CITY FROM THE DISCOVERY TO THE PRESENT DAY, l;v WILLIAM L. STONE, author of "the life and times of sir william johnson, bart." "life and writings of col. wm. l stone"; etc., etc., etc. "HUMANI NIHIL ALIENUM." NEW YORK : VIRTUE & YORSTON, IS DEY STREET. 1872. En»ered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872. by VIRTUE & YORSTON, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington Anderson £f Ramsay, Printers, 28 Frankfort Street, Ne-w York. Til HORACE GREELEY and MARSHALL 0. ROBERTS, REPRESENTATIVE MEN Of NEW YORK CITY, AS A 8LIGHT ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF THE MANY COURTESIES WHICH HE HAS RECEIVED FROM THEM, 3C^is ©olnnu u RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THEIR FRIEND, THE AUTHOR.

Preface

. Perhaps, in the history of the world, no other city has risen, in the same space of time, to such pre eminent commercial importance as the city of New York. To the student, the merchant, the philosopher, and the statesman, every incident connected with its rise and progress must be of the greatest interest. Histories of the city of New York have been before this submitted to the public, but it is believed that none of them have met the requirements of a work like the present, — one which, while it aims to be an authority for the future historian, shall be desirable for general reading. In the preparation of this volume, the author has derived very great aid from the unpublished manuscripts of his father, the author of "Brant" and " Red-Jacket." Many of these consist of conversations F RE FACE.

VI and narratives taken down by him from the lips of men who took a prominent part in the public affairs of the city from the period of the American Revo lution down to the year 1844. Conversations, for example, with Aaron Burr, Chancellor Livingston, Nicholas Bayard, Chief - Justice Yates, John Jay, Robert Morris, Morgan Lewis, William Maxwell, Robert Troup, Josiah Ogden Hoffman, Dr. Francis, and others, contain much that is new and especially valuable, not only to the historical scholar, but to the mere lover of curious and entertaining reading. In this work will be found, entire, three valuable contributions to the history of the city. These are, first, the narrative of the Grand Erie Canal Cele bration, written, at the request of the Corporation of the City of New York, by the late Colonel William L. Stone ; second, an account of the Pro cession in Honor of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1788, and Washington's Reception and Inauguration Ball, in 1789, by the same author ; and, third, Reminiscences of New York City, by the late Gulian C. Verplanck, first given under the nom de plume of " Francis Herbert," in the Talisman for 1829-'30. These narratives, alone, should make this work of particular value, since, as is well known to

PREFACE.

. VII book-collectors, they can only be obtained with difficulty and at a high price. The writer himself, also, has enjoyed peculiar advantages of a similar kind for gaining accurate and extended knowledge of events which, although of comparatively recent date, are fast fading from the minds of the present generation. Of these may be mentioned the Great Fires of 1811 and 1835, the Reception of General Lafayette in 1824 ; and the " Trinity Church," " Five Points," " Flour," and " Stone-cutters' " Riots — the facts of which were in part communicated to him by one who was an active participant in those scenes, — the late Gabriel P. Disosway, of Staten Island, the well-known anti quarian and local writer. The author has likewise derived much assistance from conversations held with General Prosper M. Wet more, Chief-Justice C. P. Daly, the late venerable David T. Valentine, — for many years clerk of the Common Council, — and from the writings of Colonel Thomas F. Devoe, Mr. Asher Taylor, and Miss Mary L. Booth.

His thanks are also due to President James B. Angell, of the University of Michigan ; Colonel Silas W. Burt, Franklin Burdge, Esq., Dr. Joseph W. Richards, and Manuel C. Jordan, of New York

PREFACE.

. city; Dr. E. P. Buffett, Lewis A. Brigham, Esq., and B. W. Throckmorton, Esq., of Bergen, N. J. ; Waldo M. Potter, Esq., of Davenport, Iowa ; and Hon. Judge C. S. Lester and Dr. R. L. Allen, of Saratoga Springs, N. Y., for valuable suggestions. Nor must he forget to make special mention of the kindness of Lucien B. Stone, Esq., the well-known Broad-street banker, for assistance in gathering important statistics. In the hope that, whatever defects there may be in his work, he will, at least, be credited with the desire of performing his task conscientiously, the author submits this volume to the kind consideration of his fellow-citizens. William L. Stone. CONTENTS. FIRST PERIOD. 1G9S-1674.

Chapter I

1598— 1G47. Hendrick Hudson not the Discoverer of the Island of Manhattan — Topographv of New York Island — The Dutch make Manhattan the Depot of the Fur Trad* in America — The States-General encourage Emigration — The Dutch and Iroquois conclude a Treaty of Peace — The New Netherland, with Thirty Families, arrives at New Amsterdam — Peter Minuit is appointed Director- General of New Netherland — The Inhabitants turn their attention to Ship-building — Minuit returns to Holland — Arrival of Wouter Van Twiller — His Incompetency — The " Staple Right " granted — Arrival of Governor Kieft — Van Twiller drinks confusion to the English Government — Ferry established across the East River — The Fur Trade keeps pace with the prosperity of the Town — The Patroon System a failure — Guns and Powder forbidden to be sold to the Indians — Salaries of the early Officials — The Patroons give fresh trouble— The Colonists neglect Agriculture — The Streets begin to be better laid out — Wampum, and adescription of it — More attention paid to the English Language — Rise in the price of Beaver Skins — Interference of New England Adventurers — Kieft becomes involved in an Indian War — Illicit Trade carried on at Albany — Death of Kieft.

Chapter II

1647—1674. Governor Stuyvesant arrives at Manhattan — Finds the Colony in a "low condition " — Improves the Town — Trade opened to Private Persons — Regulation of Taverns — No Person to carry on Business unless he takes the Oath of Allegiance — Naval War breaks out between England and the United CONTENTS. X Provinces— Le Moyne discovers Salt at Syracuse — Population of New Am sterdam in 1656— Introduction of " The Great Burgher Right "—Aristocracy of New York 220 years ago — Survey and Map of New Amsterdam made — Restoration of Charles II.— The West India Company invites Emigration- Population of New Netherland increases to 10,000— England resolves to take Possession of New Amsterdam— Colonel Nicolls anchors before New Am sterdam—Receives the Surrender of Stuyesant— New Amsterdam changed to New York— Retrospect of the Commercial Prosperity of New Netherland at the time of its Surrender to the English— Beaver Skins the standard of value — The Dutch Company res use " Specie Payments" — Depreciation in Wampum — Arrival of Governor Lovelace, the first English Governor — The Dutch regain Possession of New Amsterdam, and call it New Orange — Treaty of Peace signed between England and the States-General — New Amsterdam ceded to England — New Orange again becomes New York — Sir Edmund Andros appointed Governor.

Chapter III

1674. Social Manners and Customs of our early Dutch Ancestors — " Quilting," and " Husking " Bees — New Year's Day — Paas or Easter — Santa Claus — " Dinner Parties " unknown — Habits of a Model Housekeeper — A Dutch Parlor — The Sconce — Captain Kidd — The "Betsie" — The Dutch fond of Milk — Rip Van Dam keeps two Cows — Scarcity of Coin — Wild Horses on Manhattan Island — Literature of New Amsterdam — Taking up Collections in Church — The " Koorleser," or Clerk — Marriage Bans — The Dutch Dames love Flowers — No Bonnets worn by the Ladies — Dress of a Fashionable Gentleman — Walks of Lovers — The Kissing Bridge — Amusing Anecdote — The Dutch leave their impress upon the City and State of New York — Names of City Officials in Dutch. secointid period. 1674-1783.

Chapter I

1679. Description of New Amsterdam as it appeared in 1661 — Situation of the Town Wind-Mill — Name of " Government House" changed by Governor Dongan to " Whitehall " — Maiden Lane — Shoemaker's Land — Vandercliff 's Orchard, the present John Street — The Commons, the present Park — The Collect- Pearl Street forms the River Bank— Two Main Roads lead out of the City — Visit of the Labadists to New York — Extracts from their Journal — They visit Bergen, N. J. — Visit Long Island — Visit Staten Island — They take a Stroll up Broadway — They take some Rum, which they find " everywhere." CONTENTS. XI

Chapter II. 1674—1738

Administration of Governor Andros— Sir Wm. Berkley " thanks God there are neither Free Schools nor Printing-Presses in the Colony" — Andros governs with Wisdom and Moderation — The City Gates closed at nine every evening A Native-born Citizen appointed to the Mayoralty — Necessity of Conciliating the Iroquois — The French outstrip the English in Enterprise — Governor Dongan arrives as the Successor of Major Andros — His shrewd Indian Policy — Convention of the Five Nations held in Albany — Dongan brightens the chain of friendship— New York torn by Intestine Commotions — First " Charter of Liberties " granted to the Province — The Assembly divide the Province into twelve Counties — New Police Regulations established — Children forbidden to play in the Streets on the Sabbath — The Dongan Charter granted to the City — The City receives a new Seal from the Hume Government — Laying out of Wall Street — William and Mary proclaimed King and Queen in place of James II — Col. Fletcher arrives as Governor — Five Nations meet in Albany — Count Frontenac strikes a blow at the Five Nations — Origin of Trinity Church — The Earl of Bellamont appointed Governor — His Death — Lord Cornbury succeeds him — Establishment of a Free Grammar School — Lovelace succeeds Cornbury — And is in turn succeeded by Hunter — A New Market established — Appearance of the City in 1704 — Visit of a Boston Lady to New York — Burnet succeeds Hunter — Beneficial effects of Burnet 's Indian Policy — Facetious Anecdote of Burnet — Is succeeded by Colonel ontgomery — His Administration opposed by the Albanians — Establishment of a Line of Stages between New York and Philadelphia — Establishment of a Public Library — Cosby succeeds Mr. Van Dam — Trial of John Peter Zenger for libel — He is declared, " Not Guilty" — Death of Cosby — George > larke commissioned Lieutenant-Governor — Quarantine established on Bedloe's Island — Contested Election between Adolphe Philipse and Garret Van Home.

Chapter III

1738—1742. Increasing Political Excitement — Recapitulation of the Administrations of the earlier English Governors — Their Character — Judicial Murder of Leislei and Milburn — The Assembly proves refractory — Governor Clarke consult* bis Privy Council — Only One Year's Supplies granted — The Wheels of Revolation do not roll backward — The Principles of John Hampden take root in America — Chief-Justice DeLancey abandons Governor Clarke — The celobrated Negro-Plot — Slaves constitute a portion of the Population of New York — . urning of the Governor's House and Public Buildings — Execution of Hughson and the Romanist Ury — Building of the House No. 1 Broadway, opposite the Bowling Green— Description of its Plan — By whom Built— Interesting Reminiscences connected with it.

Chapter IV

1743-1753. Admiral George Clinton succeeds Clarke as Governor — His arrival in New Vork — Received with Joy — The old Members returned to the Assembly — Chief-Justice DeLancey moves an Address of Thanks — Unreasonableness of the Assembly — The Assembly are stubborn — truggle between the Republican and Monarchical Principle — Clinton resigns— His Character— Is succeeded by Sir Danvers Osborne- Presbyterian Church in Wall Street rebuilt CONTENTS XII —Ferry Street ceded to the City— Moravian Chapel built in Fulton Street- First Merchants' Exchange erected at the foot of Broad Street— St. George's Chapel built— Its History — Origin of the yearly Appropriation for the City Manual.

Chapter V

1753—1765. Arrival of Sir Danvers Osborne as Governor — James De Lancey commissioned Lieutenant-Governor — Mr. Clinton Insulted — Suicide of Sir Danvers Osborne — Causes which led to the act — De Lancey assumes the Reins of Government — Want of harmony in the General Assembly — The Province of New York divided into two Sects, under the lead of De Lancey and Livingston — The People of New York raise Money with which to Found a College— The majority of the Trustees of the College Episcopalians- Trouble arises on this account— Mr. Livingston writes against the Management of the College in the Independent Reflector — Efforts to prevent the Incorporation of Columbia College fruitless — The granting of its Charter displeases the People — De Lancey endeavors to assuage their Resentment — Urges the passage of several popular Acts — Sir Charles Hardy arrives as the successor of Clinton — Becomes tired of an inactive life, and takes command of the Expedition against Lewisburg — Lord Loudon Outrages tho citizens of New York — Soldiers billeted upon the people — Death of Chief-Justice De Lancey — Particulars of his Death— Character of Mr. De Lancey — General Amherst visits New York, and receives an Ovation — City illuminated on the Occasion — Work of improving the City advances rapidly — Light-house erected on Sandy Hook — Two Ferries established — The first Stage starts from New York for Philadelphia — Time three days — Second Stage advertised for same Route — Stages begin their Trips between New York and Albany — The Line extended to old Fort Schuyler (Utica) — Contrast between that and the Present Day — The Methodists first organize in the City — Several new Streets Opened.

Chapter VI

1761—1770. The Government Devolves on Dr. Colden — Major-General Monckton Appointed Governor — Sails from New York, leaving the Government in the hands of Dr. Colden — The Administration of Governor Colden — An unfortunate Appointment — " Writs of Assistance" — James Otis — His Speech — Livingston, Scott, and Smith do battle for the People — New York follows the wake of her Puritan Neighbors — Colden entertains doubts of the Result; — Grenville and North devise the Plan of raising a Revenue by the Sale of Stamps — Troubles in Massachusetts — The People of New York bitterly oppose the Stamp Act — Organization of the Sons of Liberty — Compel the Stamp Distributors to Resign — Posting of Placards — Colden is terrified — Shuts himself up in the Fort — He and Lord Bute are hung in Effigy — Colden's Carriage burnt — Arrival of the new Governor, Sir Henry Moore.

Bart. — The Corporation offer him the Freedom of the City, which he refuses unless on Stamped Paper — Colden retires in disgust to his Country-seat — More Trouble from the Sons of Liberty — They compel a Stamp-Distributor to resign — Hold Correspondence with other Cities — Repeal of the Stamp Act — New York rejoices — Mast erected to George III — Opening Speeeh of Governor Moore — Troubles in Dutchess County — The Rioters brought to Reason — Methodist Denomination organized — First Medical School organized — New Streets Opened — The British Cabinet regret the Repeal of the Stamp Act — New York declines Obedience to the Mutiny Act The Func- CONTENTS. XIII tions of the New York Assembly annulled — Boston sympathizes with New York — Writs issued for a new Assembly — The Assembly firm in maintaining its Constitutional Rights — Sir Henry Moore dissolves the Assembly — The new Election hotly contested — Death of Governor Moore —Dr. Colden assumes the reins of Government for the third time — Active Measures taken Liy the Sons of Liberty to oppose the Mutiny Act — Large Assembly in the " Fields " (present City Hall Park) — Hatred between the Soldiers and Sons of Liberty — Battle of Golden Hill — First Blood shed in the American Revolution at Golden Hill.

Chapter VII. 1770—1788

John, Earl of Dunmore, succeeds Sir Henry Moore as Governor — Description of the new Governor in a Letter to Sir William Johnson — Sir William Tryon, Bart., succeeds Dunmore as Governor and Commander-in-Chief — New York Hospital Founded — Meeting of the Assembly — The Governor is rendered independent of the Colony — The Sons of Liberty hold a Public Meeting — Tea Commissioners resign — Tryon concedes a little to Public Opinion — The Assembly do not share in the Indignation of the People — Tryon's Administration comes to an End — Profound Tranquility prevails — The Storm at length breaks — The Nancy boarded in New York Bay aud her Cargo of Tea thrown overboard — New York forms a Provincial Congress — Tryon sails for England — General Condition of Affairs — Washington visits New York — Honors paid to him — Washington places the City under Command of General Schuyler, and departs for Boston — The Assembly a^k the Crown for a Redress of Grievances — Description of the principal Fortifications erected at this time for the Defense of the City — The British Army land on Long Island — Battle of Long Island — The Americans effect a masterly Retreat across the East River to New York Island — Indignation of Washington — Battle of Harlem — Fort Washington captured — Fort Leo evacuated — Washington retreats across New Jersey — The British in Possession of the City — Great Fire — Suspicion of it having been caused by Design — Ground covered by the Fire — Trinity Church and the Lutheran Chapel destroyed — The History of New York City during its Occupation by the British not one that Americans can recall with Pleasure — The old Sugarbouse — The Jersey Prison-ship — Prisou-pens of the City — Cruelties inflicted upon the Prisoners — Account by an Eye-witness of the terrible Outrages perpetrated on the Americans — The British Officers aud their Wives, meanwhile, pass their time in Frivolity — View of the interior and Soaai Life of New York at this time by Mrs. General Riedesel — Scarcity ol Wood — Remarkably cold Winter — Wall Street lined with Trees — The House No. 1 Broadway, the Head-quarters of the British Officers — The Beekman House (site of the present Journal of Commerce Building) the Head-quarters of the British Naval Officers— The British evacuate New York — Washington enters the City — The American Flag run up on the Battery.

Chapter VIII

1725—1787. History of the Newspapers published in New York City before and during the Revolution-New York Gazette— New York Weekly Journal— Evening Post JSew Y'ork Mercury — New York Chronicle — New York Journal, or General Advertiser — Parker's Gazette — Independent Gazette — Rivington's New York Gazette — New York Royal Gazette — New York Gazette and Universal Advertiser— The Press of New York City. CONTENTS XIV THIRD RERIOD. 1783-187S.

Chapter I

1783—1788. The Position of New York among the Colonies — Financial Distress at the close of the War — New York City celebrates with a magnificent Procession the Adoption of the Federal Constitution — Full Description of the Procession- It is dismissed at the Bowling Green with a Salute.

Chapter II. 1788—1795

Winter Festivities of 1788-1789 succeeded by matters of a Public Nature — The Senate and House of Representatives assemble in the City preparatory to Inauguration of Washington as President of the United States — The Members from the different States arrive slowly — Arrival of Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia — John Langdon elected President of the Senate pro tern., and Samuel A. Otis, Secretary — A Committee wait on Washington at Mt. Vernon — Washington repairs to New York — His Triumphal Entrance into New York — Honors paid him — The day one of unmingled Joy — Inaugura tion of President Washington — Minute Details — Chancellor Livingston administers the Oath of Office — Washington delivers his Inaugural Address — Feelings of a Gentleman present on the Occasion — Washington issues a Proclamation for a Day of Thanksgiving and Prayer — The Day closes by a Display of Fire-works — Description of the Illumination of various Private Residences during the Evening — The different Transparencies, &c, &c. — The President occupied for several days in receiving the Congratulatory and Official Calls — Mrs. Washington arrives in New Y'ork to attend the Inauguration Ball — She is met by her Husband at Elizabethtown-Point — Full and minute Description of the Ball— The People who attended — The Toilets worn on the Occasion— Mrs. General Knox enters the Ball-room with President Washington and his Wife, with the Intention of being seated on the same Sofa — Meets with Disappointment, as the Sofa is not large enough for three — The French Minister gives a fete in honor of Washington — Dresses of the Ladies on that Occasion — The Levees of Washington far more select than those of his Successors — Dignified Manners of Lady Washington — Personal Appearance of Lady Washington — Her Levees close at Nine ! — Late Hours at that time not necessary to Fashion — Letter from John Pintard describing Mrs. Washington's first Levee on New-Year's Day, 1790 — Remark of General Washington upon the Propriety of keeping up the Old Dutch Custom of New- Year's Day.

Chapter III

1792—1799. Tontine Coffee-house built — Formation of the Order of St. Tammany Origin of the Name St. Tammany — Visit of the Creek Indians to the Tammany CONTENTS. XV Wigwam — The Society establishes a Museum — The City visited by the Yellow-fever in 17"5— Destructive Fire — City again visited by Yellow fever — Country People refuse to bring Produce into the City — Patriotic Incident of the Fever.

Chapter IV. 1800—1818

The opening of the Nineteenth Century finds New York City vastly improved — Population of the City — Reade and Duane Streets laid out — A Canal cut through the present Canal Street — The situation of the Streets at this time — Society and Social Life of the City at this period — The old Theater in John Street — Mount Vernon Gardens — Bayard's Spring — Haunts of a Visitor at that time — The Bar of New York then distinguished for its excellence — Murder of Juliana Elmore Sands— Levi Weeks indicted and tried for the Murder — Hamilton, Burr, and Brockholst Livingston engaged for the Defense — Remarkable anecdote of Burr — De Witt Clinton appointed Mavor — Is succeeded by Colonel Marinus Willett— The Fire of 1804— Historical Society founded— Public School Society determined on — Hamilton Killed by Burr in a duel — Steam Navigation successfully introduced — Fulton undeserving of praise — His Incompetence — To Fitch belongs the honor — The first Steam-boat starts for Albany — Anecdote of Thurlow Weed — His feelings on seeing a Steam-boat for the first time — De Witt Clinton again appointed Mayor — His conscientious discharge of his official duties — Instrumental in obtaining from the Legislature of the State of New York an Appropriation for the Defense of the Harbor — Trinity Church Riot — Verplanck's part in it — War of 1S12 — Noble Conduct of the Citizens of New York — Clinton prevents Riotous Demonstrations — Hard Times — The effect of the announcement of Peace — Delirious joy of the Citizens on the event — Description of it by Francis Wayland, who was in the City at the time — Removal of tin- Remains of General Montgomery from Quebec to New York — Grand Ball given to Andrew Jackson at the City Hotel — Uniform of the Fourteenth Regiment — Severity of the Winter of 1820-'21— The Bay frozen over, and People Cross to Staten Island on the Ice — Sufferings of the Poor — Subscriptions taken up in the Churches in their behalf.

Chapter V

1819-1825. Yellow-fever in the City — Extracts from Letters of Colonel William I. Stone describing its ravages — Disappearance of the Fever — The Custom-house and Banks Return to the City — Visit of General Lafayette to the City — Detailed Account of his Reception — Erie Canal Celebration — History of the Enterprise — The New York Commercial Advertiser gives the movement powerful aid — Early Struggles of its Projectors — First Canal-boat leaves Buffak) — Colonel Stone writes the Narrative of the Celebration at the request of the Corporation of the City of New York — Description of the Celebration, the Land and Naval Processions. &c. — Governor Clinton mingles the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Ocean — Dr. Mitchell also pours into the Ocean, water from the Ganges, the Nile, Danube, &c. — Splendid appearance of the Fleet — Interesting Statistics of the Canal — Greek Rebellion — Greeks helped by the Citizens of New York — Efforts of Colonel W. L. Stone in their behalf — Anecdote of John Jacob Astor and Colonel William L. Stone. CONTENTS. XVI

Chapter VI

1827-1829. Visit of the Indian Orator Red-Jacket and the Indian Chief Brant to New York —Red-Jacket's Portrait Painted by Weir— Conversations between Dr. Francis and Red-Jacket— Anecdote of Red-Jacket— Completion of the Merchants' Exchange in Wall Street— Masonic Hall, Arcade, and other bu'.ldings erected— Beginning of Modern New York— New Names of old Streets — Beaver Street opened on its present line — Interesting Reminiscences of New York City in 1829, by Gulian C. Verplanck— Habits of Jonathan Edwards— Decline of Cedar Street from its ancient consequence —Billy the Fiddler— The Hewlett Family— Pine Street in " ye olden time" — M. de Singeron, the old Confectioner — Pierre de Landais — Jan Max — Lichenstein— The Doctor's Mob— House built by Chief-Justice Jay— Mons. Albert — Huggins.

Chapter VII

1834—1835. Election Riots — Colonel Morton ordered out — The City Council tender to him and his Regiment a Vote of Thanks — Death of General Lafayette — The City join in Funeral Obsequies for the Deceased — Stone-cutters' and Masons' Riot during the building of the University — The Five Points Riot — Antagonism between the Irish and Americans — Dr. McCaffery Killed — Destruction of the Don Jon, or " Old Debtors' Prison " — " Poppy Lownds " — Hall of Records established.

Chapter VIII

1835. The Great Fire of 1835 — Account of it by an Eye-witness — Incidents — Burning of the Merchants' Exchange — Mail Matter in the Post-office saved — Statue of Hamilton Destroyed — Tontine Coffee-house — Honest John Laing — Extent of the Fire — Statement of the Houses and Stores Consumed — Extent of the Burnt District — Line of Sentinels placed around the Ruins — Experiences of Asher Taylor and Judge C. P. Daly — Public Meeting of the Citizens called — Names of the Persons appointed on the Committee — Resolutions Passed — Thanks tendered to the Citizens of Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and Newark — New York by no means Crushed by the Calamity — Value of Real and Personal Estate in 1836 and 1871 compared — Riot of Longshore Workmen — Destruction of the Old Shakespeare Tavern — Reminiscences connected with it — Great Resort for the Wits of the Day : Hugh Gaine, Jeremy Cheathem, " Ready-money Provost," Percival, Sands, Stone, Verplanck, John Inman, McDonald Clark, John Hodgkinson — Park Theater.

Chapter IX

1836—1837. " Great Flour Riot" — Magnitude of the affair — Scarcity of the Cereal Crops throughout the Country — Suffering among the Laboring Classes The feeling fanned by the Loco-Foco and Temperance Parties — Indignation Meeting called in the Park — The Rioters Addressed by the Ring-leaders Attack on Eli Hart's Store — Flour and Grain pitched into the Street The CONTENTS. XVII Military Called Out— Meech & Co.'s Store Attacked— The Riot Put Down —Description of the Scene at Night, by Colonel William L. Stone — Rioters Indicted and sent to Prison— The Price of Flour goes up — The People awake to the necessity of procuring an ample Supply of Water for the City — The Manhattan Works a Failure — The question of " Water or no Water" Decided in the Affirmative by a large Majority Vote — Croton Aqueduct Begun — Description of the Route pursued by the Viaduct from Croton Dam to New York City — " High Bridge," Description of — Drive on the " Bloomingdale Road " to the " High Bridge " — Receiving Reservoir in Central Park — Distributing Reservoir on Fifth Avenue— Statistics of the Croton Aqueduct.

Chapter X

1837—1863. New York distances all Competitors — Gas introduced — Telegraphic Communication Opened with other Cities — Custom-house (the present Sub-Treasury) Built — University Erected — Stone-cutters' Riot — Croton Aqueduct completed and the Event celebrated by a magnificent Procession — The Bible in the Public Schools — Discussion between Colonel Stone and Archbishop Hughes — Death of Colonel Stone — The Catholic Spirit of New York's Dutch Ancestors Triumph — The Fire of 1845 — The Burnt District —Burning of the Crystal Palace. Barnum's Museum, Academy of Music, the old Irving House, and Winter Garden Theater — Fires generally have proved beneficial to the City — Description of Fifth Avenue — New York Destitute of Public Monuments — Monument to General Worth — Middle Dutch Church used for a Post-office — History of the Post-office — Interesting Incidents connected with its early History — Astor-place Riot — Jenny I— id — Amended City Charter — Grinnell Expedition — Exhibition of the World's Fair — Burning of the Crystal Palace and American Institute — Police Riot — Financial Disasters — Bread Riot — Dead-Rabbit Riot — The Dead Removed from the Potters' Field to Ward's Island— Quarantine Riot — Visits of the Japanese and the Prince of Wales.